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VCRS

The standard vapor compression refrigeration cycle consists of four processes - isentropic compression, isobaric heat rejection, isenthalpic expansion, and isobaric heat absorption - and is more efficient than the Carnot refrigeration cycle but involves throttling losses. Modifications like subcooling, superheating, and liquid-suction heat exchangers can improve the coefficient of performance. The document also discusses the differences between idealized and actual vapor compression refrigeration systems.

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75 views

VCRS

The standard vapor compression refrigeration cycle consists of four processes - isentropic compression, isobaric heat rejection, isenthalpic expansion, and isobaric heat absorption - and is more efficient than the Carnot refrigeration cycle but involves throttling losses. Modifications like subcooling, superheating, and liquid-suction heat exchangers can improve the coefficient of performance. The document also discusses the differences between idealized and actual vapor compression refrigeration systems.

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gultoogultoo2
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© © All Rights Reserved
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REFRIGERATION

&
AIR CONDITIONING

VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

AJAY KUMAR YADAV, PhD


Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal
Standard Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS)
In this system expander (turbine in reverse Carnot cycle) is replaced with
expansion valve. It consists of a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve and
an evaporator.

Expansion
Device

Ref.: M. Ramgopal, NPTEL Lecture on Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, IIT Kharagpur, India
VCRS …
Thermodynamic processes:
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression of saturated vapor in a compressor
Process 2-3: Isobaric heat rejection in a condenser
Process 3-4: Isenthalpic expansion (throttling process) of saturated liquid in
a expansion device
Process 4-1: Isobaric heat absorption in a evaporator

Process 1-2: Work is supplied to the compressor.


Applying steady flow energy equation (neglecting the change in Kinetic and
Potential Energy),
W1-2 = m (h2-h1)
Process 2-3: Isobaric heat rejection in a condenser.
Amount of heat rejected by refrigerant to the condenser is
Q2-3 = m (h2-h3)
Process 3-4: Isenthalpic expansion
h3 = h4
Process 4-1: Isobaric heat absorption in a evaporator.
Amount of heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator (also called cooling
effect) is
Q4-1 = m (h1-h4)
VCRS…
Cooling effect = Q4−1 = m (h1−h4)
COPVCRS =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑊 m (h2−h1)

h1−h4
COPVCRS=
h2−h1

Comparison between Carnot vapor cycle and standard VCRS

Carnot refrigeration cycle:


1-2’’-3-4’

VCRS cycle:
1-2-3-4
Comparison between Carnot vapor cycle and standard VCRS

Carnot refrigeration cycle: VCRS cycle:


1-2’’-3-4’ 1-2-3-4
Comparison between Carnot vapor cycle and standard VCRS

Carnot refrigeration cycle: VCRS cycle:


1-2’’-3-4’ 1-2-3-4

This reduction is equal to the area d-4-4’-c-d (area A2) and is known as
throttling loss.

Loss in refrigeration effect increases as the evaporator temperature


decreases and/or condenser temperature increases.
Comparison between Carnot vapor cycle and standard VCRS

Carnot refrigeration cycle: VCRS cycle:


1-2’’-3-4’ 1-2-3-4

The heat rejection in case of VCRS cycle


also increases when compared to Carnot
cycle.
Comparison between Carnot vapor cycle and standard VCRS…

2nd law efficiency


P-h diagram of Ammonia (R717)

Ref.: Internet 25
MODIFICATION IN VCRS
1. Subcooling and superheating

Effect of Subcooling

11
MODIFICATION IN VCRS
1. Subcooling and superheating

Effect of Superheating

Useful Superheating & useless superheating


12
MODIFICATION IN VCRS
2. Use of liquid-suction heat exchanger:

13
MODIFICATION IN VCRS
2. Use of liquid-suction heat exchanger…

14
MODIFICATION IN VCRS
2. Use of liquid-suction heat exchanger…

Since, cp,l > cp,v

The degree of subcooling will always be less than the degree of superheating.

Effectiveness of the LSHX, :

15
MODIFICATION IN VCRS
2. Use of liquid-suction heat exchanger…

Effectiveness of the LSHX, :

If εLSHX = 1.0, => T1 =T3

This gives rise to the possibility of an interesting cycle called as Grindley cycle,
wherein the isentropic compression process can be replaced by an isothermal
compression leading to improved COP.

16
MODIFICATION IN VCRS
Actual VCRS systems
The cycles considered so far are internally reversible and no
change of refrigerant state takes place in the connecting
pipelines. However, in actual VCRS several irreversibilities
exist. These are due to:
1.Pressure drops in evaporator, condenser and LSHX
2.Pressure drop across suction and discharge valves of the
compressor
3.Heat transfer in compressor
4.Pressure drop and heat transfer in connecting pipe lines

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TUTORIAL
Solution…

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TUTORIAL
Solution…

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TUTORIAL
Solution…

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TUTORIAL
Solution…

22
Solution…
TUTORIAL

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References:
1. M. Ramgopal, NPTEL Lecture on Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, IIT Kharagpur, India.
2. Thermodynamics- An Engineering Approach in SI units by Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A.
Boles, TATA McGraw Hill.
3. Engineering Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag, TATAMcGraw Hill.
4. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by Sonntag, Borgnakke and Van Wylen.
5. Refrigeration and airconditioning by CPArora, TATAMcGraw Hill.
6. Internet resources.

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