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Intuitionistic fuzzification functions

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Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics.
ISSN 0973-1768 Volume 12, Number 2 (2016), pp. 1211-1227
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/gjpam.htm

Intuitionistic fuzzification functions

C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

Department of Mathematics,
Vellalar College for Women,
Erode – 638 012, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract
Fuzzification is the process of converting crisp quantity into fuzzy. If uncertainty
happens to arise because of imprecision, ambiguity or vagueness, then the variable
is probably fuzzy and can be represented by a membership function. Fuzzification
determines the degree of membership. In practice, due to insufficiency of the infor-
mation available, the evaluation of membership and non-membership values upto
decision maker’s satisfaction is not always possible. Consequently, there remains
an indeterministic part of which hesitation survives. While various methods for the
fuzzification of fuzzy sets have been devised, no such attempt has been found in
the case of intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The term intuitionistic fuzzification functions
refers to formulating membership and non-membership functions of an intuition-
istic fuzzy set. In this paper, an attempt has been made to introduce various types
of intuitionistic fuzzification functions such as triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian,
bell-shaped, sigmoidal, S-shaped, Z-shaped functions which will be more useful in
modeling real world situations in intuitionistic fuzzy environment.

AMS subject classification:

Keywords: Intuitionistic fuzzy sets, membership and non-membership functions,
intuitionistic fuzzy index, intuitionistic fuzzification functions.

1. Introduction
Real world problems sometimes emerge to be complex owing to uncertainty either in
parameters or in situations in which the problem occurs. Uncertainty may arise due
to partial information about the problem, or due to unreliable information, or due to
inherent imprecision in the language. For example, to categorize a person ‘tall’ or ‘not
1212 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

tall’ is problematic. As there is no distinct cut off point at which tallness begins, it is
far more difficult to define the set of tall people. If threshold is selected, say 180 cm at
which the set tall begins, the output of the reasoning system using this definition would
not be smooth with respect to the height of a person. A person of height 179 cm would
produce a different output than a person of 181 cm [9]. A more natural way would be
to relax the strict separation between tall and not tall. This can be done by allowing not
only the (crisp) decision yes/no, but more flexible rules like “Approximately tall”. To
deal these situations, in 1965, Lotfi A Zadeh introduced the concept, fuzzy set [10].
In crisp, all the elements are coded with 0 or 1. A straight way to generalize this
concept is to allow more values between 0 and 1. These values are referred to as the
membership grades of these elements in the set. Such a function is called a membership
function, µA by which a fuzzy set A is defined [3, 6]. Fuzzy sets allow elements to
be a partial membership in the set. Therefore a person with height 179 cm can be
categorized both in tall and in not tall sets with a particular degree of membership. As
with the increase in the height of the person, the membership grade within the tall set
would increase whereas the membership grade within the not tall set would decrease
simultaneously. The membership grade in a fuzzy set is not a matter of affirmation or
denial, but rather a matter of degree. In fuzzy set theory, the membership of an element
to a fuzzy set is a single value between zero and one.
Fuzziness in the fuzzy set is characterized by its membership function [8, 9]. It
classifies the element in the set, whether it is discrete or continuous. The membership
functions can be formed by graphical representations of different shapes. In MATLAB,
the Fuzzy Logic toolbox includes 11 built-in functions [11]. These functions are in turn
built from several basic functions: piecewise linear functions, the Gaussian distribution
function, the sigmoid curve and quadratic & cubic polynomial curves.
Due to the insufficiency in the availability of information, the evaluation of mem-
bership values is not possible upto our satisfaction. Therefore a generalization of fuzzy
sets was introduced by K. T. Atanassov in 1983 as intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs), which
include both membership and non-membership of the element in the set, where the non-
membership value = 1 - the membership value. However, in reality, it may not exist,
because there remains a part indeterministic on which hesitation survives [4, 5]. This
value is called intuitionistic fuzzy index (hesitancy index).
In such situations, the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set theory introduced by Atanassov seems
to be applicable to address this issue of uncertainty. In the case, when the degree of
rejection is defined simultaneously with the degree of acceptance and when both these
degrees are not complementary to each other, then IFS can be used as a more general
and full tool for describing uncertainty.
The steps involved in modeling real life problems via intuitionistic fuzzy sets are

1. Intuitionistic fuzzification:
Fuzzification is the process of converting crisp to fuzzy. The term intuitionistic
fuzzification refers to formulating membership and non-membership values of an
IFS. As far as image is concerned fuzzification refers to conversion of gray levels
[0, 255] of the pixels into real values in [0, 1].
Intuitionistic fuzzification functions 1213

2. Modification of membership and non-membership values (intuitionistic fuzzy op-

erators/rules)

3. Intuitionistic defuzzification:
Defuzzification is the reverse process of fuzzification, where the output obtained
is a crisp quantity.

This paper concentrates on step 1 given above to define membership and non-
membership functions by treating hesitancy index as a parameter. The membership,
non-membership functions and hesitancy index of an IFS can be used to express three
states namely support, opponent and neutral, with more delicate depiction and expression
of fuzzy essence of objective world [7]. Further more, it appears more agile and applied
when it comes to deal with uncertain problems. Various types of membership and non-
membership functions of IFSs are defined with suitable illustrations and fuzzification
methods are extended to intuitionistic fuzzy sets.
The remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives basic
definitions of IFSs. Section 3 deals with the various types of intuitionistic fuzzification
functions. The process of intuitionistic fuzzification allows the system inputs and outpus
to be expressed in linguistic terms so that the rules can be applied in a simple manner to
express a complex system. Section 4 comprises the concluding part.

2. Preliminaries
In this section, some basic definitions, which are prerequisites for the study, are outlined.

Definition 2.1. [4] Let the universal set X be fixed. An intuitionistic fuzzy set A
in X is defined as an object of the form A = {
x, µA (x), νA (x) : x ∈ X} where the
functions µA : X → [0, 1] and νA : X → [0, 1] define the degrees of membership
and non-membership of the element x ∈ X respectively, and for every x ∈ X in A,
0 ≤ µA (x) + νA (x) ≤ 1 holds.

Definition 2.2. [4] For every common intuitionistic fuzzy subset A on X, we have
πA (x) = 1 − µA (x) − νA (x) called the intuitionistic fuzzy index or hesitancy index of
x in A. πA (x) is the degree of indeterminacy of x ∈ X to the IFS A. πA (x) expresses
the degree of lack of knowledge of every x ∈ X belongs to IFS or not. Obviously, for
every x ∈ X and 0 ≤ πA (x) ≤ 1.

Definition 2.3. [9] Membership function for an intuitionistic fuzzy set A on the universe
of discourse X is defined as µA : X → [0, 1], where each element X is mapped to a
value between 0 and 1. The value µA (x), x ∈ X is called the membership value or
degree of membership.

Definition 2.4. [9] Non-membership function for an intuitionistic fuzzy set A on the
universe of discourse X is defined as νA : X → [0, 1], where each element X is mapped
1214 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

to a value between 0 and 1. The value νA (x), x ∈ Xis called the non-membership value
or degree of non-membership.

3. Intuitionistic fuzzification functions

In this paper, the term intuitionistic fuzzification functions refers to formulation of mem-
bership and non-membership functions of an IFS. As there are infinite number of ways
to characterize fuzziness to depict the membership functions graphically which describe
fuzziness. The choice of which of the methods to be used depends entirely on the prob-
lem under consideration. The graphical representations may include different shapes
formed using straight lines and simple curves. The formulated membership and non-
membership functions themselves can take any form the system requires like triangles,
trapezoids, bell curves or any other shape as long as those shapes accurately represent
the distribution of information within the system.
The simplest membership and non-membership functions are formed using straight
lines. Among these, intuitionistic fuzzy triangular functions are formed by the collection
of three points forming a triangle and intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal functions are just a
truncated triangle curve with a flat top.
The intuitionistic fuzzy Gaussian and bell-shaped functions are formed by smooth
curves and intuitionistic fuzzy function are also simple curves which is either open left
or right. Intuitionistic fuzzy S-shaped and Z-shaped functions are formed by polynomial
based curves.
This section discusses the formulation and the features of the above-mentioned in-
tuitionistic fuzzy functions. Suitable illustrations are also dealtwith. Throughout this
paper, A represents an intuitionistic fuzzy set.

3.1. Intuitionistic fuzzy triangular function (iftrif )

The iftrif, is specified by three parameters, a lower limit a, an upper limit c, and a value
b, where a ≤ b ≤ c. The precise appearance of the function is determined by the choice
of the parameters a, b, c which in turn forms a triangle. In this a and c locates the feet
of the triangle and the parameter b locates the peak.
Intuitionistic fuzzy triangular membership function of A takes the form


  0 ; x≤a

 −

 x a
 − ; a<x≤b
µA (x) =  b − a  (3.1)

 c−x

 − ; b≤x<c

 c−b

0 ; x≥c

The corresponding, intuitionistic fuzzy triangular non-membership function is of the

Intuitionistic fuzzification functions 1215

form


 1−   ; x≤a

 x−a


 1− ; a<x≤b
νA (x) = b − a  (3.2)

 c−x

 1− ; b≤x<c

 c−b

1− ; x≥c

Figure 1: (a) Intuitionistic fuzzy triangular function.

The diagrammatic representation of membership and non-membership functions are

shown in Fig. 1(a).

Note 1
When  = 0, iftrif tends to trif in fuzzy.

Note 2
Hereafter,  is an arbitrary parameter chosen in such a way that µA (x) + νA (x) +  = 1
and 0 <  < 1.

Example 3.1. Suppose the room temperature varies from −5◦ C to +5◦ C, then the
corresponding membership and non-membership triangular functions for approximately
zero degree celsius temperature specified by the three parameters a = −5, b = 0 and
1216 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

Figure 1: (b) Intuitionistic fuzzy triangular function.

c = +5 are as follows: ( = 0.2)



  0 ; x ≤ −5

 +

 x 5
 − 0.2 ; −5 < x ≤ 0
µA (x) =  5  (3.3)

 5−x

 − 0.2 ; 0≤x<5

 5

0 ; x≥5


 0.8  ; x ≤ −5

 x+5


 1− ; −5 < x ≤ 0
νA (x) =  5  (3.4)

 5−x

 1− ; 0<x≤5

 5

0.8 ; x≥5
The graph of the intuitionistic fuzzy triangular function is displayed in Fig. 1(a). The
if trif for the intuitionistic fuzzy set approximately zero degree celsius is shown in
Fig. 1(b).

3.2. Intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal function (iftraf )

The iftraf, has a flat top and is a truncated triangle. The iftraf function is defined by
four parameters, a lower limit a, an upper limit d, a lower support limit b and an upper
support limit c, where a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d. Here, a and d locate the feet of the trapezium
and b and c locate the shoulder point.
Intuitionistic fuzzification functions 1217

The intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal membership function is defined as follows:



  0 ; x≤a

 −

 x a

 − ; a <x <b
 b−a
µA (x) =  1 − ; b≤x≤c (3.5)

 −

 d x

 − ; c <x <d

 d −c

0 ; x≥d

The corresponding intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal non-membership function is given by



 1−   ; x≤a

 −

 x a

 1− ; a<x<b
 b−a
νA (x) =
 0  ; b≤x≤c (3.6)

 d −x

 1− ; c<x<d

 d −c


1− ; x≥d

Figure 2: Intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal function

The graph of the intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal functions is shown in Fig. 2. The
intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal functions may be symmetric or asymmetric in shape.
The symmetric iftraf function is shown in Fig. 2. Obviously, the intuitionistic fuzzy
triangular function is a special case of intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal function.
1218 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

Example 3.2. In problems like testing the youthness of the people according to age of
the person, the trapezoidal membership function may be used. Suppose A be the set
of ages of old men which vary around 55. Assuming that men whose ages above 65 is
treated as very old. In this example, the trapezoidal membership function is specified
by the parameters {a = 50, b = 55, c = 60 and d = 65} and the corresponding
membership and non-membership functions are defined as follows: ( = 0.1)


  0 ; x ≤ 50

 −

 x 50

 − 0.1 ; 50 < x < 55
 5
µA (x) =  0.9 ; 55 ≤ x ≤ 60 (3.7)

 −

 65 x

 − 0.1 ; 60 < x < 65

 5

0 ; x ≥ 65

and 

 0.9  ; x ≤ 50

 x − 50



 1− ; 50 < x < 55
 5
νA (x) =  0  ; 55 ≤ x ≤ 60 (3.8)

 −

 65 x

 1− ; 60 < x < 65

 5

0.9 ; x ≥ 65
The intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal functions, are categorized into two, namely, intu-
itionistic fuzzy R-functions and intuitionistic fuzzy L-functions.

3.2.1 Intuitionistic fuzzy R-functions

An intuitionistic fuzzy R-function is the right intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal function.
Intuitionistic fuzzy R-function is specified by two parameters c and d with a = b = −∞,
whose membership functions is defined as follows:


 0 ; x≥d
 d − x 
µA (x) = − ; c <x <d (3.9)

 d −c

1− ; x≤c

The corresponding, non-membership function takes the form



 1 −   ; x≥d
 d −x
νA (x) = 1 − ; c<x<d (3.10)

 d −c

0 ; x≥c

The diagrammatic representation of intuitionistic fuzzy R-function is shown in Fig. 3.

Intuitionistic fuzzification functions 1219

Figure 3: Intuitionistic fuzzy R-function

Example 3.3. If the parameters of the intuitionistic fuzzy R -function are specified by the
parameters c = 5.6, d = 5.8, then the corresponding membership and non-membership
functions are as follows: ( = 0.2)


 0 ; x ≥ 5.8
  5.8 − x
µA (x) = − 0.2 ; 5.6 < x < 5.8 (3.11)

 0.2

0.8 ; x ≤ 5.6



  0.8  ; x ≥ 5.8
5.8 − x
νA (x) = 1 − ; 5.6 < x < 5.8 (3.12)

 0.2

0 ; x ≥ 5.6

3.2.2 Intuitionistic fuzzy L-functions

Intuitionistic fuzzy L-function is the left intuitionistic fuzzy trapezoidal function. Intu-
itionistic fuzzy L-function is specified by two parameters a and b with c = d = +∞,
whose membership takes the form


 0 ; x≤a
 x − a 
µA (x) = − ; a <x <b (3.13)

 b−a

1− ; x≥b
1220 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

The corresponding, non-membership function is given as



 1−   ; x≤a
 x−a
νA (x) = 1 − ; a<x<b (3.14)

 b−a

0 ; x≥b

Figure 4: Intuitionistic fuzzy L-function.

Example 3.4. If the parameters of the intuitionistic fuzzy L-function are specified by the
parameters a = 5.2, b = 5.4, then the corresponding membership and non-membership
functions are as follows: ( = 0.2)


 0 ; x ≤ 5.2
  x − 5.4 
µA (x) = − 0.2 ; 5.2 < x < 5.4 (3.15)

 0.2

0.8 ; x ≥ 5.4



  0.8  ; x ≤ 5.2
x − 5.4
νA (x) = 1 − ; 5.2 < x < 5.4 (3.16)

 0.2

0 ; x ≥ 5.4

3.3. Intuitionistic fuzzy Gaussian function (ifgaussf )

Ifgaussf is specified by two parameters. The Gaussian function is defined by a central
value m and width k > 0. The smaller the k, the narrower the curve is.
Intuitionistic fuzzification functions 1221

Intuitionistic fuzzy Gaussian membership and non-membership functions are defined

as  
(x − m)2
µA (x) = exp − −
2(k)2
and   
(x − m)2
νA (x) = 1 − exp −
2(k)2

Figure 5: Intuitionistic fuzzy Gaussian function.

The diagrammatic representation of intuitionistic fuzzy Gaussian function is shown

in Fig. 5.
Example 3.5. The exponential growth of the bacteria can be expressed by the intuition-
istic fuzzy Gaussian function. If the Gaussian membership function is determined by
the parameters m = 5 and k = 1, then the Gaussian membership and non-membership
functions are as follows
 
(x − 5)2
µA (x) = exp − − (3.17)
2
and   
(x − 5)2
νA (x) = 1 − exp − (3.18)
2

3.4. Intuitionistic fuzzy bell-shaped function (ifbellf )

Intuitionistic fuzzy bell-shaped function is specified by three parameters a, b, c and usally
the parameter b is positive. The parameter c locates the center of the curve and b control
1222 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

the slopes at the crossover points. The intuitionistic fuzzy bell-shaped membership and
non-membership functions are defined as

1
µA (x) = 1 −  −  x−c 2b (3.19)
1+ a


and
1
νA (x) =  x−c 2b (3.20)
1+ a


Figure 6: Intuitionistic fuzzy bell-shaped function.

As the shape of the membership resembles the bell and non-membership resembles
the inverted bell in Fig. 6, it is called intuitionistic fuzzy bell-shaped function.
3.5. Intuitionistic fuzzy sigmoidal function (ifsigf )
Intuitionistic fuzzy sigmoidal function depends on two parameters a and c, where c
locates the distance from the origin and a determines the steepness of the function.
Depending on the sign of the parameter a, the intuitionistic fuzzy sigmoidal membership
function is inherently open to the right or to the left. If a is positive, the function is open
to the right, whereas if it is negative it is open to the left. As the parameter increases, the
transition from 0 to 1 becomes sharper.
The intuitionistic fuzzy sigmoidal membership and non-membership functions are
defined as  
1
µA (x) = − (3.21)
1 + exp(−a(x − c))
and
1
νA (x) = 1 − (3.22)
1 + exp(−a(x − c))
Intuitionistic fuzzification functions 1223

Figure 7: Intuitionistic fuzzy Sigmoidal function.

In Fig. 7, the intuitionistic fuzzy sigmoidal function is open to the right. Intuitionistic
fuzzy sigmoidal function is commonly used as an activation function in Neural networks.

Example 3.6. Suppose the two parameters of the intuitionistic fuzzy sigmoidal mem-
bership function is given to be a = 1 and c = 0, then the corresponding membership
and non-membership functions are as follows ( = 0.01)
 
1
µA (x) = − 0.01 (3.23)
1 + exp(−1(x − 0))
 
1
νA (x) = 1 − (3.24)
1 + exp(−1(x − 0))

3.6. Intuitionistic fuzzy S-shaped function (ifSf )

The precise appearance of ifSf is determined by the choice of the parameters a, b and
the parameters locate the extremes of the sloped portion of the curve.
Intuitionistic fuzzy S-shaped membership function takes the form


 0 ; x≤a

  2

 x−a a+b

 2 − ; a<x≤
µA (x) = b− a  2 (3.25)

 x − b 2
a + b

 1−2 − ; ≤x<b

 b − a 2

 1− ; x≥b
1224 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

Similarly, intuitionistic fuzzy S-shaped non-membership function is given by



 1− ; x≤a

  

 x−a 2 a+b

 1−2 ; a<x≤
νA (x) =  b −a2 2 (3.26)

 x−b a+b

 2 ; ≤x<b

 b−a 2

 0 ; x≥b

Figure 8: Intuitionistic fuzzy S-shaped function.

The graphical representation of intuitionistic fuzzy S-shaped function is shown in

Fig. 8.

Example 3.7. If the two parameters of the intuitionistic fuzzy S-shaped function are
given to be a = 5.1 and b = 5.5, then the corresponding membership and non-
membership functions are as follows: ( = 0.1)


 0 ; x ≤ 5.1

  

 x − 5.1 2

 2 − 0.1 ; 5.1 < x ≤ 5.3
µA (x) =  0.4 2 (3.27)

 x − 5.5

 1−2 − 0.1 ; 5.3 ≤ x < 5.5

 0.4

 0.9 ; x ≥ 5.5
Intuitionistic fuzzification functions 1225

and 

 0.9 ; x ≤ 5.1

  2

 x − 5.1

 1−2 ; 5.1 < x ≤ 5.3
νA (x) =  0.4  (3.28)

 x − 5.5 2

 2 ; 5.3 ≤ x < 5.5

 0.4

 0 ; x ≥ 5.5

3.7. Intuitionistic fuzzy Z-shaped function (ifZf )

The ifZf, is given by two parameters, a and b which locate the extremes of the sloped
portion of the curve.
Intuitionistic fuzzy Z-shaped membership function is defined as


 1− ; x≤a

  2

 x−a a+b

 1−2 − ; a <x ≤
µA (x) =  b −a2 2 (3.29)

 x−b a+b
 2
 − ; ≤x<b

 b−a 2

 0 ; x≥b

The corresponding, intuitionistic fuzzy Z-shaped non-membership function takes the

form 

 0 ; x≤a

  2

 x−a a+b

 2 ; a<x<
νA (x) = b− a  2 (3.30)

 x−a 2
a+b
 1−2
 ; ≤x<b

 b−a 2

 1− ; x≥b
The diagrammatic representation of intuitionistic fuzzy Z-shaped function is shown
in Fig. 9.

Example 3.8. If the two parameters of the intuitionistic fuzzy Z-shaped function are
given to be a = 5.1 and b = 5.5, then the corresponding membership and non-
membership functions are as follows: ( = 0.1)


 0.9 ; x ≤ 5.1

  2

 x − 5.1

 1−2 − 0.1 ; 5.1 < x ≤ 5.5
µA (x) =  0.4  (3.31)

 x − 5.5 2

 2 − 0.1 ; 5.3 ≤ x < 5.5

 0.4

 0 ; x ≥ 5.5
1226 C. Radhika and R. Parvathi

Figure 9: Intuitionistic fuzzy Z-shaped function

and 

 0 ; x ≤ 5.1

  

 x − 5.1 2

 2 ; 5.1 < x ≤ 5.3
νA (x) =  0.4  (3.32)

 x − 5.5 2

 1−2 ; 5.3 ≤ x < 5.5

 0.4

 0.9 ; x ≥ 5.5

4. Conclusion
Intuitionistic fuzzification functions provide a flexible model to elaborate uncertainty
and vagueness involved in real world problems. In this paper, several types of mem-
bership and non-membership functions with hesitancy index as an arbitrary parameter
for triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian, bell-shaped, sigmoidal, S-shaped, Z-shaped func-
tions characterizing intuitionistic fuzzy sets are reviewed. An attempt has been made to
formulate fuzzification functions for IFS. The authors further proposed to develop the
membership and non-membership functions gallery in MATLAB, and also to concentrate
on intuitionistic defuzzification.

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