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Chem 02 - Mod - WK1L3

The document describes the properties and classifications of solids. Solids have a fixed shape and volume due to their particles being close together, strengthening intermolecular forces. Solids are classified as crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline solids have a regular repeating structure and high melting points, while amorphous solids lack order and melt over a range. Crystalline solids are further divided into molecular, ionic, and atomic networks based on their bonding and unit cell composition.

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16 views

Chem 02 - Mod - WK1L3

The document describes the properties and classifications of solids. Solids have a fixed shape and volume due to their particles being close together, strengthening intermolecular forces. Solids are classified as crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline solids have a regular repeating structure and high melting points, while amorphous solids lack order and melt over a range. Crystalline solids are further divided into molecular, ionic, and atomic networks based on their bonding and unit cell composition.

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2082862
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CAPITOL UNIVERSITY

Cagayan de Oro City

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

LESSON PACKET

SUBJECT: General Chemistry 2


ESSENTIAL TOPICS: Solids LESSON CODE: W1L3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1) Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization
2) Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular
forces

DISCUSSION

 Solids are known for their structural rigidity, or their ability to resist compressive forces
 Unlike liquids and gases, they have a fixed shape and volume. These characteristics arise because the
particles in solids are much closer to each other, which strengthens their intermolecular forces.

Classifications of Solids

 Solids are broadly classified into two groups, depending on the arrangement of their atoms:
o Crystalline solids- have atoms that are arranged in a regular structure, in a repeating pattern that
forms a three-dimensional network known as crystal lattice. The basic building block of a crystal
lattice is called a unit cell. Crystalline solids have high packing efficiency inside a unit cell,
which means that their atoms are found closer to each other. As a result, crystalline solids have a
high melting point and heat of fusion, and a narrow melting point range (ex.: minerals like
quartz)
o Amorphous solids- consists of atoms that are arranged randomly. Amorphous solids melt at a
much wider range of temperatures (ex.: glass)
 A solid’s melting point is defined as the temperature and pressure condition under which its molecules will
have sufficient energy and freedom to overcome the intermolecular forces that keep them attracted to each
other so that the solid turns into a liquid.

Classifications of Crystalline Solids

 Molecular crystals- has a unit cell composed of its molecules, and are kept by intermolecular forces of
attraction. An example of a molecular crystal is solid water or ice. Water molecules are held together in a unit cell
by hydrogen bonding.
 Ionic crystals- the unit cell consists of ions, and their particles are held together by strong electrostatic forces.
This explains why ionic crystals melt a relatively higher temperatures. The energy required to separate the ions of
a crystal into its components is called the lattice energy. Those ionic solids that are made up of ions with
multiple charges and small sizes have higher lattice energy, which makes their structure much stable.
 Atomic crystals- have neutral atoms forming their unit cell. They can be classified into three types based on the
mode of attraction:
o Nonbonding solids wherein the only thing keeping their structure together are London dispersion
forces. This is also the reason for their low melting points. An example of a nonbonding atomic crystal is
the mineral graphite, which is made up of repeating unit cells of carbon atoms.
o Metallic solids consist of metal ions in its unit cells. In metallic solids, the electrons of the metal atoms
are delocalized over the whole solid, which means the electrons that would otherwise be found around
just one atom are distributed throughout the crystal lattice. Because of this, one atom is considered to be
bonded with the rest of the metal atoms, even if the other atoms are physically found in separate,
different positions within the lattice.
o In network covalent solids, the forces that keep the atom intact are covalent bonds. In diamonds, the
carbon atoms are covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a network-like structure

Crystal defects

 The unit cell of ionic crystals can contain gaps or irregularities known as crystal defects
o Schottky effect- occurs when there is a missing pair of ions in the lattice
o Frenkel effect- occurs when there are misplaced ions in the lattice
o Substitutional defect- occurs when one of the ions were replaced by other ions foreign to the
crystal
Crystalline solids

Molecular solids Ionic Solids Atomic Solids


- composite unit are - composite units are formula
molecules - composite units are
units (cations and anions) atoms
- low melting points - high melting points
(ex.: ice) (ex.: table salt)
Nonbonding
- held together by dispersion forces
- low melting points
(ex.: solid xenon)

Metallic
- held together by metallic bonds
- variable melting points
(ex.: gold)

Network covalent
- held together by covalent bonds
- high melting points
(ex.: quartz)

References:

 Castrosanto, et. al. 2021. General Chemistry 2. TechFactors Inc.

END

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