• Network OS – License and Open source

• Abbreviated as NOS, a network operating system includes

special functions for connecting computers and devices into a
local-area network (LAN). Some operating systems, such as
UNIX and the Mac OS, have networking functions built in.

• The term network operating system is generally reserved for

software that enhances a basic operating system by adding
networking features. Novell Netware, Artisoft's LANtastic,
Microsoft Windows Server, and Windows NT are examples of
a NOS.
• Student should be understand Network Operation system,
and there licenses type.
Purpose of an Operating System

• To use the Hardware to perform a specific task, a special type

of computer program, known as an operating system (OS).
• OS hide the complexity from the user.
• Describe the purpose of an operating system
 User Interface: CLI vs. GUI
 Use of resources: OS vs. NOS
OS Includes

• Hardware :
 Tangible, Electronic & Mechanical Devices
• Kernal:
 Communicate between the Hardware & Software of
computer and Manage the Hardware
• Shell :
 Allow to users to perform the special task (CLI & GUI)
Network Operating System (NOS)

• Special piece of software must be added that allows a device

to send and receive data from the network.
• Known as a redirector,
• An integral part of the OS or may need to be installed
separately as a network client
 Ex: Novell Netware, Sun Solaris, Server 2003, Windows NT.
NOS cont.…

• provides an environment in which users, who are aware of

multiplicity of machines, can access remote resources either:

-> logging in to the remote machine* or

-> transferring data from the remote
machine to their own machines

• mostly used with local area networks and wide area networks

*Remote machine: refers to a computer connected to the network

which a user is using
Features

• Provides basic operating system features; support for

processors, protocols, automatic hardware detection, support
multi-processing of applications

• Security features; authentication, authorization, access

control

• Provides names and directory services

• Provides files, print, web services, back-up and replication

services
Features cont..

• Supports Internetworking such as routing and WAN ports

• User management and support for login and logoff, remote

access, system management

• Clustering capabilities, fault tolerant and and high availability

systems

Cluster: = group of linked computers working together closely, connected to

LAN
Network and Operating System Security

• OS: system must protect itself

• Runway process could constitute an accidental denial-of-

service attack

• Query to service could reveal passwords

• Stack overflow could allow the launching of an unauthorized

process
Novell NetWare

• Is a NOS
• Used cooperative multitasking to run several services on a PC
• File sharing instead of disk sharing
• NDS (Novell Directory Services)
• Server administration
• Desktop Management
• Software distribution
• Integrated cache
• Enhanced security
Novell NetWare Protocols

• Are widely used for PC LANs

• Windows XP Nwlink protocol connects the NetBIOs to

NetWare networks

• In combination with a redirector this protocol enables a

Windows XP client to connect to a NetWare server

• Some NOSs for DOS and Windows system include Novell

NetWare: Windows NT and 2000 OS/2 etc.
Novell NetWare
Linux

• Free OS based on Unix standards

• Provides a programming interface and user interface

• Core Linux OS kernel is original, but allows much existing free Unix
software to run

• Multiuser system, providing protection between processes and

running multiple processes according to a time-sharing (or
multitasking) scheduler

• Multiple networking protocols can be accessed simultaneously

through socket interface
Linux cont...

• Uses an abstraction layer to manage multiple file systems

• Device-oriented, networked, and virtual file systems are

supported

• Network devices are dealt with differently from block and

character devices

• Users cannot directly transfer data to network devices-

instead- must communicate indirectly by opening a
connection to the kernel‘s networking subsystem
Linux cont.…
Windows XP

• Was designed to be an extensible, portable OS

• Supports multiple operating environments and symmetric
multiprocessing
• 32-bit and 64-bit processors
• Use of kernel objects to provide basic services
• Network device interface specification (NDIS) and transport
driver interface (TDI)
• NDIS interface seperates network adapters from transport
protocols
• TDI supports both connection-based and connectionless
transport, function to send any type of data
Windows XP cont...
MS-DOS Environment

• No complexity of other Windows XP subsystems

• Provided by Win32 API application (VDM)

• Windows XP command shell is a program that creates a

window-looks like MS-DOS

• Can run 16-bit and 32-bit executables

• Some MS-DOS access the disk hardware directly -> fail to

operate under Windows XP
Difference between Operating System and Network
Operating System

• Network OS run on a server and can be accessed through

client machines connected on the network

• Example: Novell Netware and Linux run on a server and can

be used as NOS, even there are Windows server OS‘s which
can be used by clients connected on the network
Software as IP

• Software is valuable intellectual property

• A software license is the contract between the software
owner and the licensee defining terms of use of software
• Software owners also have enumerated rights under the law
to control the use and distribution of their property (with few
exceptions)
• The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and contract law
typically protect software owners’ rights
Typical Proprietary Software License

• Fairly standard terms

• Source code availability

 Source code not provided - trying to figure out inner

workings of software through reverse engineering or
decompiling of operating mode is forbidden; OR

 Source code provided - may or may not include permission

to create modifications and enhancements
Open Source Software – Main Features

• Non-proprietary software which may or may not be

used commercially;
• Typically licensed under an Open Source license (not
given away)
 License terms differ from proprietary software license
terms
• Source code is generally made available
 Legal restriction on reverse engineering (under the DMCA)
do not apply.
Open Source Software License - Licensees

• Original software owner or developer chooses to limit the

rights that he asserts over licensees
• Licensees, subject to license terms, can:
 make and distribute copies of software;
 build upon software to create modifications or other
works.
Open Source Software Licenses - Source Code

• Source code to original product always provided;

• Licensee can modify or enhance source code (create
“derivative works”) or include source code with other license
types (create “larger works”);
• Licensee may be required to share modifications with the
world (in source and/or binary form), but not necessarily;
• Licensee may be prohibited from charging royalties for
derivative and larger works, but not necessarily.
The GNU “General Public License” (GPL)

• No standard open source license, but GPL most

widely used (roughly 85% of open source software);
• Terms include:
 User freedom to distribute and/or modify;
 Requirement that original and modified source code be always
made available to the world under the terms of the original
license;
 Must retain copyright notices and warranty disclaimers;
 Does not include grant of patent licenses;
 Extremely viral license.
Freeware

• Freeware is free software, software that the licensee

can use without paying a license fee.
• Free software may be proprietary software for which
source code is not provided (Adobe Acrobat) or open
source software (Linux).

Note: Not all open source software is free; not all

proprietary software is licensed for a fee.
Multiuser Scenarios with Windows Client Operating
Systems
• Windows client operating systems license terms do not permit
multiple users to access or otherwise use one licensed copy of
the software simultaneously.
• Under current licensing terms, each host computer or access
device using Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows
Vista, or Windows XP must have either a license for such
Windows client operating system purchased through the
original equipment manufacturer (OEM) channel or the
retail/full packaged product (FPP) channel, or a Volume
Licensing upgrade purchased on top of a qualifying operating
system license.
Multiuser Scenarios with Windows Server Operating
Systems
• While the Windows client operating system does not permit
licensing a multiuser solution, the Windows Server operating
systems provide a multiuser solution using Remote Desktop
Services (RDS) and/or other technologies.
• The Windows Server license terms described in the PUR
specify that both a Windows Server Client Access License
(CAL) and RDS CAL are required whenever a user is 1) using
any of the RDS product functionality or 2) remotely
connecting to Windows Server to display, access, or use a
graphical user interface (for example, a desktop PC or
application).
Multiuser Scenarios with Windows MultiPoint Server
2012
• Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 is designed specifically for
multiuser scenarios. MultiPoint Server comes in Standard
Edition and Premium Edition allowing 10 and 20 users
respectively to simultaneously share one host computer. Each
user has his or her independent and familiar Windows
computing experience at stations directly connected to the
host computer.
Server 2012
• Network OS • Server 2003
• UNIX • Clustering
• Mac OS • NDS
• Novell Netware • Linux
• Microsoft Windows Server • MS-DOS
• Windows NT • Win32 API
• CLI vs. GUI • Software as IP
• Kernal • DMCA
• Shell • GNU
• Sun Solaris • Freeware
• Without a network operating system of some kind, individual computers
cannot share resources, and other users cannot make use of those resources.
• A network operating system can be part of a computer operating system or a
separate application that runs on top of the computer operating system.
• Windows NT is an example of an operating system that incorporates both
computer and network operating systems in one system.
• Multitasking can be either preemptive or non preemptive.
• Server software is the means by which an NOS provides services to other
computers on a network.
• A redirector is used to forward client requests to the network.
• Using redirectors, users can access peripheral devices as if the devices were
attached directly to the client computer.
• The first step in choosing a network operating system is to decide which
network architecture—server-based or peer-to-peer—best meets your needs;
this can often be accomplished by determining what level of security your
network requires.
• Describe Purpose of an Operating System.

• What is a Network Operating System (NOS)?

• Write down five Features of Network Operating System.

• Briefly define what is a General Public License.

• Describe different between license and open source NOS.