Application of information and communication technology

ICT A
LAB MANUAL

Name: M Awais Iqbal

Roll no: 2023-CS-534
Assignment topic: Lab Manual
Submitted to: Ms. Rabia Sana
Subject: ICT
Date: 20-12-23
 Lab #1
Objective:
1) Intro to Computer
2) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
3) Classification of Storage capacity
4) Hardware/Software
5) Types of Software
6) Input/Output Devices
7) Operating System
8) Memory

1. Introduction to Computer, H/W, S/W, Input/Output devices, Operating

System, Memory, etc.

Description:

Computer:
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data.
• You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send
email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create
spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The “brains” of your computer. If you have a 1.6 GHz CPU, then your processor
can handle 1.6 billion instructions in a second.
• The CPU is responsible for all calculations performed within the PC.
• It determines how fast the PC will work and what systems will work on it.
• Additionally, it gets involved in other activities, such as overseeing the transfer
of data from the hard disk into RAM.
• Latest CPUs are Core 2 Duo and Core i series (core i-3, core i-5, core i-7)

Classification of Storage capacity:

- 1 byte = 8 bits
- 1 KB = 1024 bytes
- 1 MB = 1024 KB
- 1 GB = 1024 MB
- 1 TB = 1024 GB

Examples of Storage Capacity

• Byte – One character typed in plain text editor e.g., Text files
• Kilobyte – 1,024 byes e.g., Web pages, Office documents
• Megabytes – 1,024 kilobytes e.g., MP3 files, videos, large software, RAM
• Gigabytes – 1,024 megabytes e.g., Hard drives, RAM

Hardware:
All the devices such as keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, cabinet,
circuits, microprocessor (except CPU), floppy disk drive, hard disk drive and other
storage devices are called the hardware of a computer.

Software:
A set of instructions is called a program and a set of programs is called
software. Software used on computers may be of different types:
 (1) Application Software
(2) System Software
(3) Utility Software

Application Software:
Software suited for specific applications is called as application software e.g.
Payroll, Banking, Life Insurance, Hospital Management, Electricity Billing, Telephone Billing,
Railway/Airlines/Bus reservation, etc.
System Software:
Programs that control and direct the operations of the computer
hardware are called as system software e.g. Compilers, Linkers, Loaders,
Interpreters, Assemblers, Operating systems viz. DOS, UNIX, and Windows, etc..
Utility Software:
These are the supporting software packages e.g. MS-Word, MS-
Excel, MS-Access, Oracle, etc.
Input Devices:
An input device is a device which accepts data from the outside
world, and translates it into a form which the computer can interpret. Several input
devices are available today. They can be broadly classified into the following
categories:
Types:
1. Keyboards
2. Point-and-draw devices
3. Data scanning devices
4. Digitizer
5. Electronic card based devices
6. Voice recognition devices
7. Vision based devices
Output Devices:
An output device is a device which accepts data from a computer
and translates it into a form which is suitable for use by the outside world. Several
output devices are available today. They can be broadly classified into the following
categories:
Types:
1. Monitors
2. Printers
3. Plotters
4. Screen image projector
5. Voice response systems

Operating System:
The software used to operate or run a computer is called an
operating system. This software is responsible for the working of a computer.

The two primary objectives of an operating system are:

1. Making a computer system convenient to use.
2. Managing the resources of a computer system.
 Main functions of an operating system:
1. Process Management
2. Memory Management
3. File Management
4. Security
5. Command Interpretation.

Memory:
A computer system has storage area, which is referred to as memory. The
memory can receive, hold and deliver data when instructed to do so. Data that are
being processed are held in primary memory, which is capable of sending and
receiving the data at very high speed. Secondary memory stores data not currently
being used and operates more slowly. For example, floppy diskettes, magnetic tape,
magnetic drums, magnetic disk.
Types of computer Memory:
1. Primary storage
2. Secondary storage
3. Cache

(I) Primary storage

Primary storage typically consists of three kinds of storage:
• Processor registers
• Cache memory
Main memory
The main memory consists of...

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

– Read/write memory
– DOS and application programs are loaded into RAM
 ➢ Any data to be processed must be stored in memory rather than on the
hard drive. This makes access much faster since the RAM can be
accessed quicker than the hard drive. When you start a program, the
program is loaded from
➢ the hard drive into memory. When a computer does not have enough
memory, information must be swapped from RAM to the hard drive, thus
slowing down performance extensively.
➢ When application software is running in memory, an icon appears on the
task bar. However, system software does not appear on the task bar.
➢ You can purchase additional RAM chips to gain more memory for your
PC. A currently acceptable amount of RAM is up to 8 GB.

2. ROM (Read-Only Memory)

➢ Contains hard coded information that is used by the operating system
➢ ROM-BIOS
➢ Video ROM
➢ Hard disk ROM

• ROM is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic

devices. Because it cannot (easily) be written to, its main uses lie in the
distribution of firmware.
• Modern semiconductor ROMs typically take the shape of IC packages,
i.e. "computer chips", not immediately distinguishable from other chips
like RAMs but for the text printed on the chips.
• "ROM" in its strictest sense can only be read from, but all ROMs allow
data to be written into them at least once during initial manufacturing or
during a step called "programming".
• Some ROMs can be erased and re-programmed multiple times, although
they are still referred to as "read only" because the reprogramming
process involves relatively infrequent, complete erasure and
reprogramming, not the frequent, bit- or word at a time updating that is
possible with random access memory (RAM).

Types:
1. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)
3. EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
CPU cache:
A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the
average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from
the most frequently used main memory location
(II) Secondary and off-line storage
Secondary storage requires the computer to use its input/output channels to access
the information, and is used for long-term storage of persistent information. However most
computer operating systems also use secondary storage devices as virtual memory to artificially
increase the apparent amount of main memory in the computer. Secondary storage is also known
as "mass storage". Secondary or mass storage is typically of much greater capacity than primary
storage (main memory), but it is also much slower.
Floppy disk:
A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin,
flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular
plastic shell. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD.

CD-ROM:
CD-ROM is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer.
While the Compact Disc (CD) format was originally designed for sound recordings the
format was later adapted to hold any form of binary data.

Hard disk:
A hard disk (commonly known as a hard disk drive or hard drive and
formerly known as a fixed disk) is a non-volatile storage device which stores data
on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers
to an entire unit containing multiple platters, a read/write head assembly, driver
electronics, and motor while "hard disk" refers to the storage medium itself.
 Lab#02
Table of Contents
1. How to Install Microsoft Office: ............................................................................................................... 10
Installation Steps: ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Introduction to Microsoft Word 2016: .................................................................................................... 11
Objective: .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Starting word 2016: ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Commands on MS Word............................................................................................................................................ 13
HOME TAB:........................................................................................................................................... 13
Copying, Cutting, and Pasting: ............................................................................................................. 13
Apply character formatting: ................................................................................................................. 14
To change the font of selected text ........................................................................................................ 15
To change the font size of selected text. ................................................................................................ 15
To cross out selected text by drawing a line through it ...................................................................... 15
To change the font color of selected text .............................................................................................. 16
To change the case of selected text ........................................................................................................ 16
To highlight text ..................................................................................................................................... 16
To copy formatting to other text ........................................................................................................... 16
To remove character formatting........................................................................................................... 17
To change the character spacing........................................................................................................... 18
 Lab #02
Microsoft word
Objectives:
1) How to install Microsoft Office
2) Introduction of MS Word
3) Basic Commands of MS Word
4) How to add Table of Contents
5) How to do Searching on Web Browsers
6) Tasks
7) Home Task

1. How to Install Microsoft Office:

Office Home and Student 2010 generally comes with the ability to install on 3 PCs, and includes
the four foundation programs of the Microsoft Office Suite: Word, Excel, PowerPoint and
OneNote. This is an excellent all-around version for those who are not using the suite for business
purposes.
Installation Steps:
1) Before you do anything else, make sure that no program is running. Otherwise, it might cause
some malfunctions and cause damage to your computer. Insert the DVD in the DVD-ROM.
Wait for a new window to appear. You can even click on the executable file for Office by
browsing to CD in My Computer and run the program.
2) Wait for the installation window to appear. When the next windows appear, click on Install
after selecting Microsoft Office 2010
3) Select the features you want to install from the Installation Options tab. Then select the drive
4) Enter the Product Key. This consists of 25 characters. You may have to click Continue
5) Then a window will appear with agreement terms. Please read and accept the agreement terms.
6) On the window that appears next choose Upgrade to Install or Custom (if you want modified
settings). If you already have Office installed you may want to upgrade or customize,
otherwise click install
7) Your program will automatically install once you click on Upgrade. This may take a few
minutes
8) If you chose Custom, modify your settings by clicking on Configure Preferences
9) The installation will start and a bar will appear. Wait for it to go up to 100 then proceed.
 10) Click on close and run Microsoft Office from the Programs in the Start Menu.

2. Introduction to Microsoft Word 2016:

Objective:
To get familiarize with MS-Word 2016 and modify the structure
and appearance of text.
THEORY:
Starting word 2016:
Microsoft Word is a word processing tool for creating different types of
documents that are used in work and school environments. The appearance of Microsoft Word
2016 is similar to Word 2010 and Word 2013, but with more enhanced features. It contains a
customized Office Background that appears above the Ribbon, live access to your OneDrive
account, an option to work in Read Mode, tab text that appears blue when active, a blue
background for the status bar, and many more exciting new features. When you first launch
Word, it opens with the Recent screen displayed. The screen enables you to create a new blank
document or a document from a template. And when you exit a document and return later, Word
2016 resumes where you left off.
FILE TAB:
➢ On the Start menu, locate Word 2016 and click the icon. Click the Blank document icon to
create a new document file.
➢ Click File on the ribbon to open the Backstage view and then, if necessary, click the Info tab
in the Backstage view to display the Info gallery. Click to the right of the Comments property
in the Properties list, and type SWE 101 Assignment in the text. Click the Back button in the
upper-left corner of the Backstage view to return to the document window
➢ Open an Existing Document: Click the File tab to open Backstage. The Open screen appears,
with locations on the left side and recently opened documents on the right.
➢ Click This PC. Notice the right side of the screen displays the current recent folders.
➢ Click the Browse button. The Open combo box appears.

➢ Click the File tab, and then click the Save As command. The Save As screen appears. There
are three options available to save your document: OneDrive, This PC, and + Add a Place.
Click This PC. The right side of the screen changes and displays Recent Folders that have
been opened.
➢ Verify that the selected printer will print a hard copy of the document. If necessary, click the
Printer Status button to display a list of available printer options and then click the desired
printer to change the currently selected printer.
1. Select Print Current Page, and then click the Print icon. Selecting this option prints the current
page.
2. Return to the Print screen area. In the Copies section of the Print options area, click the up arrow
to select 2, and then click the Print icon.
3. Place your insertion point at the beginning of the first paragraph, and then hold down the left
mouse button and drag to the end of the paragraph to select it.
4. Click the File tab, and then click Print. Click the Print Current Page drop-down arrow, select
Print Selection, and then change the number of copies from 2 to 1 by clicking the down arrow.
Next, click the Print icon. The selected paragraph is printed.
5. Click the File tab, and then click Close to close the document.
6. The Annual Report document should still be open from a previous exercise. Click the File tab,
and then click Print. Under Settings, click the drop-down arrow by 1 Page Per Sheet and select 2
Pages Per Sheet, and then click the Print icon. This eight-page document is now printed on four
pages with two pages per sheet.
7. Click the Close button to close both the document and Microsoft Word.
8. Choosing a Different File Format:
Some individuals and companies might not have upgraded their Office suites to the latest version
and might still be working in an earlier version, such as Word 2003. Changing the file format of
a document enables those individuals and companies to open and edit your document without
losing its text formatting.
Commands on MS Word

HOME TAB:
A paragraph is created by entering text and then pressing the Enter key. A paragraph can contain
one word, one sentence, or multiple sentences.

Copying, Cutting, and Pasting:

➢ Clipboard is a temporary storage area that holds up to 24 items (text or graphics) copied from
any Office program. The Office Clipboard works with the copy, cut, and paste commands
➢ Copying is the process of placing items on the Office Clipboard, leaving the item in the
document.
 ➢ Cutting removes the item from the document before placing it on the Office Clipboard.
➢ Pasting is the process of copying an item from the Office Clipboard into the document at the
location of the insertion point.

Paste Special: You can specify formatting when you paste slides, text, pictures, objects, and
tables from other programs. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow
under Paste, click Paste Special, and then choose one of the options below. If you'd prefer to use
the keyboard you can press CTRL+ALT+V to invoke Paste Special.
Apply character formatting:
Individual character formats including font, font size, bold, italic, underline, strikethrough,
subscript, superscript, font color, and highlight color.
• Artistic text effects that incorporate character outline and fill colors
• Preformatted styles associated with the document template, many of which convey structural
information (such as titles and headings).

You can vary the look of a font by changing the following attributes:
• Size Almost every font has a range of sizes you can select from. (Sometimes you can set
additional sizes beyond those listed.) The font size is measured in points, from the top of the
ascenders to the bottom of the descenders. A point is approximately 1/72 of an inch (about
0.04 centimeters).
• Style Almost every font has a range of font styles. The most common are regular (or plain),
italic, bold, and bold italic.
• Effects Fonts can be enhanced by applying effects, such as underlining, small capital letters
(small caps), or shadows.
• Character spacing You can alter the spacing between characters by pushing them apart or
squeezing them together.
• Mini Toolbar Several common formatting buttons are available on the Mini Toolbar that
appears when you select text.
 • Font group on the Home tab This group includes buttons for changing the font and most of
the font attributes you are likely to use.
• Font dialog box Less-commonly applied attributes such as small caps and special underlining
are available from the Font dialog box.

To change the font of selected text

• On the Mini Toolbar or in the Font group on the Home tab, in the Font list, click the font you
want to apply.

To change the font size of selected text.

➢ Do any of the following on the Mini Toolbar or in the Font group on the Home tab:
➢ In the Font Size list, click the font size you want to apply.
➢ In the Font Size box, enter the font size you want to apply (even a size that doesn’t appear in
the list). Then press the Enter key.
➢ To increase the font size in set increments, click the Increase Font Size button, or press Ctrl+>.
➢ To decrease the font size in set increments, click the Decrease Font Size button, or press
Ctrl+<.

To cross out selected text by drawing a line through it

1. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Strikethrough button.

To display superscript or subscript characters.

➢ Select the characters you want to reposition.
➢ On the Home tab, in the Font group, do either of the following:
➢ Click the Subscript button to shift the characters to the bottom of the line.
➢ Click the Superscript button to shift the characters to the top of the line.
 To apply artistic effects to selected text
➢ On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Text Effects and Typography button, and then
do either of the following:
➢ In the gallery, click the preformatted effect combination that you want to apply.
➢ On the menu, click Outline, Shadow, Reflection, Glow, Number Styles, Ligatures, or Stylistic
Sets. Then make selections on the submenus to apply and modify those effects.

To change the font color of selected text

➢ On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Font Color arrow to display the Font Color
menu.
➢ In the Theme Colors or Standard Colors palette, select a color swatch to apply that color to
the selected text.

To change the case of selected text

1. Do either of the following:
➢ On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Change Case button, and then click Sentence
case, lowercase, UPPERCASE, Capitalize Each Word, or tOGGLE cASE.
➢ Press Shift+F3 repeatedly to cycle through the standard case options (Sentence case,
UPPERCASE, lowercase, and Capitalize Each Word).

To highlight text
1. Select the text you want to change, and then do either of the following in the Mini Toolbar or
in the Font group on the Home tab:
➢ Click the Text Highlight Color button to apply the default highlight color.
➢ Click the Text Highlight Color arrow, and then click a color swatch to apply the selected highlight
color and change the default highlight color.

To copy formatting to other text

1) Click anywhere in the text that has the formatting you want to copy.
2) On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, do either of the following:
➢ If you want to apply the formatting to only one target, click the Format Painter button once.
➢ If you want to apply the formatting to multiple targets, double-click the
➢ Format Painter button.
3) When the pointer changes to a paintbrush, click or drag across the text you want to apply the
copied formatting to.
4) If you activated the Format Painter for multiple targets, repeat step 3 until you finish applying the
formatting. Then click the Format Painter button once, or press the Esc key, to deactivate the tool.

To repeat the previous formatting command

1. Select the text to which you want to apply the repeated formatting.
2. Do either of the following to repeat the previous formatting command:
➢ On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Repeat button.
 ➢ Press Ctrl + Y.
To remove character formatting
1. Select the text you want to clear the formatting from.
2. Do any of the following:
➢ Press Ctrl+ Spacebar to remove only manually applied formatting (and not styles).
➢ On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Clear All Formatting button to remove all styles
and formatting other than highlighting from selected text.

Cv;
To change the character spacing
➢ Select the text you want to change.
➢ Open the Font dialog box, and then click the Advanced tab to display character spacing and
typographic features.
➢ In the Spacing list, click Expanded or Condensed.
➢ In the adjacent By box, set the number of points you want to expand or condense the character
spacing.
➢ In the Font dialog box, click OK.

Configure alignment
The alignment settings control the horizontal position of the paragraph text between
the page margins. There are four alignment options:
• Align Left This is the default paragraph alignment. It sets the left end of each line of the
paragraph at the left page margin or left indent. It results in a straight left edge and a ragged
right edge.
• Align Right This sets the right end of each line of the paragraph at the right page margin or
right indent. It results in a straight right edge and a ragged left edge.
• Center This centers each line of the paragraph between the left and right page margins or
indents. It results in ragged left and right edges.
• Justify This alignment adjusts the spacing between words so that the left end of each line of
the paragraph is at the left page margin or indent and the right end of each line of the paragraph
(other than the last line) is at the right margin or indent. It results in straight left and right
edges.

To display or hide paragraph marks and other structural characters

1. Do either of the following:
• On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Show/Hide ¶ button.
• Press Ctrl+Shift+* (asterisk).
To modify the indentation of a list
1. Select the list items whose indentation you want to change, and do any of the
following:
• On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Increase Indent button to move the list
items to the right.
• In the Paragraph group, click the Decrease Indent button to move the list items to the left.
• Display the horizontal ruler, and drag the indent markers to the left or right.
 To sort bulleted list items into ascending or descending order
1) Select the bulleted list items whose sort order you want to change.
2) On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Sort button to open the Sort Text dialog box.
3) In the Sort by area, click Ascending or Descending. Then click OK.
To change the bullet symbol
1. Select the bulleted list whose bullet symbol you want to change.
2. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Bullets arrow.
3. In the Bullets gallery, click the new symbol you want to use to replace the bullet character that
begins each item in the selected list.
To define a custom bullet
1) In the Bullets gallery, click Define New Bullet.
2) In the Define New Bullet dialog box, click the Symbol, Picture, or Font button, and make a
selection from the wide range of options.
3) Click OK to apply the new bullet style to the list.
To change the number style
1. Select the numbered list whose number style you want to change.
2. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Numbering arrow to display the
Numbering gallery.
3. Make a new selection to change the style of the number that begins each item in the selected
list.
To define a custom number style
1. In the Numbering gallery, click Define New Number Format.
2. In the Define New Number Format dialog box, do any of the following:
➢ Change the selections in the Number Style, Number Format, or Alignment boxes.
➢ Click the Font button, and make a selection from the wide range of options.
3. Click OK to apply the new numbering style to the list.
To start a list or part of a list at a predefined number
1. Place the cursor within an existing list, in the list paragraph whose number you want to set.
2. Display the Numbering gallery, and then click Set Numbering Value to open the Set Numbering
Value dialog box.
3. Do either of the following to permit custom numbering:
➢ Click Start new list.
➢ Click Continue from previous list, and then select the Advance value (skip numbers) check
box.
➢ In the Set value to box, enter the number you want to assign to the list item. Then click OK.

Flyer:
 LAYOUT TAB
To open the Paragraph dialog box
1. Do either of the following:
➢ On the Home tab or the Layout tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box
launcher.
➢ On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Line and Paragraph Spacing button, and
then click Line Spacing Options.
To set paragraph alignment
1. Position the cursor anywhere in the paragraph, or select all the paragraphs you want to adjust.
2. Do either of the following:
➢ On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Align Left, Center, Align Right, or Justify
button.
➢ Open the Paragraph dialog box. On the Indents and Spacing tab, in the General area, click
Left, Centered, Right, or Justified in the Alignment list.
To insert a line break
1. Position the cursor where you want to break the line.
2. Do either of the following:
➢ On the Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Breaks, and then click Text Wrapping.
➢ Press Shift+Enter.

To insert a tab character

1. Position the cursor where you want to add the tab character.
2. Press the Tab key.
To open the Tabs dialog box
1. Select any portion of one or more paragraphs that you want to manage tab stops for.
2. Open the Paragraph dialog box.
3. In the lower-left corner of the Indents and Spacing tab, click the Tabs button.
Apply styles
Styles can include character formatting (such as font, size, and color), paragraph formatting
(such as line spacing and outline level), or a combination of both. Styles are stored in the template
that is attached to a document. By default, most common predefined styles are available in the
Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can add styles to the gallery or remove those that you don’t
often use.

3. How to add Table of Contents

Create the table of contents

➢ Put your cursor where you want to add the table of contents.
➢ Go to References > Table of Contents. and choose an automatic style.
 ▪
➢ If you make changes to your document that affect the table of contents, update the table of
contents by right-clicking the table of contents and choosing Update Field.
➢ To update your table of contents manually

If you have missing entries:

Missing entries often happen because headings aren't formatted as headings.
1. For each heading that you want in the table of contents, select the heading text.
2. Go to Home > Styles, and then choose Heading 1.

3. Update your table of contents.

How to do Searching on Web Browser

1. On your computer, open Chrome .
2. In the address bar at the top, enter your search.

3. Select a result or press Enter.

 Lab #03
Microsoft PowerPoint
Presentation, Slideshow and Animations
Objective:
➢ Creating and editing a presentation with pictures
➢ Select and change a document theme and variant
➢ Create a title slide and a text slide with a multilevel bulleted list
➢ Add new slides and change slide layouts
➢ Insert pictures into slides with and without content placeholders
➢ Move and resize pictures
➢ Change font size and color
➢ Bold and italicize text
➢ Duplicate a slide
➢ Arrange slides
➢ Select slide transitions

What is PowerPoint?
A combination of various slides depicting a graphical and visual
interpretation of data, to present information in a more creative and interactive manner is
called a PowerPoint presentation or PPT.
Theory:
In this module, you will learn how to perform basic tasks using powerpoint.
The following roadmap identifies general activities you will perform as you progress
through this module:
1. Insert the four presentation slides, using various layouts.
2. Enter the text for the slides.
3. Format the text on each slide.
4. Insert graphical elements, including pictures.
5. Size and position the graphical elements.
6. Enhance the slide show by adding a closing slide and transition.
7. Display the slides.

Choosing a document theme and variant:

You easily can give the slides in a presentation a professional and integrated appearance
by using a theme. A document theme is a specific design with coordinating colors, fonts,
and special effects such as shadows and reflections. Several themes are available when you
run powerpoint, each with a specific name. Using one of the formatted themes makes
creating a professional-looking presentation easier and quicker than using the blank
presentation template, where you would need to make all design decisions.
Each theme has a set of four alternate designs, called variants. Each variant has the same
overall composition, but the colors, fonts, and design elements differ. Once you select a
theme, you then can select a variation that best fits your overall design needs. If you later
decide that another theme or variant would better fit the presentation’s general theme, you
can change these elements while you are developing slides.

Creating a title slide:

When you open a new presentation, the default title slide layout
appears. The purpose of this layout is to introduce the presentation to the audience. Power
point includes other standard layouts for each of the themes. The slide layouts are set up
in landscape orientation, where the slide width is greater than its height. In landscape
orientation, the slide size is preset to 10 inches wide and 7.5 inches high when printed on
a standard sheet of paper measuring 11 inches wide and 8.5 inches high. Placeholders are
boxes with dotted or hatch-marked borders that are displayed when you create a new slide.
Most layouts have both a title text placeholder and at least one content placeholder.
Depending on the particular slide layout selected, title and subtitle placeholders are
displayed for the slide title and subtitle; a content text placeholder is displayed for text, art,
or a table, chart, picture, graphic, or movie. The title slide has two text placeholders where
you can type the main heading, or title, of a new slide and the subtitle. With the exception
of the blank slide layout, powerpoint assumes every new slide has a title. To make creating
a presentation easier, any text you type after a new slide appears becomes title text in the
title text placeholder. The following steps create the title slide for this presentation.
Adding a new slide to a presentation:
With the text for the title slide for the presentation created, the next step is to add the first
text slide immediately after the title slide. Usually, when you create a presentation, you
add slides with text, pictures, graphics, or charts. Some placeholders allow you to double-
click the placeholder and then access other objects, such as videos, charts, diagrams, and
organization charts. You can change the layout for a slide at any time during the creation
of a presentation.

Inserting pictures into slides:

Adding pictures can help increase the visual and audio appeal of many slides. These images
may include photographs, illustrations, and other artwork. If you have a microsoft account,
you can add pictures from websites, including flickr and onedrive. You can add pictures to
your presentation in two ways. One way is by selecting one of the slide layouts that
includes a content placeholder with a pictures button. A second method is by clicking the
pictures button in the images area on the insert tab. Clicking the pictures button opens the
insert picture dialog box. The insert picture dialog box allows you to search for picture
files that are stored on your computer or a storage box allows you to search for picture files
that are stored on your computer or a storage box device. Contact your instructor if you
need the pictures used in the following steps.
 Fig 6-4
Resizing photos and illustrations:
Sometimes it is necessary to change the size of pictures and illustrations. Resizing includes
enlarging or reducing the size of a graphic. You can resize these images using a variety of
techniques. One method involves changing the size of a picture by specifying exact
dimensions in a dialog box. Another method involves sliding or dragging one of the
graphic’s sizing handles to the desired location. A selected graphic appears surrounded by
a selection rectangle, which has small circles, called sizing handles or move handles, at
each corner and middle location.

Fig 6-5
Bold and italicize text:
Bold characters display somewhat thicker and darker than those that display in a regular font
style. Clicking the bold button on the mini toolbar is an efficient method of bolding text. To add
more emphasis to the fact that the body needs nature for cooling purposes, you want to bold the
words, every Saturday. The following step bolds this text.
 Fig 6-6

Duplicate a slide:
When two slides contain similar information and have the same format, duplicating one slide
and then making minor modifications to the new slide saves time and increases consistency.
Slide 5 will have the same layout and design as slide 1. The most expedient method of creating
this slide is to copy slide 1 and then make minor modifications to the new slide. The following
steps duplicate the title slide.

Fig 6-7

Arrange a slide:
The new slide 2 was inserted directly below slide 1 because slide 1 was the selected slide.
This duplicate slide needs to display at the end of the presentation directly after the final
title and content slide. Why? It is a closing slide that reinforces the concept presented in
slide 1 and indicates to your audiences that your presentation is ending. Changing slide
order is an easy process and is best performed in the slides tab. When you click the
thumbnail and begin to drag it to a new location, the remaining thumbnails realign to show
the new sequence. When you release, the slide drops into the desired location. Hence, this
process of sliding or dragging and then dropping the thumbnail in a new location is called
drag and drop. You can use the drag-and-drop method to move any selected item, including
text and graphics. The following step moves the new slide 2 to the end of the presentation
so that it becomes a closing slide.
 Fig 6-8
Select slide a transition:
Power point includes a wide variety of visual and sound effects that can be applied to text
or content. A slide transition is a special effect used to progress from one slide to the next
in a slide show. You can control the speed of the transition effect and add a sound.

Fig 6-9
 Lab#04
Table of Contents
1. How to Install Microsoft Office: ............................................................................................................... 10
Installation Steps: ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
2. Introduction to Microsoft Word 2016: .................................................................................................... 11
Objective: .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Starting word 2016: ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Commands on MS Word............................................................................................................................................ 13
HOME TAB:........................................................................................................................................... 13
Copying, Cutting, and Pasting: ............................................................................................................. 13
Apply character formatting: ................................................................................................................. 14
To change the font of selected text ........................................................................................................ 15
To change the font size of selected text. ................................................................................................ 15
To cross out selected text by drawing a line through it ...................................................................... 15
To change the font color of selected text .............................................................................................. 16
To change the case of selected text ........................................................................................................ 16
To highlight text ..................................................................................................................................... 16
To copy formatting to other text ........................................................................................................... 16
To remove character formatting........................................................................................................... 17
To change the character spacing........................................................................................................... 18
Configure alignment .............................................................................................................................. 18
3. How to add Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 21
How to do Searching on Web Browser ............................................................................................................ 22
Objectives:........................................................................................................................................................ 31
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................... 32
Rows/ Columns: ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Rows ............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Columns ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Cells.............................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Enter/ Delete data:........................................................................................................................................... 33
Enter Data: ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Delete Data: ................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Formulas:.......................................................................................................................................................... 34
SUM ............................................................................................................................................................................. 34
 AVERAGE .................................................................................................................................................................. 34
COUNT ........................................................................................................................................................................ 35
MIN .............................................................................................................................................................................. 35
MAX ............................................................................................................................................................................ 35
VAR ............................................................................................................................................................................. 35
STDEV ......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Sorting data: ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
Table design: .................................................................................................................................................... 36
Deleting table: .................................................................................................................................................. 37
Pivot Tables/ Charts: ........................................................................................................................................ 38

Lab# 05
Microsoft Excel
Objectives:
1. Introduction
2. Rows/ Columns
3. How to enter/ delete data
4. Formulas
5. Sorting data
6. Table design
7. Deleting table
8. Pivot Tables/ Charts
Introduction:
Microsoft Excel enables users to format, organize and calculate data in a spreadsheet. By
organizing data using software like Excel, data analysts and other users can make information
easier to view as data is added or changed. Excel is commonly used in business, finance,
accounting, engineering, research, and many other fields. Its versatility and extensive features
make it a valuable tool for a wide range of applications. The image given below represents how
an Excel spreadsheet looks like:

Rows/ Columns:
A spreadsheet is in the form of a table comprising rows and columns. The rectangular box at
the intersection point between rows and columns forms a cell. Given below is an image of a cell:

Rows
Rows run horizontally from left to right and are numbered with numeric labels, such as 1, 2, 3,
and so on. Each row is identified by a row number. The row number is typically displayed on
the left-hand side of the spreadsheet. Rows are used to organize and display data in a horizontal
manner.

Columns
Columns run vertically from top to bottom and are labeled with alphabetic letters, such
as A, B, C, and so forth. Each column is identified by a column letter. Column letters are typically
displayed at the top of the spreadsheet. Columns are used to organize and display data in a
vertical manner.
 Cells
Each cell is the intersection of a row and a column and is identified by a unique reference
that combines the column letter and row number. For example, cell A1 is in the first row and the
first column, while cell B3 is in the second column and the third row. Cells are the basic units
for entering and storing data.

Enter/ Delete data:

Enter Data:

On the worksheet, click a cell. Type the numbers or text that you want to enter, and
then press ENTER or TAB. To enter data on a new line within a cell, enter a line break by pressing
ALT+ENTER.

To enter data in Excel:

➢ Double-click the cell that contains the data that you want to edit.
➢ Click the cell that contains the data that you want to edit, and then click anywhere in the formula
bar.
➢ Click the cell that contains the data that you want to edit, and then press F2.

Delete Data:
Select the cells, rows, or columns that you want to clear.To clear all contents, formats,
and comments that are contained in the selected cells, click Clear All.
To delete cells in Excel
1. Highlight the area to delete. Locate an area on the workbook you want to delete. ...
2. Click on the "Delete option" After selecting a cell range, return to the "Home" tab at the top of
the screen. ...
3. Press "Delete Cells" Under "Delete," there's a drop-down menu. ...
4. Choose an option to delete the cells.

Formulas:
In Microsoft Excel, a formula is an expression that operates on values in a range of cells.
Excel formulas enable you to perform calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. In addition to these, you can find out averages and calculate percentages in excel
for a range of cells, manipulate date and time values, and do a lot more.
Some common formulas are:
SUM
The SUM() function, as the name suggests, gives the total of the selected range of cell values. It
performs the mathematical operation which is addition.

Sum =SUM(X:Y)

AVERAGE
The AVERAGE() function focuses on calculating the average of the selected range of cell values.

Average =AVERAGE(X:Y)
COUNT
The function COUNT() counts the total number of cells in a range that contains a number. It
does not include the cell, which is blank, and the ones that hold data in any other format apart
from numeric.

Count =COUNT(X:Y)

MIN
The MIN() formula requires a range of cells, and it returns the minimum value.

Minimum =MIN(X:Y)

MAX
The MAX() formula is the opposite of MIN(). It will return the maximum value from the selected
range of cells.

Maximum =MAX(X:Y)

VAR
VAR function in Excel, which is used to calculate the variance of a sample data set. Variance is
a statistical measure that helps to determine the dispersion or spread of data points in a data set.

VAR(number1,[number2],...)

STDEV

The STDEV Function is categorized under Excel Statistical functions. The function will
estimate the standard deviation based on a sample.

Standard Deviation =STDEV(number1,[number2],…)

 \

Sorting data:
Data sorting is any process that involves arranging the data into some meaningful order
to make it easier to understand, analyze or visualize. Data is typically sorted based on actual
values, counts or percentages, in either ascending or descending order, but can also be sorted
based on the variable value labels.

Table design:
Excel Tables are containers for your data. The definition as a table shows Excel that all
the data in the columns and rows you have marked are related. That's a big time-saving.
First, you get a lot of list-related features automatically. And second, when you add a row, all
formats and formulas are added automatically.
To create a table in MS Excel
1. Select a cell within your data.
2. Select Home > Format as Table.
3. Choose a style for your table.
4. In the Format as Table dialog box, set your cell range.
5. Mark if your table has headers.
6. Select OK

Deleting table:
If your Excel worksheet has data in a table format and you no longer want the data.
1. Select all the cells in the table.
2. Click Clear and pick Clear All.
You can also select the table and press Delete.
 Pivot Tables/ Charts:
Pivot charts are used to summarize, analyze, explore, and present summary data. Pivot Charts
complement Pivot Tables by adding visualizations to the summary data in a PivotTable, and
allow you to easily see comparisons, patterns, and trends. Create a PivotChart
1. Select a cell in your table.
2. Select Insert > Pivot Chart .
3. Select where you want the PivotChart to appear.
4. Select OK.
5. Select the fields to display in the menu.
 Lab# 06
Canva
Introduction:
Canva is a user-friendly graphic design platform that empowers users to create stunning visuals
with ease. Featuring a drag-and-drop interface, it offers a diverse library of templates, images,
and design elements. Whether for social media posts, presentations, or posters, Canva simplifies
the design process for both beginners and professionals.

A step-by-step procedure to create a poster in Canva:

1. Sign In:
• Open Canva and sign in to your account. If you don't have an account, you can sign up
for free.
2. Choose Poster Dimensions:
• Click on "Create a design" and select "Poster" from the list of design types. Choose the
dimensions you want for your poster.
3. Select a Template:
• Browse through the template library and choose a template that suits your poster's
theme. Alternatively, start with a blank canvas.
4. Add Elements:
• Customize your poster by adding text, images, and other elements. Use the left sidebar
to access elements like text, photos, and illustrations.
5. Edit Text:
• Double-click on the text boxes to edit the text. You can change font styles, sizes, and
colors. Adjust the alignment and spacing as needed.
6. Upload Images:
• Upload your own images or choose from Canva's extensive library. Drag and drop
images onto your poster, and use the handles to resize or reposition them.
7. Background and Colors:
• Customize the background by selecting it and choosing a color or adding an image. Use
the color palette to match your poster's color scheme.
8. Arrange and Align:
• Arrange elements by sending them forward or backward. Use the alignment tools to
ensure a neat and organized layout.
9. Add Shapes and Lines:
• Enhance your design with shapes and lines from the elements panel. Adjust their colors
and sizes to complement your poster.
10. Preview and Adjust:
 • Periodically preview your poster by zooming out. Check for overall balance and make
any necessary adjustments.
11. Save Your Work:
• Click on the "Download" button to save your poster. Choose the appropriate file type
(PNG, JPEG, PDF) and download it to your computer.
12. Share or Print:
• Once satisfied with your design, you can share it directly from Canva or download the
high-resolution file for printing.

That's it! You've successfully created a poster in Canva. Adjust the steps based on your specific
preferences and design requirements.

The resulted poster is given:

The Logo page is also given:
 Lab# 09
HTML

Lab #09
Introduction of HTML
[Hyper Text Markup Language]
Objectives:
- Website introduction
- Webpage introduction
- HTML Basics
- Brackets installation
- How to create html file
- HTML Attributes
- Simple webpage creation

Website:
A website is a collection of interlinked web pages with a common domain name. The website
can be made by any individual, group, or company. All the websites together constitute the world
wide web.
The website can be of several types, like an e-commerce website, social media website, or a blog
website, and every website has a different role, but one thing is common that every website has
several linked web pages.
Languages need for Web development
HTML, CSS, JavaScript etc. But initially, a developer needs to command over HTML, which is
the basic requirement to develop a website.
HTML basic Structure
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>

</body>
</html>
 Example Explained

• The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML document
• The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
• The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
• The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title
bar or in the page's tab)
• The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible
contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>
HTML Page Structure:
HTML Attributes

• All HTML elements can have attributes

• Attributes provide additional information about elements
• Attributes are always specified in the start tag
• Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

➢ The title Attribute

The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.

The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the element:

Example
<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>

➢ Bigger Headings

Each HTML heading has a default size. However, you can specify the size for any heading with
the style attribute, using the CSS font-size property:

Example
<h1 style="font-size:60px;">Heading 1</h1>

➢ Background Color

The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an HTML element.

Example 1
Set the background color for a page to powderblue:
<body style="background-color:powderblue;">

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
Example 2

Set background color for two different elements:

<body>

<h1 style="background-color:powderblue;">This is a heading</h1>

 <p style="background-color:tomato;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
➢ Fonts

The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>
➢ Text Size

The CSS font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>

➢ Text Alignment

The CSS text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:

Example
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>

➢ Bold Text

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example
<b>This text is bold</b>
➢ HTML <i> and <em> Elements

The HTML <i> element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside
is typically displayed in italic.

Tip: The <i> tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a
thought, a ship name, etc.
 Example
<i>This text is italic</i>

➢ Emphasize Text

The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in
italic.

Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in <em> with an emphasis, using verbal stress.

Example
<em>This text is emphasized</em>

➢ HTML <small> Element

The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:

Example
<small>This is some smaller text.</small>

➢ HTML <mark> Element

The HTML <mark> element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:

Example
<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>
➢ HTML <del> Element

The HTML <del> element defines text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will
usually strike a line through deleted text:

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>
➢ HTML <ins> Element

The HTML <ins> element defines a text that has been inserted into a document. Browsers will
usually underline inserted text:

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>
 ➢ HTML <sub> Element

The HTML <sub> element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a character below
the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Subscript text can be used for
chemical formulas, like H2O:

Example
<p>This is _subscripted text.</p>
➢ HTML <sup> Element

The HTML <sup> element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears half a character
above the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Superscript text can be used
for footnotes, like WWW[1]:

Example
<p>This is ^{superscripted} text.</p>
HTML Tables:
➢ Table Cells

Each table cell is defined by a <td> and a </td> tag.

td stands for table data.

Everything between <td> and </td> are the content of the table cell.

Example
<table>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
</table>

➢ Table Rows

Each table row starts with a <tr> and ends with a </tr> tag.

tr stands for table row.

Example
<table>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</table>

➢ Table Headers

Sometimes you want your cells to be table header cells. In those cases use the <th> tag
instead of the <td> tag:

th stands for table header.

Example

Let the first row be table header cells:

<table>
<tr>
<th>Person 1</th>
<th>Person 2</th>
<th>Person 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</table>
 ➢ The href Attribute

The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes
to:

Example

<a href="https://www.youtube.com">Visit W3Schools</a>

➢ The src Attribute

The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies the path
to the image to be displayed:

Example

<img src="img_girl.jpg">

➢ The width and height Attributes

The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which specify the width and
height of the image (in pixels):

Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">

Task:
Design a table with rows, columns, colors, width, bold text, alignment.

The home task is given:

The HTML Code is as follows:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Your HTML Project</title>
</head>
<body>

<!-- HTML Input Types -->

<label for="text-input">Text Input:</label>
<input type="text" id="text-input" name="text-input">

<br>

<label for="password-input">Password Input:</label>

<input type="password" id="password-input" name="password-input">

<br>

<label for="checkbox">Checkbox:</label>
<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" name="checkbox">

<br>

<label for="radio">Radio Button:</label>

<input type="radio" id="radio" name="radio">

<br>

<!-- HTML Input Attributes -->

<label for="color-input">Color Input:</label>
<input type="color" id="color-input" name="color-input">

<br>
 <label for="range-input">Range Input:</label>
<input type="range" id="range-input" name="range-input" min="0" max="100">

<br>

<!-- HTML Input Form Attributes -->

<form action="/submit" method="post">
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>

<br>

<label for="submit">Submit:</label>
<input type="submit" id="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

<br>

<!-- HTML Graphics -->

<svg height="100" width="100">
<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="black" stroke-width="3" fill="red" />
</svg>

<br>

<!-- HTML Media -->

<img src="your-image.jpg" alt="Your Image" width="200" height="150">

<br>

<audio controls>
<source src="your-audio.mp3" type="audio/mp3">
Your browser does not support the audio tag.
</audio>

Output is as:
 Lab #10
Introduction of HTML
[Hyper Text Markup Language]
Objectives:
HTML Forms
- HTML Forms
- HTML Form Attributes
- HTML Form Elements
- HTML Input Types
 - HTML Input Attributes
- HTML Input Form Attributes

The <form> Element

The HTML <form> element is used to create an HTML form for user input:

<form>
.
form elements
.
</form>

The <form> element is a container for different types of input elements, such as: text fields, checkboxes,
radio buttons, submit buttons, etc.

The <input> Element

The HTML <input> element is the most used form element.

An <input> element can be displayed in many ways, depending on the type attribute.

Text Fields
The <input type="text"> defines a single-line input field for text input.

Example

A form with input fields for text:

<form>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname">
</form>

The <label> Element

Notice the use of the <label> element in the example above.

• The <label> tag defines a label for many form elements.

 • The <label> element is useful for screen-reader users, because the screen-reader will read
out loud the label when the user focuses on the input element.

• The <label> element also helps users who have difficulty clicking on very small regions
(such as radio buttons or checkboxes) - because when the user clicks the text within
the <label> element, it toggles the radio button/checkbox.

The for attribute of the <label> tag should be equal to the id attribute of the <input> element to
bind them together.

Radio Buttons
The <input type="radio"> defines a radio button.

Radio buttons let a user select ONE of a limited number of choices.

Example
A form with radio buttons:

<p>Choose your favorite Web language:</p>

<form>
<input type="radio" id="html" name="fav_language" value="HTML">
<label for="html">HTML</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="css" name="fav_language" value="CSS">
<label for="css">CSS</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="javascript" name="fav_language" value="JavaScript">
<label for="javascript">JavaScript</label>
</form>

Checkboxes
The <input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox.

Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of choices.

Example
A form with checkboxes:

<form>
<input type="checkbox" id="vehicle1" name="vehicle1" value="Bike">
<label for="vehicle1"> I have a bike</label><br>
 <input type="checkbox" id="vehicle2" name="vehicle2" value="Car">
<label for="vehicle2"> I have a car</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" id="vehicle3" name="vehicle3" value="Boat">
<label for="vehicle3"> I have a boat</label>
</form>

The Submit Button

The <input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting the form data to a form-handler.

The form-handler is typically a file on the server with a script for processing input data.

The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute.

Example
A form with a submit button:

<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

HTML Form Attributes

The Action Attribute
The action attribute defines the action to be performed when the form is submitted.

Usually, the form data is sent to a file on the server when the user clicks on the submit button.

In the example below, the form data is sent to a file called "action_page.php". This file contains a server-
side script that handles the form data:

Example
On submit, send form data to "action_page.php":

<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
 <label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

The Target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to display the response that is received after submitting the form.

Example
Here, the submitted result will open in a new browser tab:

<form action="/action_page.php" target="_blank">

The Method Attribute

The method attribute specifies the HTTP method to be used when submitting the form data.

The form-data can be sent as URL variables (with method="get") or as HTTP post transaction
(with method="post").

The default HTTP method when submitting form data is GET.

Example
This example uses the GET method when submitting the form data:

<form action="/action_page.php" method="get">

HTML Form Elements

The HTML <form> Elements

The HTML <form> element can contain one or more of the following form elements:

• <input>
• <label>
• <select>
• <textarea>
• <button>
• <fieldset>
• <legend>
• <datalist>
 • <output>
• <option>
• <optgroup>

The <input> Element

One of the most used form elements is the <input> element.

The <input> element can be displayed in several ways, depending on the type attribute.

Example
<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname">

The <select> Element

The <select> element defines a drop-down list:

Example
<label for="cars">Choose a car:</label>
<select id="cars" name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>

The <option> element defines an option that can be selected.

By default, the first item in the drop-down list is selected.

To define a pre-selected option, add the selected attribute to the option:

Example
<option value="fiat" selected>Fiat</option>

Visible Values:
Use the size attribute to specify the number of visible values:
Example
<label for="cars">Choose a car:</label>
<select id="cars" name="cars" size="3">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>

Allow Multiple Selections:

Use the multiple attribute to allow the user to select more than one value:

Example
<label for="cars">Choose a car:</label>
<select id="cars" name="cars" size="4" multiple>
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
HTML Forms
Try the remaining by yourself during class
• HTML Input Types
• HTML Input Attributes
• HTML Input Form Attributes

Home Task:
• HTML Graphics
• HTML Media
Also implement all on your projects.
Submission will be done on Monday 19th Nov,23.

The home task is given as follows:

The HTML Code is as:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>HTML Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<!-- HTML Form -->

<form action="/submit" method="post">

<!-- Input Types -->

<label for="text-input">Text Input:</label>
<input type="text" id="text-input" name="text-input" placeholder="Enter
text">

<br>

<label for="email-input">Email Input:</label>

<input type="email" id="email-input" name="email-input"
placeholder="Enter email">

<br>

<label for="password-input">Password Input:</label>

<input type="password" id="password-input" name="password-input"
placeholder="Enter password">

<br>

<label for="checkbox">Checkbox:</label>
<input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" name="checkbox" checked>
 <br>

<label for="radio">Radio Button:</label>

<input type="radio" id="radio" name="radio" value="option1" checked>
Option 1
<input type="radio" id="radio" name="radio" value="option2"> Option 2

<br>

<label for="file-input">File Input:</label>

<input type="file" id="file-input" name="file-input">

<br>

<!-- Input Attributes -->

<label for="disabled-input">Disabled Input:</label>
<input type="text" id="disabled-input" name="disabled-input"
placeholder="This is disabled" disabled>

<br>

<!-- Input Form Attributes -->

<label for="submit-btn">Submit Button:</label>
<input type="submit" id="submit-btn" value="Submit Form">

<br>

<!-- HTML Graphics -->

<img src="example-image.jpg" alt="Example Image" width="200"
height="150">

<br>

<!-- HTML Media -->

 <video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="example-video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

</form>

</body>
</html>

The output is as follows:

 Lab# 09
HTML
Lab #11
Introduction to CSS

OBJECTIVES:
• CSS introduction
• Font style, align, background
• Syntax, Comments, Selectors
• Background Image
• Box Model
• Navigation bar
• Website view
• TASK
What is CSS?

• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets

• CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media
• CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
• External stylesheets are stored in CSS files

Why Use CSS?

CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in
display for different devices and screen sizes.

Example of
Background Color, Text Alignment, font size
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}
 p{
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 20px;
}

CSS Syntax

p{
color: red;
text-align: center;
}
Example Explained

• p is a selector in CSS (it points to the HTML element you want to style: <p>).
• color is a property, and red is the property value
• text-align is a property, and center is the property value

CSS Comments
➢ Comments are used to explain the code, and may help when you edit the source code at a
later date.

➢ Comments are ignored by browsers.

A CSS comment is placed inside the <style> element, and starts with /* and ends with */:

Example
 /* This is a single-line comment */
p{
color: red;
}

CSS Selectors
➢ CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to style.

We can divide CSS selectors into five categories:

• Simple selectors (select elements based on name, id, class)

• Combinator selectors (select elements based on a specific relationship between them)
• Pseudo-class selectors (select elements based on a certain state)
• Pseudo-elements selectors (select and style a part of an element)
• Attribute selectors (select elements based on an attribute or attribute value)

Example
The CSS rule below will be applied to the HTML element with id="para1":

#para1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

Example
In this example all HTML elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned:

.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
Example
In this example only <p> elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned:

p.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

CSS Color Names

In CSS, a color can be specified by using a predefined color name:

Example
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
CSS Text Color

You can set the color of text:

Example
<h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="color:DodgerBlue;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p>

CSS background-image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.

By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.

Example

Set the background image for a page:

body {
background-image: url("paper.gif");
}
CSS background-attachment
The background-attachment property specifies whether the background image should scroll or be
fixed (will not scroll with the rest of the page):

Example

Specify that the background image should be fixed:

body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
background-attachment: fixed;
}
The CSS Box Model
In CSS, the term "box model" is used when talking about design and layout.

The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around every HTML element. It consists of:
content, padding, borders and margins. The image below illustrates the box model:
Explanation of the different parts:

• Content - The content of the box, where text and images appear
• Padding - Clears an area around the content. The padding is transparent
• Border - A border that goes around the padding and content
• Margin - Clears an area outside the border. The margin is transparent

The box model allows us to add a border around elements, and to define space between elements.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {
background-color: lightgrey;
width: 300px;
border: 15px solid green;
padding: 50px;
margin: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Demonstrating the Box Model</h2>

<p>The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around every HTML element.
It consists of: borders, padding, margins, and the actual content.</p>

<div>This text is the content of the box. We have added a 50px padding, 20px margin
and a 15px green border. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco
laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit
in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat
cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est
laborum.</div>

</body>
</html>
 CSS has the following outline properties:

• outline-style
• outline-color
• outline-width
• outline-offset
• outline

Example
Demonstration of the different outline styles:

p.dotted {outline-style: dotted;}

p.dashed {outline-style: dashed;}
p.solid {outline-style: solid;}
p.double {outline-style: double;}
p.groove {outline-style: groove;}
p.ridge {outline-style: ridge;}
p.inset {outline-style: inset;}
p.outset {outline-style: outset;}
CSS Layout - Overflow
The CSS overflow property controls what happens to content that is too big to fit into an area.

The overflow property specifies whether to clip the content or to add scrollbars when the content of
an element is too big to fit in the specified area.

The overflow property has the following values:

• visible - Default. The overflow is not clipped. The content renders outside the element's box
• hidden - The overflow is clipped, and the rest of the content will be invisible
• scroll - The overflow is clipped, and a scrollbar is added to see the rest of the content
• auto - Similar to scroll, but it adds scrollbars only when necessary

Scroll:
div {
background-color: coral;
width: 200px;
height: 65px;
border: 1px solid black;
overflow-x: hidden;
overflow-y: scroll;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>Overflow-x and overflow-y</h2>

 <p>You can also change the overflow of content horizontally or vertically.</p>
<p>overflow-x specifies what to do with the left/right edges of the content.</p>
<p>overflow-y specifies what to do with the top/bottom edges of the content.</p>

<div>You can use the overflow property when you want to have better control of the
layout. The overflow property specifies what happens if content overflows an element's
box.</div>

The display: inline-block Value

span.a {
display: inline; /* the default for span */
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
padding: 5px;
border: 1px solid blue;
background-color: yellow;
}

span.b {
display: inline-block;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
padding: 5px;
border: 1px solid blue;
background-color: yellow;
}

span.c {
display: block;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
 padding: 5px;
border: 1px solid blue;
background-color: yellow;
}

Website Layout:
Header

A header is usually located at the top of the website (or right below a top navigation menu). It often
contains a logo or the website name:

Example
.header {
background-color: #F1F1F1;
text-align: center;
padding: 20px;
}

Navigation Bar
A navigation bar contains a list of links to help visitors navigating through your website:

Example
/* The navbar container */
.topnav {
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333;
}

/* Navbar links */
.topnav a{
float: left;
display: block;
color: #f2f2f2;
text-align: center;
padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

/* Links - change color on hover */

.topnav a:hover {
background-color: #ddd;
color: black;
}
 Content:
We will create a 3-column layout, and change it to a 1-column layout on smaller screens:

Example
/* Create three equal columns that float next to each other */
.column {
float: left;
width: 33.33%;
}

/* Clear floats after the columns */

.row:after {
content: "";
display: table;
clear: both;
}

/* Responsive layout - makes the three columns stack on top of each other instead of next
to each other on smaller screens (600px wide or less) */
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
.column {
width: 100%;
}
}
Footer

The footer is placed at the bottom of your page. It often contains information like copyright and contact
info:

Example
.footer {
background-color: #F1F1F1;
text-align: center;
padding: 10px;
}

TASK:
Make a simple yet catchy website of
My Educational Background
Including:
• Matric
• Intermediate
• Bachelor’s
 The home task is as follows:
The html code is as:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js"></script>

<title >My wesite</title>

<style>

header {
background-color: #c47124;
color: #fff;
padding: 20px;
text-align: center;
}

nav {
background-color: #444;
overflow: hidden;
}

nav a {
float: left;
display: block;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

nav a:hover {
background-color: #ddd;
color: #333;
}
nav a:hover {

background-color: #ddd;
 color: #333;
}
nav a:hover {

background-color: #ddd;
color: #333;
}

.hero-section {
background-image: url('nightview.jpg'); /* Add your hero image URL */
background-size: cover;
background-position: center;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
padding: 100px 0;
}

.services-section,
.team-section,
.contact-section,
.next-section {
padding: 50px 20px;
text-align: center;
}

.section-heading {

font-size: 2rem;
margin-bottom: 30px;
}

footer {
background-color: #333;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
padding: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<header>
<h1>Welcom to Our Traveling Company</h1>
</header>
 <nav>
<a href="#home">Home</a>
<a href="#services">Services</a>
<a href="#team">Team</a>
<a href="#contact">Contact</a>
<a href="#nextpage" >NextPage</a>
</nav>

<div class="hero-section">
<h2>We will make Wondered in the World</h2>
<p>Embark on a journey of discovery with our unparalleled travel
experiences, where every destination becomes a story waiting to be told. Immerse
yourself in the richness of cultures and breathtaking landscapes as we curate
unforgettable adventures for the wanderer in you.</p>

</div>
background-image: url('b.jpg');
<div id="services" class="services-section">

<h2 class="section-heading">
<hr >Our Services</h2>

<p>We will provide the following services</p>

<ol>
<li>1.JourneyJet</li>
<li>2.RoamingRover</li>
<li>SojournSafari</li>
<li>JetsetJunction</li>
<li>VentureVista</li>
<li>OdysseyOutpost</li>
<li>VentureVista</li>
<li>GlobetrotterGuides</li>

</ol>
<!-- Add more content and details about your services -->

</div>

<div id="team" class="team-section">

<h2 class="section-heading">Meet Our Team</h2>
<p>Introduce your team members and their roles.</p>
 <!-- Add more content and details about your team -->
</div>

<div id="contact" class="contact-section">

<h2 class="section-heading">Contact Us</h2>
<p>Provide contact information and a form for inquiries.</p>
<!-- Add a contact form or any additional contact details -->
</div>
<div id="nextpage" class="nextpage-section" >

<a href="file:///C:/Users/UET/Desktop/awais%20html/page%202.html"
target=_main><h2>Next Page</h2></a>

</div>

<footer>
<p>&copy; <b>2023</b> <em>Awais traveling Agency . All rights reserved
</em> publicity.</p>
</footer>
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UET/Desktop/awais%20html/page%202.html"
target=_main><h2>Back Page</h2></a>
</body>
</html>

The output is as :
 Lab #12
CSS

LAB #12
CSS
What is Responsive Web Design?

• Responsive web design makes your web page look good on all devices.
• Responsive web design uses only HTML and CSS.
• Responsive web design is not a program or a JavaScript.

Web pages should not leave out information to fit smaller devices, but rather adapt its content to
fit any device:
Desktop

Tablet
What is The Viewport?

• The viewport is the user's visible area of a web page.

• The viewport varies with the device, and will be smaller on a mobile phone than on a computer
screen.

• Before tablets and mobile phones, web pages were designed only for computer screens, and it
was common for web pages to have a static design and a fixed size.

Setting The Viewport

HTML5 introduced a method to let web designers take control over the viewport, through
the <meta> tag.

You should include the following <meta> viewport element in all your web pages:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

This gives the browser instructions on how to control the page's dimensions and scaling.

The width=device-width part sets the width of the page to follow the screen-width of the device
(which will vary depending on the device).
The initial-scale=1.0 part sets the initial zoom level when the page is first loaded by the browser.

Here is an example of a web page without the viewport meta tag, and the same web page with the
viewport meta tag:

Gradient Backgrounds

CSS gradients let you display smooth transitions between two or more specified colors.
 CSS defines three types of gradients:

• Linear Gradients (goes down/up/left/right/diagonally)

• Radial Gradients (defined by their center)
• Conic Gradients (rotated around a center point)

Syntax
#grad {
background-image: linear-gradient(red, yellow);
}

SS Text Shadow
The CSS text-shadow property applies shadow to text.

In its simplest use, you only specify the horizontal shadow (2px) and the vertical shadow (2px):

Text shadow effect!

Example
h1 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px;
}
h1 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px red;
}
h1 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px red;
}

Button Colors

Use the background-color property to change the background color of a button:

Example
.button1 {background-color: #04AA6D;} /* Green */
.button2 {background-color: #008CBA;} /* Blue */
.button3 {background-color: #f44336;} /* Red */
.button4 {background-color: #e7e7e7; color: black;} /* Gray */
.button5 {background-color: #555555;} /* Black */
TASK:
• Final Submission of Website

The final project is as follows:

Home page:
Our Services:
Our Blogs:

Our Recommended Hotels:

Popular Countries:

Login & Sign up:

Sign up For Our News Letter:

Contact Info:

Footer Info & News Letter Sign up:

 Lab #13
Intro to scratch

Introduction to Scratch

Scratch is a visual programming language that allows students to create their own
interactive stories, games and animations. As students design Scratch projects, they learn
to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively. Scratch was created
by the Lifelong Kindergarten group at MIT Media lab and is available for free download
at http://scratch.mit.edu. Once Scratch is downloaded to a computer, you do not need
Internet access to create a project.

Downloading Scratch
Go to the Scratch website at http://scratch.mit.edu. From the home screen, click on
.

Elements of Scratch
There are four main elements of Scratch: the stage, the sprites, the script and the
programming palette. These elements can be compared to a play.
 Sprite

Stage

Programming
Palette

Script

1) Stage – similar to the stage in a play. This is where everything will take place. The
stage can be different backgrounds (see page 7), just like in a play.

2) Sprites – are the actors or main characters of the project. Sprites are programmed to
do something in Scratch.

3) Script – tells the actors what to say or do. Each sprite is programmed with a script.

4) Programming palette – elements used to program the sprite to do or say something.

Sprites must be programmed to carry out every function you want them to perform.

Programming a Sprite – Control, Motion, Looks and Sound

Control blocks
Programming a sprite ALWAYS begins with a control block (orange/yellow category from
the programming palette). There are three blocks that can be used to begin programming:
,
 ,

1) When the green flag is clicked – The project will begin when the green flag in the
upper right hand corner is clicked.

2) When space key is pressed – The project will begin when the space bar is pressed.
The black drop down arrow indicates that you can choose a key different from the
space bar; and that key will begin the project.

3) When sprite 1 is clicked – The project will begin when the sprite is click. Note: Click
the sprite on the stage, NOT the small thumbnail sprite shown underneath the stage.

Drag the control block to the gray scripts area. The next block will connect to this one like a puzzle piece .

Motion blocks
Motion blocks fall under the blue category. There are several blocks that will allow the
sprite to move. This category teaches students to understand positives and negatives and
other mathematical concepts, like degrees.

1) – the sprite will move X steps. You can change the value whenever there
is a
 fillable white area in a programming block. For example, 10 steps can be changed to
25 steps. Positive values move forward (to the right) and negative values move
backward (to the left).

2) Glide__sec to x:___ y:____ - The sprite will glide to a specified position in X seconds.
Remember: the more seconds you use, the slower/longer it will take the sprite to
glide across the stage. Find a position on the stage that you would like the sprite to
glide to and then move it there. Above the scripts area, you will find X and Y
positions. Use these values to fill in the X and Y area on the glide block. Be sure to
use a (-) sign when necessary.

3) Go to x___ y:____ - this block is used to place the sprite at a specific position when
the project begins, so you do not have to manually pick the sprite up and put it in that
position every time you restart the project. For example, if the sprite glides when the
green flag is clicked, it will move away from the beginning location. Instead of
moving the sprite back to the spot where it originally began, you can program it to
begin at that position.
Looks blocks
Looks blocks fall under the purple category of the programming palette. There are several
blocks to control what you SEE the sprite say or how the sprite looks.
1) Say “hello” for 2 seconds – allows you to program the sprite to give a word bubble
that “says” what you have typed. Because the white space is fillable, you can delete
hello and type another message. Note: You will SEE the sprite’s message, not hear it
because this block is under the looks category.

2) Switch to costume – If you click on the “Costumes” tab beside the word “Scripts,”
you will notice that some sprites have more than one costume. You can program the
sprite to switch costumes. If the sprite does not have another costume, you can always
create your own by clicking copy and then edit (see page 6 for more about painting a
sprite).

Sound blocks
Sound blocks fall under the fuchsia category and allow you to program the sprite to
produce sounds or words you can hear. Click on the “Sounds” tab beside the word
“Costumes,” to import or record a new sound. Click Sounds → Import and then double
click on one of the folders (animal, effects, human, etc.).
Choosing a new sprite
If you do not wish to use the Scratch Cat as your sprite, there are two ways to delete it: 1)
click on the scissors above the stage and then click on the sprite or 2) RIGHT click on the
thumbnail and then click delete.
There a three ways to choose a new sprite: paint, import or use a “mystery” sprite.

1) Paint a new sprite – allows you to use the paint editor to create your very own sprite.
You can use a paint brush, paint bucket, lines, circles and squares to create your sprite.

2) New sprite – allows you to choose from sprites that are available in Scratch. Double click on
one of the categories to find a sprite you wish to use.

3) Mystery sprite – Scratch willchoose a random spritefor you.

Choosing a background
To choose a new background click on the thumbnail that says stage. A blue line will
appear around the box. Next, click on the “Backgrounds” tab beside the word “Script.”
You can paint or import a background. If your computer has a webcam, you can also take
a picture for the background.

1) Painting your own background – Click paint and then the paint editor will open.

2) Importing a background – Click on import to choose from backgrounds available in

Scratch and then double click on one of the folders.