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SQL Session 4 Manual

The document discusses database relationships and how to work with multiple tables using joins and subqueries. It defines one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many relationships. It also explains different types of joins like inner, left, right, and full joins and how to use them to combine data from multiple tables. Finally, it covers subqueries and their applications, defining single-row, multiple-row, multiple-column, and correlated subqueries.

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Sifat Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views

SQL Session 4 Manual

The document discusses database relationships and how to work with multiple tables using joins and subqueries. It defines one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many relationships. It also explains different types of joins like inner, left, right, and full joins and how to use them to combine data from multiple tables. Finally, it covers subqueries and their applications, defining single-row, multiple-row, multiple-column, and correlated subqueries.

Uploaded by

Sifat Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management: Understanding and Applying Joins and Subqueries

Introduction
This document aims to provide a foundational understanding of working with multiple tables in
databases, focusing on database relationships. It's designed to serve as a preparatory guide for
students who are about to dive into these essential topics in database management systems.

Section 1: Working with Multiple Tables

Understanding Database Relationships

1. One-to-Many Relationships
● Definition: This occurs when a record in one table can be associated with multiple records
in another table.
● Example: A single customer having multiple orders; here, the customer table has a one-
to-many relationship with the orders table.

2. Many-to-Many Relationships

● Definition: This exists when multiple records in a table are associated with multiple
records in another table.
● Example: Students and courses; a student can enroll in many courses, and a course can
have many students.

3. One-to-One Relationships

● Definition: This relationship exists when a single record in one table is associated with a
single record in another table.
● Example: Person and Passport; each person has at most one passport, and each passport
is assigned to at most one person. In this scenario, the person's record in the 'Person'
table will have a unique identifier (like a Social Security Number) that matches a unique
identifier in the 'Passport' table (like a Passport Number).

4. Many-to-One Relationships
● Definition: This relationship exists when multiple records in one table are associated with
a single record in another table.
● Example: Employees and Department; multiple employees can work in the same
department, but each employee belongs to only one department. In this case, many
employee records in the 'Employees' table will be linked to a single department record in
the 'Department' table through a department identifier.

Using JOINs to Combine Data from Multiple Tables

1. INNER JOIN

● Usage: Retrieves records that have matching values in both tables.


● Syntax Example: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name =
table2.column_name;
● Application: Used when you only want to retrieve the rows where there is at least one
match in both tables.

2. LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN)

● Usage: Returns all records from the left table (table1), and the matched records from the
right table (table2).
● Syntax Example: SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name =
table2.column_name;
● Application: Useful when you want all records from the left table, regardless of whether
they have matches in the right table.

3. RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN)


● Usage: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left
table.
● Syntax Example: SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name =
table2.column_name;
● Application: Opposite of LEFT JOIN; use when you need all records from the right table.

4. FULL JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN)

● Usage: Selects records that have matching records in either the left or right table.
● Syntax Example: SELECT * FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name
= table2.column_name;
● Application: Use when you want to combine all records from both tables, with NULL in
place where there is no match.

Section 2: Subqueries

Understanding Subqueries and Their Applications

1. Definition

● A subquery is a query nested inside another query, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or
DELETE. Also known as inner queries or nested queries.

2. Applications

● Used for complex queries, like when you want to compare values in a column with a set
of values returned by another query.

Types of Subqueries

1. Single-Row Subqueries

● Returns only one row.


● Example: SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT column2 FROM table2
WHERE condition);

2. Multiple-Row Subqueries

● Returns more than one row.


● Uses operators like IN, ANY, ALL.
● Example: SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE column1 IN (SELECT column2 FROM table2
WHERE condition);

3. Multiple-Column Subqueries

● Returns more than one column.


● Often used in the SELECT clause.
● Example: SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE (column1, column2) IN (SELECT column3,
column4 FROM table2 WHERE condition);

Correlated Subqueries
● A subquery that references one or more columns from the outer SQL query.
● Evaluated once for each row processed by the outer query.
● Example: SELECT * FROM table1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM table2 t2 WHERE t1.id
= t2.id);

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