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Unit 4 Classified - Part 1 Final

This document provides an overview of chapters and topics covered in a Biology A2 Unit 4 classified textbook. It includes the following sections: - Photosynthesis (pages 3-6) which provides sample exam questions on carbon fixation during photosynthesis - Ecology (page 36) - Natural Selection & Speciation (pages 74) - Global Warming (page 95) - Forensics (page 140) - Immunity & Diseases (page 170) - Synoptic (page 254) The document lists the chapter titles and page numbers for each section in the classified textbook. It then provides two sample exam questions on carbon fixation during photosynthesis, including diagrams.

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Unit 4 Classified - Part 1 Final

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Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Chapter Page

Photosynthesis 3

Ecology 36

Natural Selection & Speciation 74

Global Warming 95

Forensics 140

Immunity & Diseases 170

Synoptic 254

Dr. Ahmed Amr 1

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Photosynthesis

Dr. Ahmed Amr 2

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 1) January 2011 Q1

The removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by green plants involves carbon fixation

(a) The following statements are about carbon fixation.

(i) Place a cross in the box next to the stage in which RuBP combines with carbon dioxide.

(3)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 3

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Varieties of the crop plant, maize (Zea mays), are grown in many countries which have
relatively long, warm growing seasons. The seed heads, known as corn cobs, contain grains
(seeds) that are used in the production of many cereal products. A typical corn cob is shown in
the photograph below.

(i) Suggest why the development of corn cobs, suitable for producing cereal products, depends on
the rate of carbon fixation in maize plants.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

(3)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 4

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) As the demand for maize has increased, it has started to be grown in many more regions of
the World. To meet this demand, new varieties of maize have been developed from older
traditional varieties by scientific breeding programs. The graph below shows the rate of carbon
fixation for six new varieties (A to F) of maize at two different environmental temperatures, 25°C
and 14°C.

The rate of carbon fixation is higher at 25°C than at 14°C for each of the six varieties of maize.
Suggest an explanation for this.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(2)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 5

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(iii) The table below shows the range of temperatures for the main crop-growing season for
maize, in four regions of the World. The main maize variety grown in three of the regions is also
shown.

Using the data shown in the graph, complete the table by selecting the most suitable maize
variety for Central Europe. Explain the reasons for your choice.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

(5)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 6
Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 2) January 2014 Q1

The light-independent reaction of photosynthesis produces GALP (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate).

This product is then used in the synthesis of other molecules, such as DNA.

(a) Describe how GALP is formed in the light-independent reaction. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Describe the structure of DNA. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 7

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Suggest how GALP contributes to the synthesis of DNA. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(Question 3) January 2015 Q1

The diagram below shows some of the steps involved in photosynthesis.

(a) Complete the diagram by writing the correct word or words on the dotted lines. (3)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 8

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

*(b) Describe the roles of the thylakoid membranes in the production of ATP in the light-
dependent reaction. (6)

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 9

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 4) June 2015 Q1

The diagram below shows part of the carbon cycle.

(a) Complete the diagram, by writing the appropriate word or words on the dotted lines.

(b) Explain the role of light in the photosynthesis stage of this cycle. (5)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 10

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Describe how the carbon in these polysaccharides is returned to the atmosphere. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 11

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 5) Jan 2017 Q1

1 The electron micrograph below shows a chloroplast.

(a) (i) Place a cross in the box next to the name of the part labelled Y.

(1)

(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the name of the part labelled Z.

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 12

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts are phospholipid bilayers with proteins and

chlorophyll molecules embedded in them.

(i) Explain why the phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer. (3)

......................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe the role of the proteins in the thylakoid membrane in the formation of ATP.(3)

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 13

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(iii) The diagram below shows a simplified structure of a chlorophyll molecule.

Place a cross in the box next to the name of the ion found in the porphyrin ring.

(1)

(iv) Suggest why the chlorophyll molecule has a hydrocarbon tail.(2)

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 14

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 6) June 17 Q1

1 Photosynthesis involves light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

The diagram below shows some of the stages in the light-dependent reaction of
photosynthesis.

(a) Put a cross in the box next to the row in the table that correctly identifies the
products P, Q and R made from one molecule of water.

(1)

(b) Put a cross in the box next to the name of reaction K.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 15
Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(1)

(c) Explain how reaction J is involved in the production of ATP in chloroplasts. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

(d) Explain the roles of ATP and reduced NADP in the light-independent reaction.(3)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 16

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 7) Oct 17 Q1

1 Temperature is one factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A student investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of electron transport and
the mean activity of the enzyme RUBISCO in the chloroplasts of a leaf.
The graph below shows the results of this investigation.

(a) (i) Put a cross in the box next to the location of electron transport in the
chloroplast.

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 17

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Explain the role of electron transport in photosynthesis.(2)

......................................................................................................................................................

(iii) The student extended the investigation to find the optimum temperature for
electron transport.

Put a cross in the box next to the temperature range that should be used to
find the optimum temperature for electron transport.

(1)

(b) (i) Explain the role of RUBISCO in photosynthesis.(3)

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 18

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) The student expressed the activity of RUBISCO as µmol m–2 s–1.
Suggest what the student measured in this investigation to find the activity
of RUBISCO.(3)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

(c) Using the information in the graph, discuss the reliability of the results obtained
in this investigation.(3)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 19

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 8) Jan 18 Q1

1 (a) The diagram below shows part of the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis.

(i) Put a cross in the box to complete the following sentence.

The enzyme RUBISCO catalyses

(1)
(ii) Put a cross in the box to complete the following sentence.
Reduced NADP and ATP are needed in

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 20

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(iii) Below is a list of carbohydrates:

Put a cross in the box next to the number of these carbohydrates that are monosaccharides.

(1)

(iv) Sugars are used in the synthesis of polysaccharides.

Below is a list of polysaccharides:

Put a cross in the box next to the number of these polysaccharides found in plants.

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 21

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Temperature, light intensity and the availability of carbon dioxide have an effect
on the rate of photosynthesis.

Twelve groups of plants, of the same species, were exposed to different

temperatures, light intensities and percentages of carbon dioxide. The rate of
photosynthesis of each group was measured.

The table below shows the rate of photosynthesis for some of these groups.

(i) Using the information in the table, describe the effect of temperature on
the rate of photosynthesis, when light intensity and the percentage of
carbon dioxide are both high. (2)

....................................................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 22

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Suggest why the rate of photosynthesis is the same in groups A, B, E and F.(3)

......................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest values for the rate of photosynthesis in groups K and L. Give reasons for your
answer. (4)
....................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 23

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 9) June 18 Q1

1 The process of photosynthesis can be summarised by the word equation and the
formula equation

(a) In the light-dependent reactions, water is split into hydrogen ions, electrons and
an oxygen atom.

(i) Name this stage of the light-dependent reactions. (1)

....................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the location in the chloroplast where this
stage of the light-dependent reactions takes place.

(1)
(b) The diagram below shows three atoms and how they are arranged in a
glucose molecule.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 24

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(i) Put a cross in the box next to the name of atom S.

(1)

(ii) Use the information in the diagram to explain why this is an alpha-glucose molecule. (2)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Put a cross in the box next to the source of oxygen for the synthesis of glucose in
photosynthesis.

(1)

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 25

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(d) Glucose is used for the synthesis of sucrose in plants.

Describe how sucrose is synthesised from glucose. (2)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

(Question 10) Oct 18 Q2

2 Photosynthesis involves the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

(a) The diagram below shows part of photosynthesis.

(i) Put a cross in the box next to the name of molecule P.

(1)
(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the row in the table that identifies molecule Q & molecule R.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 26

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) A study compared the rate of photosynthesis in two varieties of rice plant, B and C.
The study also compared the concentration of organic nitrogen and RUBISCO in the leaves of
these plants.

The graphs below show the results of this study.

(i) The rate of photosynthesis was measured in ȝmol m-2 s-1.

Suggest what was measured to obtain these units for the rate of photosynthesis.(3)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how the leaves obtain nitrogen. (2)

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 27

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(iii) Explain why the concentration of organic nitrogen has an effect on the
content of RUBISCO and on the rate of photosynthesis. (3)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

(Question 11) Jan 19 Q6

6 Chloroplasts are involved in the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions
of photosynthesis.

(a) In the space below, draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a chloroplast.

(3)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 28

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Describe the roles of the chloroplast membranes in photosynthesis. (4)

......................................................................................................................................................

(c)The graph below shows the effect of light intensity and the concentration of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) on the rate of photosynthesis of an aquatic plant.
Adding NaHCO3 to water increases the availability of carbon dioxide to the aquatic plant.

(i) Suggest how the rate of photosynthesis was measured. (2)

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 29

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of light intensity and the
concentration of NaHCO3 on the rate of photosynthesis. (3)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii) Suggest why some photosynthesis took place when no NaHCO3 had been added. (1)
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 30

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 12) June 19 Q7

7 Photosynthesis consists of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

Photosynthesis produces GALP. A molecule of GALP contains hydrogen.

(a) Explain how the light-dependent reactions enable hydrogen to be incorporated

into GALP. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of production of GALP. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 31

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) The graph below shows how the rate of GALP production affects the net uptake of carbon
dioxide by two plants, one grown in the light and one grown in the shade.

(i) Explain why the plant grown in the light had a greater net uptake of carbon dioxide
than the plant grown in the shade, when the rate of GALP production was above 26 a.u. (3)
...............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................

(3)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 32

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Suggest why the net uptake of carbon dioxide was negative when the rate of GALP
production
was very low.
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

(Question 13) Oct 19 Q1

1 Photosynthesis in plants produces GALP.

This molecule is then used to synthesise other molecules, such as carbohydrates and lipids.

(a) (i) Put a cross in the box next to the two monosaccharides that join together

to form maltose.

(1)

(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the main carbohydrate that is transported in the phloem.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 33

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(1)

(iii) Below is a list of polysaccharides:

Put a cross in the box next to the number of these polysaccharides that are
composed of alpha glucose molecules and are found in plant cells.

(1)

(b) Describe how GALP is used to produce lipids. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 34

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Ecology

Dr. Ahmed Amr 35

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 14) January 2011 Q5

A wetland is an area where the soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.
The distribution and abundance of organisms in a wetland will be influenced by various abiotic
factors including the degree of saturation of the soil by water. Within most wetlands, there will be
areas which are relatively dry and other areas which are submerged under water throughout the
year.

(a) (i) Explain why the degree of saturation of the soil by water is considered to be an abiotic
factor.

...........................................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the biotic factor that might influence the distribution and
abundance of organisms in a wetland.

(1)
(b) A group of students studied an area of wetland. They placed twenty 1m2 quadrats on a line
from a relatively dry area to an area where there was free-standing water. Each quadrat was
divided up into 25 smaller sections.
(i) Place a cross in the box next to the term that describes the technique that uses a line of
quadrats to investigate the distribution of organisms.

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 36

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 15) January 2014 Q3

(a) The net primary productivity (NPP) of an ecosystem is affected by temperature and rainfall.
The graphs below show the relationship between NPP and these two environmental factors.

i) Explain the meaning of the term net primary productivity (NPP). (2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Dr. Ahmed Amr 37

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Using the information in the graphs, describe and explain the relationship between NPP and
each of these two environmental factors. (5)

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Describe the appearance of a graph showing the relationship between gross primary
productivity (GPP) and rainfall, in ecosystems. Give a reason for your answer. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 38

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) The diagram below shows the energy content of two trophic levels.

Calculate the percentage of energy transferred from trophic level 1 to trophic level 2. (2)

Answer = ........................................ %

(Question 16) June 2014 Q2

The canopy of a forest is made up of branches and leaves of the mature trees. The canopy limits
the light reaching the ground.
Scientists from UK Forestry Commission investigated growth of tree seedlings under a canopy of
Sitka spruce trees. The species of tree seedlings used were: Noble fir, Silver fir and Sitka spruce.
Three plots, each containing 50 Noble fir seedlings, were planted under the Sitka spruce trees.
This was repeated for Silver fir seedlings and Sitka spruce seedlings.

The canopy above each plot covered between 50% and 70% of the ground.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 39

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(a) For each of the statements below, place a cross in the box next to the term that completes
each statement.

(i) In this investigation, three plots each containing 50 tree seedlings were planted for each
species, to ensure that the investigation was

(1)

(ii) In this investigation, the canopy above every plot covered between 50% and 70% of the
ground. This ensured that the investigation was

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 40

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) After four years, the growth and survival of the seedlings were measured and recorded. The
graphs below show the results of this investigation.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 41

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(i) Using the information in the graphs, explain why the scientists concluded that the Sitka spruce
seedlings grew best. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest two reasons, other than low light intensity, why the Noble fir seedlings did not grow
very well in this investigation. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(c) Describe an experiment, which could be carried out in a laboratory, to investigate the effect of
light intensity on the growth of Noble fir seedlings. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 42

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 17) January 2015 Q6

Net primary productivity is affected by a number of environmental factors.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term net primary productivity. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Name two inorganic ions and explain why each of these ions will affect the net primary
productivity. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 43

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(c) Tropical forests have high average temperatures and rainfall. Tropical savannahs have high
average temperatures and long, dry periods. Deserts have a wide range of temperatures and are
very dry areas.

The graph below shows the net primary productivity of these environments.

Describe the differences in net primary productivity in these environments. Suggest reasons for
the differences. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 44

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 18) January 2015 Q8

Pollution of rivers and streams can affect the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the water. As a
result, the biodiversity in the water may change.

Freshwater shrimps require high oxygen concentrations. Bloodworms can survive in low oxygen
concentrations.

The photographs below show two freshwater shrimps and a bloodworm.

(a) The table below shows the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the water of a shallow river,
downstream from a source of pollution

Dr. Ahmed Amr 45

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Describe how the oxygen concentration of water could be measured. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Put a cross in the box next to the percentage that completes the following sentence. The overall
percentage decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen is

(1)

Suggest why the oxygen concentration of the water may increase again further downstream. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 46

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Freshwater shrimps require high oxygen concentrations. Bloodworms can survive in low
oxygen concentrations.

Suggest how the distribution of the freshwater shrimps and bloodworms, in this shallow river,
could be investigated practically. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Suggest why bloodworms can survive in polluted water but the freshwater shrimps cannot. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 47

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 19) June 2015 Q6

Mount St. Helens is a volcanic mountain in the USA. The volcano erupted in 1980 and the
mudflow and ash destroyed the surrounding countryside.

(a) The photographs below show Mount St. Helens before the eruption, the surrounding area after
the eruption and 14 years later

The graph below shows the number of different species of plants in the Mount St. Helens area
before and after the eruption.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 48

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Put a cross in the box next to the term that completes the following sentence.
The increase in the number of different plant species in the Mount St. Helens area following the
eruption is an example of

(1)
Using the information in the photographs and the graph, explain the changes in the number of
different plant species in the Mount St. Helens area. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Suggest how further changes in the Mount St. Helens area could lead to the development of a
climax community. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 49

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) The graph below represents the changes in gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary
productivity (NPP) and plant respiration (R) in the Mount St. Helens area following the eruption.

Put a cross in the box next to the values represented by the lines Y and Z and the value Q

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 50

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 20) Jan 16 Q4

4 The decomposition of organic matter is affected by the presence of the elements carbon and
nitrogen.
The carbon:nitrogen ratio represents the relative proportions of these elements
present in organic matter.

The effect of three different carbon:nitrogen ratios, 30:1, 40:1 and 60:1, on the
decomposition of organic matter was studied.

The extent of decomposition was monitored by measuring the temperature of the

organic matter for 40 days.

The graph below shows the results of this study.

(a) Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of the carbon: nitrogen ratio
on decomposition. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 51

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Suggest why the temperature changed during this study. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest how the carbon: nitrogen ratio affects decomposition. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 52

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 21) June 16 Q8

8 Mountain hares are small mammals that eat a number of species of plants.

The habitats of hares can be identified by looking for grazed plants and pellets left at
feeding sites.

Pellets are small round droppings that contain undigested cellulose, left at feeding
sites by mountain hares.

The photograph below shows some pellets.

(a) Describe the structure of a cellulose molecule. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 53

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) The presence of pellets in five habitats was investigated.

The table below shows the results of this investigation

*(i) Describe how an investigation could be carried out to collect the data shown in this table.

(5)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 54

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) State two conclusions that can be made from the results of this investigation. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest the limitations of using the percentage of quadrats containing pellets as an
indication of the food preferences of mountain hares. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 55

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 22) Jan 17 Q7

7 The photograph below shows a rhododendron bush.

A gardener planted a mixture of plants around a rhododendron bush. Not all of these
plants grew.
The gardener was told that rhododendron bushes release poisons into the soil. These
poisons can kill some plants.
The gardener wanted to know how near to the rhododendron bush plants could be grown.

(a) Calculate the width of this rhododendron bush at its widest point. (2)

Answer..............................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 56

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Describe an investigation to determine how near to the rhododendron bush the
gardener could grow new plants. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(i) Describe how water availability and light could be measured. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 57
Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Explain how water availability and light could be affected by the rhododendron bush. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(Question 23) June 18 Q5

5 Predator-prey relationships and trophic levels influence the species found within a habitat.

(a) Explain what is meant by the term trophic level. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) A study of predators in a marine environment and in a land environment was carried out.
The trophic level of each predator and the ratio of the numbers of each predator to its prey
(predator: prey ratio) were determined. The graph below shows the results of this study.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 58

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Describe conclusions that could be made from this study. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(c) As part of this study, the energy content of organisms at each trophic level in one
food chain was determined. The energy content represents the energy available
to the next trophic level.
The results of this study are shown in the table below.

(i) Put a cross in the box next to the term used to describe the energy
content in trophic level 1, shown in this table.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 59

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Calculate the percentage of energy lost between trophic level 2 and trophic level 3.
Show your working. (2)

Answer ...............................................%

(iii) Suggest why there were only three trophic levels in this food chain. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 60

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 24) Oct 18 Q7/Q8

7 Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean.

Below are some statements about Sri Lanka.

1. There are large areas of flat land at the coast.

2. There are mountains in the south-central part.

3. The mean temperature ranges from 17 oC to 33 oC.

4. The longest river is the Mahaweli river.

5. There are 3210 species of flowering plants present and 27% of these species are found
only in Sri Lanka.

(a) (i) Put a cross in the box next to the number of statements that relate to the
topography of this island.

(1)

(ii) State the term used to describe the 27% of flowering plant species found only in Sri Lanka.
(1)
...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 61

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Binara are flowering plants found only in Sri Lanka.

The photograph below shows one species of Binara.

(i) There are five species of Binara.

Calculate the percentage of the flowering plant species found only in

Sri Lanka that are Binara species.

Show your working. (2)

...............................................%

Dr. Ahmed Amr 62

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) The species of Binara shown in the photograph grows to about 1 m in height at altitudes up to
2000 m above sea level.

Describe an investigation that could be carried out to confirm this information. (5)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Edaphic factors will also affect where Binara will grow.

Describe how a named edaphic factor could be measured. (3)

Edaphic factor
...........................................................................................................................................................

Description
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 63

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8 As a tree grows, gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP) and
respiration (R) change.

The diagram below shows four stages in the growth of a tree. The diagram shows
how the size and shape of the tree change over a period of time.

The graph below shows how the GPP, NPP and R of this tree change over the same
period of time.

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(a) Using the information in the graph, describe the changes in GPP, NPP and R over
this period of time. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................................

(b) (i) Using the information in the diagram and the graph, explain the change in R
between stage 1 and stage 2. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 65

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Using the information in the diagram and the graph, explain the change
in GPP between stage 1 and stage 2. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Using the information in the diagram and the graph, explain the change in
NPP between stage 3 and stage 4. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 66

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 25) January 2019 Q7

The graph below shows the percentage of the Earth’s surface area occupied by marine, terrestrial
(land) and freshwater ecosystems.

An ecosystem consists of communities of organisms living in a particular habitat.

(a) Using the information in the graph, calculate the total percentage of the Earth’s surface
occupied by terrestrial ecosystems. (1)

.............................................................. %
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(b) The table below shows information about the net primary productivity (NPP) of some of these
ecosystems

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the NPP of the estuary compared with the open ocean.
Show your working. (2)

................................................... %

(ii) Using the information in the graph and the table, explain the difference in the percentage of the
Earth’s NPP of open ocean and estuary ecosystems. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 68

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(iii) Explain why the NPP of the extreme desert, rock, sand and ice ecosystem is so low.

...........................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(3)

(iv) Using the information in the table, explain how the gross primary productivity (GPP) of the
swamp and marsh ecosystem would differ from the NPP.

...........................................................................................................................................................

(2)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 69

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(Question 26) Oct 2019 Q6

Groups of wolves hunt moose for food.

The photographs below show a wolf and a moose.

(a) The mean mass of a wolf is 65 kg. The mass of a typical moose is 620 kg.

Calculate the ratio of the mean mass of a wolf to the mass of a moose. (1)

Answer ..................................................

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(b) The graph below shows the changes in the number of wolves and the number of moose from
1959 to 2009, on an island in Canada.

Explain the changes shown in the graph. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

.....

Dr. Ahmed Amr 71

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

*(c) Studies have shown that when salmon is available, wolves will hunt salmon and hunt fewer
moose.

The table below shows some nutritional information about meat from salmon and meat from
moose.

Explain the advantages for wolves of hunting salmon rather than hunting moose. Use the
information in the table and in the rest of the question to support your answer. (6)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Natural Selection,
Speciation & Evolution

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(Question 27) June 2014 Q8

Evolution of a species can come about through natural selection.

(a) Explain how natural selection can result in evolution. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Peafowl is a species of bird. The peacock is the male bird that has a large number of colourful
feathers. The photograph below shows a peacock displaying his feathers.

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(i) Suggest why these colourful feathers have been selected for in the evolution of peacocks. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why a large number of colourful feathers could be a disadvantage to a peacock. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest why the female peafowl (peahen) has smaller, dull-coloured feathers. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 75

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 28) January 2016 Q5

The photograph below shows a giant panda.

The giant panda is an endangered species of bear, native to China.

Giant pandas were once found throughout the lowland forests of southeast China. Now they are
found only in isolated patches of forest in the mountains.

The majority of giant pandas are found in the Minshan Mountains, the rest are in the Qinling
Mountains, which are shown in the map below.

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a) Suggest why the giant panda has become endangered. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) The giant pandas in the Qinling Mountains are a subspecies.

Subspecies of giant pandas can still interbreed to produce fertile offspring but they have some
differences in their phenotypes.

Suggest how a subspecies of giant panda evolved in the Qinling Mountains. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 77

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Analysis of DNA found in giant panda faeces has shown that there may be more giant pandas
than previously estimated.

Suggest how this DNA could be prepared for analysis by gel electrophoresis. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Explain how the results of this DNA analysis can be used to estimate the number of giant pandas
in the wild. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

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A biosphere is a specialised building that can be used to study living organisms in a controlled
environment. A biosphere acts as a model of their natural habitat.

Microorganisms are added to the soil in the biosphere and the abiotic factors are controlled.
Plants and animals are then put in the biosphere.

(a) Distinguish between the terms environment and habitat. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Explain why microorganisms are added to the soil in the biosphere. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

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(c) In one study of a biosphere, species richness decreased. It was found that the uptake of
carbon dioxide and plant productivity also decreased. This was linked to a decrease in the use of
the light energy in the biosphere.

Explain the meaning of the term species richness. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why a decrease in species richness would decrease the use of light energy in the
biosphere. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Explain why the uptake of carbon dioxide and plant productivity both decrease as species
richness decreased. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Dr. Ahmed Amr 80

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 29) Jan 17 Q7

3 Paramecium is a single-celled eukaryotic organism. Paramecium feeds on bacteria.

The photograph below shows a Paramecium.

(a) The table below shows some structures which may be found in Paramecium
and / or bacteria.

For each structure, put one cross in the appropriate box , in each row, to show
where these structures are found. (3)

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(b) The concept of niche is supported by the work of Gause in the early 1930s.

Gause grew two species of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum, in separate cultures.
Each culture contained the same concentration of bacteria as a food source for
the Paramecium.

Gause also grew these two species of Paramecium together in the same culture under
the same conditions.

He determined the number of each species of Paramecium in each culture over a

14-day period.

The graphs below show the results of these experiments.

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(i) Compare the growth of P. aurelia with the growth of P. caudatum when the two species
are grown in separate cultures. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe how culturing P. aurelia and P. caudatum together affected the growth of each
species after 10 days. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Explain how the results of these experiments support the concept of niche. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 83

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 30) Oct 17 Q4

*4 The photograph below shows a green iguana.

The green iguana is a species of lizard that eats plants and is native to Central South
America and the Caribbean.

Areas in the Caribbean were damaged by hurricane Marilyn in 1995.

Fifteen green iguanas drifted on a raft of uprooted trees to the island Anguilla.
Green iguanas did not live on Anguilla before these fifteen green iguanas arrived.

It is thought that these green iguanas drifted from another island, Guadeloupe.

The map below shows part of the Caribbean where these islands are located.

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When these green iguanas were discovered on Anguilla, scientists were excited about
studying changes in this population over a long period of time.

Explain what could happen to this population of green iguanas. (6)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 85

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 31) June 18 Q3

3 When a dead animal (cadaver) decomposes, an area called a cadaver decomposition

island can form.

The photograph below shows a cadaver decomposition island

(a) Describe the role of microorganisms in recycling the organic matter in a dead animal. (4)

.......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 86
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*(b) Below are two statements about cadaver decomposition islands.

1. The formation of a cadaver decomposition island is an example of succession.

2. Cadaver decomposition islands increase the biodiversity of an area.

Using the information in the photograph and your own knowledge, explain these
two statements. (6)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(Question 32) Oct 18 Q4

4 There are two species of squirrel living in the UK, the red squirrel and the grey
squirrel.

The photograph below shows a red squirrel.

Grey squirrels were introduced into the UK in 1876. Since then, the number of
red squirrels has decreased.

(a) There are currently 2.5 million grey squirrels and 140 000 red squirrels.

Calculate the percentage of red squirrels in the total squirrel population.

Show your working. (2)

...............................................%

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(b) Scientists think that the grey squirrels are responsible for the decrease in the
number of red squirrels.

The maps below show the distribution of squirrels in the UK in 1945 and in 2010.

Using the information shown in the maps, describe the evidence that the
grey squirrels are responsible for the decrease in the number of red squirrels. (3)

.......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 89

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(i) Suggest two reasons, other than disease, why the grey squirrels could be
responsible for the decrease in the number of red squirrels. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Scientists have found that antibodies against the squirrelpox virus are present
in grey squirrels. These antibodies are absent in red squirrels.

Explain why the squirrelpox virus does not cause disease in grey squirrels but
kills red squirrels. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 90

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 33) Oct 19 Q7

7 The photograph below shows a male giraffe weevil.

Below are some facts about giraffe weevils:

• giraffe weevils are found only in Madagascar

• giraffe weevils live on the leaves of small trees

• in the mating season, males try to knock each other off the leaf by beating

their necks at each other

• the male giraffe weevil uses his long neck for courtship displays

• the female giraffe weevil lays her egg into a rolled-up leaf

• the rolled-up egg falls to the forest floor.

(a) State the term used to describe ‘a species is found in only one area’. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 91

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(b) Suggest two reasons why the female giraffe weevil wraps her egg in a rolled-up leaf. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

*(c) Explain how giraffe weevils evolved to have a long neck. (6)

...........................................................................................................................................................

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Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(d) Explain how giraffe weevils evolved to become a new species. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 93

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Global Warming

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(Question 34) January 2014 Q6

The spruce bark beetle feeds on and breeds in spruce trees. If a large number of beetles are on a
spruce tree, the tree will die. These dead trees will appear red when viewed from the air.
Alaska has experienced recent changes in the number of spruce bark beetles. It is thought that
the number of beetles is affected by climate change.
Each year, the extent of damage to the woodland was estimated by measuring the size of the ‘red
area’ from aerial photographs.
The drought index of the woodland was also determined. A high drought index indicates warm,
dry conditions and a low drought index indicates cool, moist conditions.
The graphs below show the changes in ‘red area’, mean summer temperature and drought index
in Alaskan woodland, from 1930 to 2000

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(a) Describe the changes in the size of the ‘red area’ from 1970 to 2000. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Suggest why there is no data for the size of the ‘red area’ before 1970. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 96

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(d) Using the information in the graphs, describe the evidence for climate change being
responsible for the size of the ‘red area’. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(e) Explain why a valid conclusion cannot be made about the effect of climate change on the size
of the ‘red area’. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 97

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 35) June 2014 Q3

Scientists analyse tree ring growth patterns for evidence of global warming.

(a) Place a cross in the box next to the term used for the study of tree ring growth patterns

(1)

(b) Core samples can be used to study tree ring growth patterns. A core sample is obtained by
boring into a living tree and pulling out a sample of wood. Suggest why this hole is sealed. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(i) Draw a line on the diagram to a tree ring representing the most growth in one year. Label the
line M. (1)

(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the age of the tree from which this core sample was taken.

(1)

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(d) Explain how global warming may affect tree ring growth. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(e) Suggest why scientists cannot be certain that changes in tree ring growth patterns are caused
by global warming. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 99

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 36) June 2014 Q4

The organic matter in food is decomposed by micro-organisms.

*(a) Describe how micro-organisms decompose organic matter. (6)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 100

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(b) A number of different types of micro-organisms decompose organic matter in food. Micro-
organisms grow in different ranges of pH.

The table below shows the pH ranges for the growth of five types of bacteria that can be found in
food

(i) Suggest why pH affects the growth of bacteria. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 101

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(ii) Malt vinegar has a pH of 2.4 and is used in the preservation of food. Using the information in
the table, suggest why malt vinegar can be used in the preservation of food. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Apple vinegar has a pH of 4.25. Using the information in the table, suggest why apple vinegar
is less effective than malt vinegar in the preservation of food. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 102

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 37) January 2015 Q3

Global warming is having a number of effects on the environment.

*(a) Describe how global warming may be caused. (5)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 103

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(b) Some scientists predict that by the year 2100 mean global temperatures could increase by
12°C. Describe how scientists have made this prediction. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(c) The photograph below shows a European great tit.

European great tits are predators of winter moth caterpillars. Winter moths lay eggs that hatch
into caterpillars that feed on the leaves of trees in the spring season. Research has shown that
European great tits now lay their eggs two weeks earlier than in 1970. Suggest why this may be
an advantage for European great tits.

...........................................................................................................................................................

(3)
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(d) The European blackcap is another species of bird that breeds in the UK, which has also
changed its behaviour in response to global warming.

The majority of these birds fly long distances from Europe to North Africa. Recent studies have
shown that some of these birds have now stopped making this migration and are breeding more
successfully.

Suggest why this change in behaviour has resulted in more successful breeding of this species.

...........................................................................................................................................................

(3)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 105

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 38) June 2016 Q6

Polar bears are large, carnivorous mammals that live on the sea ice of the Arctic.

Polar bears feed on seals and hunt them from the sea ice.They hunt the seals during the seals’
breeding season, when the young seals are born on the sea ice.

The hunting season ends in the late spring when the ice melts. The polar bears do not eat again
until the ice reforms in the winter.

Female polar bears dig dens in the ice to give birth to their young.

The photograph below shows a polar bear and her cub.

The number of polar bears is decreasing as a result of starvation. This is caused by a loss of their
habitat because the sea ice is melting earlier in the year.

An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases is thought to be responsible for this loss of
habitat.

(a) Place a cross in the box next to the names of two greenhouse gases. (1)

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 106

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Describe how an increase in greenhouse gases could cause the loss of sea ice. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Suggest why the loss of sea ice could result in a decrease in the number of polar bears. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

c) Polar bear DNA is analysed by scientists to learn more about this animal.

A group of scientists recently extracted DNA from a polar bear footprint left in the snow. They
found polar bear DNA and seal DNA.

Suggest why a footprint can be used as a source of DNA. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 107

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Suggest two advantages of using DNA obtained from a footprint, rather than collecting DNA
directly from a polar bear. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Place a cross in the box next to the method used to separate DNA. (1)

(1)

Suggest how the scientists could conclude that the DNA they identified came from both the
polar bear and a seal. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 108

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 39) Jan 17 Q4

*4 A large area of peatland has recently been discovered in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo.
Peatland was formed thousands of years ago from partly decomposed plant material.
Scientists have commented:
‘because the area holds so much organic matter, it means that a large amount of
carbon is locked into the ground’
‘it adds a little piece to that jigsaw puzzle of where all the carbon goes in the
atmosphere’
‘investigating this carbon-rich material could shed light on 10 000 years of
environmental change in this little-studied region’
Explain the meaning of these three comments. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 109

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 40) Jan 17 Q6

6 Glaciers are long, large masses of ice that formed thousands of years ago.
As a result of changes in the climate, more ice is melting. This is reducing the length of the
glaciers. As a result, bare rock that was once covered by the glacier, becomes exposed.
(a) Explain why more ice is melting. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Glacier Bay is on the coast of Alaska. This bay was formed when ice melted and
the length of the glacier was reduced.
In 1971, scientists studied the distribution of plant species in Glacier Bay. They
looked at five different areas: P, Q, R, S and T.
The diagram below shows the length of the glacier in 1871 and its length in 1971.
The position of each of the five areas studied are also shown.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 110

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The graph below shows the results of this study.

(i) Describe the changes in these species from 1871 to 1971.(3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 111

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Explain why the species in areas P and T are different. (4)
.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Ten years later, a group of students repeated this study at Glacier Bay.
Suggest what changes these students might have found in area Q. (3)

.....................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 112

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 41) Oct 17 Q3

3 The growth of trees in a forest depends on a number of factors, including the age of
the forest.
The graph below shows the gross primary productivity (GPP) and respiration (R) in a
forest as it ages.

(a) The GPP and R shown in the graph are for the parts of the trees above ground.
The graph can be used to calculate the NPP for the parts of the trees above ground.
(i) Use the graph to find the maximum values for GPP, R and NPP. (2)

GPP....................................................................................................................................................

R.........................................................................................................................................................

NPP....................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 113

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(ii) The NPP for the parts of the trees below ground is difficult to determine. It is
estimated to be 65% of the NPP value for the parts of the trees above ground.
Calculate the maximum NPP for all parts of the trees in this forest. (2)

Answer .............................................. g carbon m-2 y-1

(b) Using the information in the graph and your own knowledge, explain why NPP
decreases with the age of the forest. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Dr. Ahmed Amr 114

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(c) Reforestation can be used to reduce atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.

One car may generate approximately 2.3 tonnes of carbon in one year.
Using this information and the graph, discuss the use of reforestation to reduce
atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 115

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 42) Oct 17 Q7

7 Locusts are swarming insects. One swarm may contain thousands of locusts.
A swarm of locusts can be a huge economic threat to agriculture. Locusts can cause
famine as they eat most of the vegetation wherever they land.
The photograph below shows a locust.

(a) Swarming locusts are able to fly for long periods of time without landing. They
can fly for longer periods of time than other insects, such as honey bees and flies.
The table below shows some information about locusts, honey bees and flies.

Using the information in the table, explain why locusts are able to fly for long
periods of time. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 116

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram below shows the life cycle of a locust.

(i) Describe an investigation that could be carried out, in an incubator at 25°C, to

determine the growth rate of the locust at each of the five development stages.(4)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why different results would be obtained if this investigation is carried out at 30°C. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

(c) Locusts are used as food for humans in a number of countries.

The raising of animals as a source of food produces greenhouse gases. Raising
locusts, rather than chickens, as a source of food produces fewer greenhouse gases.

(i) Put a cross in the box next to the greenhouse gases.

(1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 118

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(ii) Explain how raising locusts for food could affect global warming.(3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 119

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 43) Jan 18 Q4

4 Global warming is affecting the climate. Changes to the climate are affecting the
distribution and development of some animals.
One animal that could be affected by climate change is the Eastern painted turtle.
The photograph below shows an Eastern painted turtle.

Turtles live in water but lay their eggs on land.

The female turtle comes out of the water, digs a hole in the sand and then lays her
eggs in the hole. She then buries her eggs in the sand.
An investigation was carried out into the effect of sand temperature on the rate of
development and survival of turtle embryos. The ratio of male to female turtles that
hatched was also investigated.
Three temperatures were investigated:

• the optimal sand temperature (OST) for Eastern painted turtles

• a temperature below the OST
• a temperature above the OST.
The table below shows the results of this investigation.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 120

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

*(a) Using the information in the table, explain the effect of sand temperature on the rate of
development of these turtle embryos. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 121

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) (i) Put a cross in the box next to the graph showing how the proportion of
male to female turtles that hatch changes with temperature. (1)

(ii) Put a cross in the box to complete the following sentence.

Sex determination in these turtles is an example of

Dr. Ahmed Amr 122

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 123

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 44) Jan 18 Q8

8 In 1978, China began the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Programme.

The idea of this programme was to create the Great Green Wall, a massive belt of trees
deliberately planted across North China. The hope was that the Great Green Wall would
prevent desert sand spreading across the country.
The aim is to have more than 100 billion trees planted in a 4500 km belt by 2050.
The diagram below shows the proposed location of the Great Green Wall. The photograph
below shows an area of trees that have already been planted in the Wall.

(a) Using your knowledge of succession, suggest why the Great Green Wall should reduce the
spread of desert sand. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 124

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Some scientists were concerned that only a few types of tree were being planted and that
these were fast-growing. They thought that this would reduce the biodiversity of the remaining
natural forests.
Explain why the scientists thought that biodiversity in natural forests would fall. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................

(c) Some scientists suggested that the fast-growing trees would help to reduce global warming
more than slow-growing trees.
Explain how planting fast-growing trees could reduce global warming. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 125

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(d) A study in 2016 showed that natural woodland is better at storing carbon than planted fast-
growing trees.
(i) State how the findings of this study could be validated. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) This programme has proved to be controversial.

Suggest why some scientists, politicians, economists and farmers do not agree
that planting these trees has been a success. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 126

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 45) June 18 Q2

2 The photographs below show three species of baobab trees found in Madagascar.

Below are some facts about baobab trees and Madagascar:

• there are nine species of baobab trees

• six of the species are found only in Madagascar

• two species are found in mainland Africa

• one of the species found in mainland Africa is also found in Madagascar

• one species is found in Australia

• all baobab trees are found in dry areas

• baobab trees can store thousands of litres of water

• baobab trees shed their leaves in the dry season

• baobab trees produce large, heavy seeds

• tortoises eat these seeds

• some species of tortoises have become extinct in Madagascar

Dr. Ahmed Amr 127

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(a) Using the information given, explain what proportion of baobab tree species are endemic to
Madagascar. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(b) The species of baobab trees found in mainland Africa and Australia look almost identical.
Suggest one reason for each of the following.
(i) These two species look almost identical. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) The trees are two separate species. (1)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 128

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(d) Some of the baobab trees in Madagascar are listed as endangered species.
(i) Climate change is thought to be partly responsible.
Explain how climate change could affect the populations of baobab trees. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest two reasons, other than climate change, for baobab trees becoming endangered.(2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 129

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 46) Jan 19 Q4

4 The diagram below shows some effects of global warming.

(a) Put a cross in the box to complete the following sentence. (1)

Global warming can be caused by increased levels of both of the named gases.

(b) Increasing temperatures can affect enzyme activity.

Put a cross in the box next to the correct description of the effect of an
enzyme on a reaction. (1)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 130

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(c) The diagram below shows the life cycle of a chicken

Using the information in the diagram, explain the meaning of each of the following terms.

(i) Growth (2)

.......................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Development (2)

.......................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Life cycle (2)

.......................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 131

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(d) (i) Explain why dendrochronology can be used as evidence for global warming. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why the pollen found in peat bogs can be used as evidence for global warming. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 132

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 47) June 19 Q8

8 Global warming is thought to be responsible for the decrease in area covered by sea ice.

(a) The graph below shows the changes in the area covered by sea ice in the Arctic
between 1985 and 2016.

(i) Explain why global warming is thought to be responsible for this decrease. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 133

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(ii) Describe how this graph could be used to estimate the area covered by sea ice in 2020. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Explain why a prediction of the area covered by sea ice in 2020, using the data in this graph,
could be wrong. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 134

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) The reduction in area covered by sea ice is affecting the behaviour of polar bears.
Some polar bears are staying on the ice-free areas, feeding on goose eggs, berries
and, occasionally, caribou. Previously, these polar bears fed on seal blubber.
The table below gives some information about these food sources.

(i) Calculate how many berries have the same mass as one seal. (1)

Answer...............................................

(ii) Using the information in the table, explain why scientists are concerned that this
change in behaviour could result in a decrease in the number of polar bears. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 135

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(Question 48) Oct 19 Q8

8 The photograph below shows cattail plants.

Cattail plants grow as reed beds in freshwater.

The abundance and distribution of cattail plants is increasing due to global warming.
The parts of the plant that fall into the water result in the production of large
quantities of methane.
(a) Distinguish between the terms abundance and distribution. (2)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 136

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(b) Explain how parts of cattail plants falling into the water result in the production of methane. (3)

...........................................................................................................................................................

(c) Explain why the production of methane could result in a further increase in the abundance and
distribution of cattail plants. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 137

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

(d) Parts from cattail plants falling into water result in more methane produced than
parts from conifer trees falling into water.
Scientists have suggested that cattail plants produce different chemicals from
conifer trees and that these chemicals do not inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Describe how this suggestion could be tested in the laboratory. (4)

...........................................................................................................................................................

Dr. Ahmed Amr 138

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