Scribd
Upload
156 views8 pages

Superconducting Energy Storage

1. The document discusses the history, types, and applications of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). SMES was first proposed in 1969 and the first system was built in 1971. 2. There are two types of superconductors - Type I exhibits zero resistivity below a critical temperature and magnetic field. Type II allows some magnetic field penetration and is preferred for SMES due to its ability to store more energy. 3. An SMES system consists of a superconducting coil, cryostat, and power conditioning source. Energy is stored in the magnetic field created by current in the coil. SMES can provide energy on timescales from milliseconds to hours and has applications in energy storage and

Uploaded by

NOV DAVANN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
156 views8 pages

Superconducting Energy Storage

1. The document discusses the history, types, and applications of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). SMES was first proposed in 1969 and the first system was built in 1971. 2. There are two types of superconductors - Type I exhibits zero resistivity below a critical temperature and magnetic field. Type II allows some magnetic field penetration and is preferred for SMES due to its ability to store more energy. 3. An SMES system consists of a superconducting coil, cryostat, and power conditioning source. Energy is stored in the magnetic field created by current in the coil. SMES can provide energy on timescales from milliseconds to hours and has applications in energy storage and

Uploaded by

NOV DAVANN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering

Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering

Assignment of
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

Lecturer: Mr. SEAN Piseth


Student: ID
Ny Dino e20160446
SENG Kimleang e20160594
SUK Seivlong e20160684
YIN David e20160833

Group: I4-B (EE)

Academic: 2019~2020
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Group I4-B(EE)

SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC
ENERGY STORAGE

1. History of SMES
2. Introduction
3. Superconductivity
3.1. Superconductivity type I
3.2. Superconductivity type II
4. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES)
5. Application
6. Conclusion
7. Reference

Page 1|8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Group I4-B(EE)

1. History
The initial proposal for SMES was introduced by Ferrier M. in 1969 in
France. In 1971, the University of Wisconsin launched research in U.S., which led
to the construction of the first SMES device. Following this production SMES
developed rapidly, where many companies established SMES systems, including
Hitachi (1986), Wisconsin Public Service Corporation (2000), ACCEL Instruments
GmbH (2005) and many others. Over 100MW of SMES units are now in operation
worldwide, though the deployment of SMES has been slow for the last two decades
due to its limitations.
2. Introduction
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero resistance occurring in
some materials when their temperature goes below a certain critical temperature Tc.

Figure 1.1: Non-superconductivity and superconductivity properties respectively

In the second part, we would like to discuss the properties of type I and type
II of Superconductivity.
In third part, we would like to detail about SMES (Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage) which how it stores energy and its application.

3. Superconductivity
3.1.Type I of superconductor
They are mainly metal or metalloids that display superconductivity. Identifying
characteristics for this type are zero electrical resistivity below a critical
temperature zero internal magnetic field (Meissner effect), and a critical magnetic
field above which superconductivity ceases. Examples of Type I Superconductors:

Page 2|8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Group I4-B(EE)

Aluminum, Tin, Lead, Mercury, Uranium, Zinc, Cadmium, Titanium, Gallium,


Indium etc.
Low Temperature Superconductors
It was assumed that the superconductivity could occur only at low temperatures.
Ordinary or metallic superconductors have transition temperatures below 20K (-
253.15 C / -423.67F). Electric currents encounter no resistance, so they can cycle
through the coil of superconducting wire forever without losing energy.

3.2.Type II Superconductor
High temperature superconductors are Type II superconductors. Besides
being mechanically harder than Type I superconductors, they exhibit higher
critical magnetic fields. They usually exist in a mixed state of normal and
superconducting regions. This is called the vortex state, because filaments or
cores of normal material are surrounded by vortices of superconducting
currents. In this state, they exhibit incomplete Meissner effect. Examples of
Type II superconductors: Niobium titanium (NbTi), Niobium-nitride (NbN),
Niobium tin (Nb3Sn), Vanadium silicide (V3Si) etc.
High temperature superconductors are preferred for certain SMES as the
magnetic field H can be greater, and the energy stored in SMES is proportional
to the square of the field (H2).

Page 3|8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Group I4-B(EE)

4. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage


An SMES is a device that mainly reserve energy in the form of magnetic field.
The dc current flowing in a superconducting coil, which is wound around a long core
magnet, creates the magnetic field. Here, as the stored energy is in form of circulating
current. Here, also energy can be reserved or supplied over short or long periods
lasting from milliseconds to many hours. An SMES unit [fig 2.1] includes of a large
superconducting coil, whose temperature is maintained below the cryogenic
temperature by a cryostat or Dewar that contains either helium or nitrogen liquid as
the coolant. During standby condition, to reduce the energy losses. Some important
factors are coil fabrication, energy reserve capability, topology and operating
temperature. A trade-off is made among each factor keeping eyes on the parameters
of energy/mass ratio, Lorentz forces, stray magnetic losses, and minimizing the losses
for an authentic, stable, and cost effective SMES system. The structure of SMES coil
can be either as a solenoid or a toroid. Due to its simplicity and economy, the solenoid
type has been widely preferred. The rating of SMES unit is decided by its requirement
needed. According to the rating or energy/power capacity of SMES, the coil
inductance and current rating as well as the optimum voltage and current rating of
PCS (power conditioning source), part of power electronic, is determined. The
operating temperature of a superconducting device is a trade-off among economic
and the operational needs. Low-temperature superconductor (LTS) devices are
generally utilized at present, while high-temperature superconductor (HTS) devices
are needed to be developed with high efficiency and less cost.

Figure 2.1: Basic Structure of SMES Unit

Page 4|8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Group I4-B(EE)

The energy stored in the SMES coil can be calculated by


1
𝐸 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
When we stored energy inside a capacitor, we are really storing energy within
electrical flied. Similarly, when we store energy inside inductor, we are storing
energy inside the magnetic flied of loop of wire. And inductance can be calculated
as
𝑁 2𝐴
𝐿 = 𝜇0
𝑙
And
𝑁𝐼
𝐵 = 𝜇0
𝑙
𝑁𝐼
𝑙 = 𝜇0
𝐵

Then we get
1 2
𝐸= 𝐵 𝐴𝑙
2𝜇02
So, we derive that Energy E ∝ B or H where 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻
Charging state
The voltage across superconducting
ⅆⅈ
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
ⅆ𝑡

Then we get
𝑉
𝐼(𝑡) = 𝑡 + 𝐼0
𝐿
Discharging state
During controlled mode discharge, the supply power P(t) to the load is constant,
P'(t)=U'(t)I'(t). Assume that the equivalent resistance of the load is R.
The supply current I'(t) at time t can be expressed by

2
𝐼 ′ (𝑡) = √𝐼02 − ∫ 𝑃′ (𝑡) ⅆ𝑡
𝐿

5. Applications of SMES:
1. Energy storage:
An SMES has the potential to become a reservoir of energy rated up to 5000
MWhr with an exceptional exchange efficiency (up to 95%) as well as an

Page 5|8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Group I4-B(EE)

instantaneous response time for dynamic change of energy flow (milliseconds).


For this prospective SMES is essential for large variations in energy demands
between peak load demand in day-hours and off-peak hours as well as huge
quantity of stored/reserved energy for the alternative of major unit failure. This
can be an alternative to the requirement of spinning reserve.
2. Transmission line
High-temperature superconductor wire (HTS) conducts about 200 times the
electrical current of copper wire of similar dimensions with practically zero power
dissipation. Cables that utilize HTS wire can transmit up to 10 times more power than
conventional cables or can carry equivalent power at much lower voltages. They also
have an inherent fault current limiting capability.
HTS superconducting cable, which has zero resistance and low inductance, can
increase power transfer capacity about 3-5 times more than conventional cable with the
same size of underground right of way and can reduce power transmission loss and
construction cost.
Cable using HTS and LTS
LTS
• Using liquid helium
• Liquid is more expensive
• Absolute temperature (-273.16)
• Difficult to reduce the resistance absolute zero

HTS
• Using liquid Nitrogen
• liquid Nitrogen is cheaper than liquid helium
• 77K
• Easy to design cooling system

Page 6|8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Group I4-B(EE)

3. Backup power supply


SMES can be beneficial for industries when there occurs a loss of important
generating unit, by supplying tremendous amount of energy and acting as a
reliable back-up. It is a cost-effective solution and recovers the industries in
major disturbances.
4. SMES are used in UPS, where the power quality and response time required
are very high.
5. Electromagnetic launcher
An electromagnetic launcher requiring higher rated pulsed power sources has
been invented as a rail gun for military purposes. A rail gun can launch
projectiles at velocities higher than 2000 m/s, overcoming the conventional
constraints. Due to its high-power density, SMES is a very comfortable energy
storage device for an electromagnetic launcher.
6. Conclusion
Overall, we can store energy by using superconducting magnetic energy storage
which can store huge energy. It stores energy in the form of magnetic field.
7. Reference
❑ https://www.esdnews.com.au/superconductors-super-solution/Understand-SMES
❑ http://www.superpower-inc.com/content/superconducting-magnetic-energy-
storage-smes
❑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261204920_Superconducting_Magnetic_
Energy_Storage_SMES_System

Page 7|8

You might also like