Lecture 01

Introduction to AI
Artificial Intelligence
COSC-3112

Lecture 01 Introduction to AI 1
Textbook for this Course
• S. Russell and P. Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach. 3rd edition 2010. Prentice Hall.

Stuart Russell Peter Norvig

Lecture 01 Introduction to AI 2
Today’s Agenda
• Course Details
• Assessment
• Basic Ground Rules
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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EVALUATION METHODS
• Mid Term……………………………………………………….. 30%
• Final Term………………………………………………………. 50%
• Sessional………………………………………………………… 20%
• Quizzes…………………………………………………….. 5%
• Assignments…………………………………………….. 5%
• Term Project…………………………………………….. 10%
• Presentations
• Class behavior
• Attendance must be maintained as per rule (>=75%)

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BASIC GROUND RULES
• Attendance in lecture is compulsory
• If you decide to attend the lecture then:
• Do not talk with your friends during lecture
• Switch off your mobiles!!
• Ask Relevant questions but please put your hand up
• No Plagiarism Whatsoever!!!

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 INTRODUCTION TO AI

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Early Work (Around 1900)
• Representatives • PM was an attempt to describe a
set of axioms and inference rules
in symbolic logic from which all
―George Boole mathematical truths could in
―Alfred North Whitehead principle be proven.
• However, in 1931, Gödel's
―Bertrand A. W. Russell incompleteness theorem proved
definitively that PM could never
• Main contributions achieve this lofty goal.

―Boolean algebra
―Principia Mathematica

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 Early Work (1930~)
• Representatives
―Alan Turing
―Claude Shannon
―John von Neumann
• Main contributions
―Theory of computation, Turing Machine
―Turing test (to distinguish machine from
human)
―Information theory, application of Boolean
algebra
―Von Neumann model of computing machines
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 The first wave (1950~)
• Representatives The term AI was proposed by
him in the wellknown
―John McCarthy Dartmouth Artificial
Intelligence conference
―Marvin Lee Minsky (1956)
―Herbert Alexander Simon
―Allen Newell
―Edward Albert Feigenbaum
• Main contributions
―LISP
―Semantic Network & Frame
―General Problem Solver & Expert Systems
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 The second wave (1980~)
• Representatives • Main contributions
―David Rumelhart — Learning of MLP
―Lotfi Zdeh — Fuzzy logic
―John Holland — Genetic algorithms
―Lawrence Forgel — Evolutionary
―Ingo Rechenber programming
―John Koza — Genetic programming
Soft computing Human like
computing and natural
computing
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 The third wave (2000~)
• Representative technologies
―Internet
• Tim Berners-Lee, WWW inventor, 1989
―Internet of Things
• Kevin Ashton, MIT Auto-ID Center, 1999
―Cloud Computing
• Main frame (1950s), virtual machine (1970s), cloud
(1990s)
―Big Data
• John R. Masey, SGI, 1998
―Deep Learning
• Geoffrey Hinton, UoT, 2006
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 A brief summary
• Early Work
―Theoretic Foundations
• First Wave
―Reasoning with given knowledge
• Second Wave
―Learning-based knowledge acquisition
• Third Wave
―Learn in cyber-space

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Current Status of AI
• In March 2016, Alpha-Go of DeepMind defeated
Lee Sedol, who was the strongest human GO player
at that time.
• This is a big news that may have profound meaning
in the human history.

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Current Status of AI
• Microsoft Azure
• Amazon AI
• IBM Watson
• Baidu Brain

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Current Status of AI
• Microsoft Azure
• Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing service created by
Microsoft for building, testing, deploying, and managing
applications and services through Microsoft-managed
data centers.
• Amazon AI
• AWS pre-trained AI Services provide ready-made
intelligence for your applications and workflows.

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Current Status of AI
• IBM Watson
• Watson is a question-answering computer system
capable of answering questions posed in natural
language

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Current Status of AI
• Baidu (http://research.baidu.com/)
• It is a Chinese research giant that deals in development
of super brain AI based solutions.

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Do you think AI is good or evil?

https://gizmodo.com/when- https://www.industryweek.com/supply-
superintelligent-ai-arrives-will- chain-technology/industry-40-harnessing-
religions-try-t-1682837922 power-erp-and-mes-integration

Super-intelligence should be a tool for unifying the human

beings, support them, and live together with them!

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After all, what is Intelligence?
• Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a
property of the mind that encompasses many related
abilities, such as the capacities
―to reason,
―to plan,
―to solve problems,
―to think abstractly,
―to comprehend ideas,
―to use language, and
―to learn.

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Concepts in AI
Problem Solving
• Intelligence can be defined as the ability for solving
problems
• Problem solving is to find the “best” solution in the
problem space.
Reasoning
• Reasoning is to interpret or justify solutions or sub-
solutions.
Planning
• Planning is to find ways for solving the problem.

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Concepts in AI
• Thinking abstractly is to simulate the problem
solving process inside the system (brain).
• Idea/language comprehension is a way (or means)
for data/problem/knowledge representation;
• Learning is the process to find better ways for
solving a problem (or a class of problems).

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What is AI
• Textbooks often define artificial intelligence as “the
study and design of computing systems that
perceives its environment and takes actions like
human beings”.
• The term was introduced by John McCarthy in 1956
in the well-known Dartmouth Conference.
• In my study, AI is defined as a system that
possesses at least one (not necessarily all) of the
abilities mentioned in the last two previous slides.

As a research area, AI studies theories and technologies for

obtaining systems that are partially or fully intelligent.

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Definitions of AI
• “Intelligence: The ability to learn and solve problems”
Webster’s Dictionary.
• “Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited
by machines or software’
Wikipedia.
• “The science and engineering of making intelligent
machines”
McCarthy.
• “The study and design of intelligent agents, where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its
chances of success.”
Russel and Norvig AI book.

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Related research fields
• Search and optimization
• Knowledge representation
• Reasoning and automatic proving
• Learning and understanding
• Pattern classification / recognition
• Planning
• Problem solving

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Scope of this course
• Search
―Problem formulation and basic search algorithms
• Expert system-based reasoning
―Production system, semantic network, and frame
• Logic based-reasoning
―Propositional logic, predicate logic and FOL
• Soft computing based reasoning
―Fuzzy logic and multilayer neural network

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Scope of this course
• Machine Learning
―Classification
―Neural networks
―Naïve Bayes Theorem
―KNNs
• Intelligent search (if we have time)
―Uninformed Search
―Informed Search
―Genetic algorithm

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Purpose of this course
• Learn how to use basic search
methods
• Understand basic methods for
problem formulation and
knowledge representation
• Understand the basic idea of
automatic reasoning
• Know some basic concepts
related to pattern recognition
and machine learning
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Homework for Lecture 01
• Write a report using about 500 words to describe
one of the key persons who made a great
contribution to the AI world.
• When you refer to any information taken from a
paper, a report, a web-site, or any published
material, please add a reference and cite it in the
correct places in your report.
• Add your name, student ID, and date below the
title of your report, create a pdf-file, and put the
file under the specified directory.

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How to submit the work
• Make a .pdf file of your work
• Name file with your reg no. eg. CS1811109
• Submit the .pdf format to your CR by 7th March,
2020.
• CR must email me all the pdfs in a single zip file by
12 AM on 7th March, 2020.
• For future homework, please do in a similar way.
• Copied material will be marked 0.

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