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Component of Soil

This document discusses engineering properties of soil in terms of statics. It begins by outlining the learning objectives of understanding soil composition, physical properties related to volume, weight, density and mass. The key topics covered include soil volume relationships like void ratio and porosity. Weight and mass relationships like water content are also defined. Density relationships such as unit weight, dry unit weight and specific gravity are presented. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating various soil properties like water content, unit weight, void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation.

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Ct Kamariah Md Saat
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Component of Soil

This document discusses engineering properties of soil in terms of statics. It begins by outlining the learning objectives of understanding soil composition, physical properties related to volume, weight, density and mass. The key topics covered include soil volume relationships like void ratio and porosity. Weight and mass relationships like water content are also defined. Density relationships such as unit weight, dry unit weight and specific gravity are presented. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating various soil properties like water content, unit weight, void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation.

Uploaded by

Ct Kamariah Md Saat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MM J34003

Soil Engineering
Lecture 4
CO MP O NENTS O F SO ILS

Prepared and Presented by: Siti Kamariah Md Sa’at


TOPIC 4:
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL
(STATICS)
Upon completion of this topic, student would be able to:

1 2 3

Understand the soil Define all the Able to calculate


composition and soil formula used to basic soil physical
physical properties measure the statics properties related to
(statics) soil properties soil volume, weight,
density and mass

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Subtopics – Soil Physical Properties in terms of…

VOLUME DENSITY
Void ration, porosity, Bulk density,
degree of specific gravity ,
saturation, etc density of soil solids,
etc

WEIGHT MASS
W ater content , etc Mass of soil, etc

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Ideal Visualization

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Ideal Visualization

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Ideal Visualization

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Three Phases in Soils
S : Solid Soil particle

W: Liquid Water (electrolytes)


A : Air Air

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Soil Components: Block Diagram
Volume Relationships
1

2
𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣
𝑛𝑛 = × 100%
𝑉𝑉
3

At dry, S = 0 and saturated condition, S = 1 or 100%


Volume Relationships – Typical Values
The void ratio and the porosity
are inter-related as follows:

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Weight/Mass Relationships
1

SOIL MOISTURE
 Define: the amount of water contained in
a unit volume of soil
 Application: the amount of water
required by plants are supplied by the soil
water component
 Expressed in percentage of weight basis
(g/g) for engineering or volume basis (v/v)
for agriculture

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Water Content or Moisture Content?
Water Content, w Moisture Content, m

● The weight of water to the ● The mass of water to the


weight of solids present in mass of solids present in
the given soil mass. the given soil mass.
● Unit less ● Unit less
● w = (Weight of water/ ● m = (mass of water/mass
Weight of Solids )*100 of solids )*100
= Ww / Ws x 100% = Mw/ Ms x 100%
● Gravimetric water content

The result of water content & moisture content is the same .


The result in %.
ENGINEERING P RO P ERTIES O F SO IL (STATICS)
Water Content, Gravimetric or Volumetric?
Gravimetric soil water content can be converted to or from volumetric
soil water content by knowing the bulk density of the soil and the
density of water .

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Why Soil Water Content – Volum e basis?
Agricultural practices always It is simpler and faster to
refers vol of water applied to determine the MC of weight
the volume of soil instead of basis
weight basis

Depth ratio of water


Useful for calculations of per unit depth of soil is
water transport in soils for equivalent to volume ratio
irrigation and drainage and more convenient for
investigation agronomic purposes.

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Density Relationships
Unit weight (γ): is the ratio of total weight of soil to the
total volume of soil. Unit – kN/m3

𝑊𝑊
𝛾𝛾 =
𝑉𝑉
Dry unit weight (γd): the ratio of weight of dry
soil to the volume of soil. Unit – kN/m3

𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠
𝛾𝛾𝑑𝑑 =
𝑉𝑉
Unit weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
The unit mass of water/ density of water = 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)
Density Relationships
● Un it m a s s o r b u lk d e n s it y,𝜌𝜌 is t o t a l m a s s d ivid e d b y
𝑀𝑀
𝜌𝜌 =
t o t a l vo lu m e 𝑉𝑉

● D ry u n it m a s s , 𝜌𝜌𝑑𝑑 is m a s s o f s o lid s d ivid e b y t o t a l 𝑀𝑀s


vo lu m e
𝜌𝜌𝑑𝑑 =
𝑉𝑉
● Specific gravity of solids

𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 /𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠


𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 = =
γ𝑤𝑤 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 γ𝑤𝑤

𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠 /𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠


𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 = =
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 17
Additional Info
● Unit weight of water = 9.81 kN /m 3
● The unit mass of water/ density of water = 1 g/cm 3 = 1000 kg/m 3
Examples

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL (STATICS)


Example 2:
● The weight of a chunk of moist soil sample is 20.7kg
● The volume of the soil chunk measured before drying is 0.011m 3

● After the sample is dried out in an oven, its weight is 17.15kg


● The G s of solids is 2.65
● Determine
○ Water content,
○ unit weight of moist soil,
○ void ratio,
○ porosity,
○ degree of saturation
=0.0009 m3

Solution =0.0045 m3
=0.0036 m3 3.55 kg
V=0.011 m3 W=20.7 kg

=0.0065 m3 17.15 kg

● Water content, w
𝑊𝑊𝑤𝑤 20.7𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−17.15𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
● 𝑤𝑤 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 20.6%
𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 17.15𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

● Unit weight of soil


𝑊𝑊 20.7k𝑔𝑔
● 𝛾𝛾 = = = 1882kg/m3 = 18.82kN/m3
𝑉𝑉 0.011m3
Solution
Ww (20.7 − 17.15) kg
Vw = = = 0.0036 m3
γw 1000 kg/m3
Ws 17.15 kg 3
Vs = = = 0 .0065 m
Gsγ w (2.65)(1000 kg/m3 )
Va = V − Vw − Vs = 0.0009 m3
Vv = V − Vs = 0.0045 m3
Solution
Vv
● Void ratio, e e = = 0.69
Vs
Vv
● Porosity, n n = × 100% = 40.9%
V
Vw
● Degree of saturation, s s= × 100% = 80.0%
Vv
Example 3:
● The dry density of sand with a porosity of 0.387 is 1600 kg/m 3. Find:
○ The void ratio of the soil
○ The specific gravity of the soil solids.

Solution:
● Give n : n = 0 .38 7, ρd = 16 0 0 k g /m 3 ,

𝑛𝑛 0.387
○ Void ratio, e = = = 0.631
1−𝑛𝑛 1−0.387

𝜌𝜌𝑑𝑑 (1 + 𝑒𝑒) 1600 (1+0.631)


○ Specific Gravity, Gs = = = 2.61
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 1000
Exercise 1:
● A soil sample has the following data:
○ Void ratio = 0.94
○ Degree of saturation = 35%
○ Specific gravity of solids = 2.71
● Find:
1. Water content
2. Unit weight

● An s w e r: 1. 12.2%; 2. 15.36kN /m 3
Exercise 2:
● A sample soil has water content, w = 14.7% and a cube dimensions
10cmx10cmx10cm weighs 18.4 N. The relative particle density, Gs = 2.72.
Calculate:
1. The unit weight
2. Saturation ratio
3. If the in a saturated condition, what will be the unit weight and water
content?
4. If water content is zero, what will be the unit weight?
Thank You

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