Terrestrial & Coastal Navigation

Notes:
Answer all questions.
Use B.A. Chart number 2675. Deviation Card 1.
( required charts & tables: a. chart 2675; b. Deviation card -1, c. Travers Table Extracts;
d. Tidal Curve Diagram for specific standard port ).

1. a) On a voyage from London to Liverpool, a ship heading 105⁰ (C), Anvil Point Lt.
Ho. bore 325⁰ (C) and St. Catherine Point Lt. Ho. bore 048⁰ (C). Find the ship’s
position.
b) From this position, course was set to pass Start Point Lt. Ho. 12 nm off, on the
starboard side. Find the compass course to steer.
c) While on this course, Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. bore 286⁰ (C) and 30 minutes later,
it bore 314⁰ (C). Find the ship’s position at the time of second bearing.
[ Variation 13⁰ E. Speed 16 knots.]

a)
Ship’s Head by Compass: 105⁰ (C)
So, Deviation (from the deviation card # 01) : 11⁰ W
Variation (as mentioned in the question) : 13⁰ E
Compass Error = 02⁰ E
True Course = 107⁰ (T)

Anvil Point Lt. Ho. bore 325⁰ (C) = 325⁰ + 2⁰ E = 327⁰ (T);
St. Catherine Point Lt. Ho. bore 048⁰ (C) = 048⁰ + 2⁰ E = 050⁰ (T);

Intersection of these two true bearing lines is the position of ship at that time.

From chart : Ship’s position Lat. 50⁰ 21’ N ; Long. 001⁰ 42.6’ W. Answer

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Page 2 of 76
b)
I draw a circle with Start Pt. Lt, Ho. as centre and 12 nm as radius.
From the position found in section (a) Lat. 50⁰ 21’ N ; Long. 001⁰ 42.8’ W , I draw
a tangent to this circle.
From chart : True course = 255⁰ (T).
Now, True course is 255⁰ (T). So, new ship’s heading is 255⁰ (T).
Variation = 13⁰ E ( as mentioned in the question)
So, Magnetic course = 255⁰ - 13⁰ = 242⁰ (M).

Using Deviation Card # 01,

Ship’s heading by compass Deviation Magnetic Course

230⁰ (C) 10⁰ E 240⁰
240⁰ (C) 11⁰ E 251⁰
By interpolation ,
For Magnetic Course 242⁰ (M), the Deviation = 10.2⁰ E
Compass Error = 13⁰ E + 10.2⁰ E = 23.2⁰ E

So, Compass Course to steer = 242⁰ (M) - 10.2⁰ E (Dev) = 231.8⁰ (C)
Or, Compass Course to steer = 255⁰ (T) - 23.2⁰ E (C.E) = 231.8⁰ (C)
Answer

c)
Ship’s True Course 255⁰ (T) or Compass Course 231.8⁰ (C)

Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. bore 286⁰ (C) = 286⁰ (C) + 23.2⁰ E (C.E) = 309.2⁰ (T)
So, First bearing of Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. = 309.2⁰ (T)
Second bearing of Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. = 314⁰ (C) + 23.2⁰ E (C.E) = 337.2⁰
(T)

Distance run between 1st and 2nd bearing in 30 minutes @ 16 knots (ship’s speed is
given in question as 16 knots) = (16 / 60) x 30 = 08 nm. ( 1 h = 60 min)

On the chart, I draw both the true bearing lines from Bill of Portland Lt. Ho.
Then I found DR position by applying run of 08 nm. At this point I draw the
transferred position line which cuts the second bearing line at a point and this is the
ship’s position at the time of second bearing.

From chart ship’s position at the time of second bearing:

Lat 50⁰ 18’ N; Long. 002⁰ 18.5’ W. Answer

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2. a) From a vessel steering 030⁰ (C) at 10 knots, position at 2100 hrs. was found with
Les Hanois Lt. bearing 104⁰ (C), distance 9 nm off. Whilst steering 030⁰ (C), the
ship experienced a current known to be setting 100⁰ (T) at 3 knots and wind NW.
Leeway 5⁰ . Find the course and speed made good.
b) Calculate the time when Casquets Lt. will be abeam and also find the beam
distance off Casquets Lt.
[ Variation 3⁰ W.]

Ans.
a)
Compass Course 030⁰ (C)
Deviation (from the Deviation Card # 1 ) = 7⁰ W
Variation (mentioned in question) = 3⁰ W
So, Compass Error = 7⁰ W + 3⁰ W = 10⁰ W
True Course = 030⁰ (C) - 10⁰ W = 020⁰ (T)

True bearing of Les Hanois Lt. bearing = 104⁰ (C) - 10⁰ W (C.E.) = 094⁰ (T)

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I plot the position on chart with this bearing line 094⁰ (T) and 09 nm distance off Les
Hanois Lt.
From this position I lay the true course 020⁰ (T)

True Course Steered 020⁰ (T)

Leeway Wind NW (to the leeward) + 5⁰
……………………
Hence, course made good after allowing for leeway or Leeway Track = 025⁰ (T)

I draw the leeway track 025⁰ (T) on the chart.

Then, I find DR position of the ship by applying ship’s speed 10 knots (as mentioned
in the question) for 01 hour ( i.e. 10 nm )
Now, I apply current set and drift for 01 hour at this DR position ( current setting
100⁰ (T), at 3 knots as mentioned in the question).

I find the Course Made Good (CMG) and Speed Made Good (SMG) after applying
the current on chart consecutively as 040⁰ (T) and 11 knots. Answer

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b)
Beam bearing of Casquets Lt. will be = True Course on this leg + 90⁰
= 020⁰ (T) + 90⁰ = 110⁰ (T)
I draw this beam bearing off Casquets Lt. which cuts the Course Made Good Line
(CMG after applying both wind and current) at one position; this is the ship’s position
when the ship is abeam with Casquets Lt.

Distance off when Casquets Lt. is abeam = 5.8 nm ( from chart ) Answer

Distance to make good till Casquets Lt. is abeam = 24.5 nm ( from chart)

Hence, time required to beam bearing = 02 h 13 m ( @ 11 knots SMG )

Time when Casquets Lt. will be abeam = 2313 Hrs. Answer

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3. From a vessel at anchor, the following compass bearings are observed :-
a) Cap Levy Lt. Ho. bore 120⁰ (C);
b) Cap de la Hague Lt. Ho. bore 210⁰ (C);
c) Alderney Lt. Ho. bore 250⁰ (C).
Find ship’s position and the deviation of the compass for the ship’s head, if variation
at that place was 2⁰ East.
Ans.
a)
Horizontal angle between Cap Levy Lt. Ho. and Cap de la Hague Lt. Ho.
= 210⁰ - 120⁰ =
90⁰
Hence, Base Angle = Complement Angle between Cap Levy Lt. Ho. and Cap de
la Hague Lt. Ho = 90⁰ - Horizontal Angle between both = 90⁰ - 90⁰ = 0⁰

Horizontal angle between Cap de la Hague Lt. Ho and Alderney Lt. Ho.
= 250⁰ - 210⁰ = 40⁰
Hence, (similarly) Base Angle = 90⁰ - 40⁰ = 50⁰

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 As the Base Angle between Cap Levy Lt. Ho. and Cap de la Hague Lt. Ho = 0⁰ , I
draw a circle with radius as half distance between these two Lt. Ho.s and centre at the
midway.

Then, I draw base angle of 40⁰ at Cap de la Hague Lt. Ho and Alderney Lt. Ho.;
these two lines intersect at a point at water side. I then draw a circle with radius of
distance between this intersection point and any of the two Lt. Ho.s and centre at the
intersection point.

Those two circles will intersect at a point at seaside which is the ship’s position at
1000 hrs. Lat. 49⁰ 49’ N; Long. 001⁰ 53’ W. (from the chart) Answer

From chart, I find that the true bearing of ship off Cap Levy Lt. Ho. is 113⁰ (T).
Compass bearing of ship off Cap Levy Lt. Ho. is 120⁰ (C).
………………………………..
Compass Error = 7⁰ W
Variation (mentioned in the question) = 2⁰ E
…………………………………………………….
Hence, Deviation = 9⁰ W
Answer

Notes:
Answer all questions.
Use B.A. Chart number 2675. Deviation Card 1.
( required charts & tables: a. chart 2675; b. Deviation card -1, c. Travers Table Extracts;
d. Tidal Curve Diagram for specific standard port ).

4. a) A vessel steering 250⁰ (C), at 1900 hrs. St. Catherine Point Lt. bore 302⁰ (C) and
Nab Tower bore 002⁰ (C). Find the ship’s position at 1900 hrs.
b) From this position, set a course by compass to pass Bill of Portland Lt. 10 nm off
when abeam on the starboard side.
c) While on this course, at 2100 hrs. Anvil Pt. Lt. Ho. bore 4 points on the starboard
bow and at 2145 hrs. Anvil Pt. Lt. was abeam on the starboard side. Find the ship’s
position at the time of bearing at 2145 hrs.
[ Variation 14⁰ W. Ship’s Speed 12 knots.]
Ans.
a)
Ship’s Head by Compass: 250⁰ (C)
So, Deviation (from the deviation card # 01) : 12⁰ E
Variation (as mentioned in the question) : 14⁰ W

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Compass Error = 02⁰ W
True Course = 107⁰ (T)

St. Catherine Point Lt. Ho. bore 302⁰ (C) = 302⁰ - 2⁰ W = 300⁰ (T);
Nab Tower bore 002⁰ (C) = 002⁰ - 2⁰ W = 000⁰ (T);

Intersection of these two true bearing lines is the position of ship at that time.

From chart : Ship’s position Lat. 50⁰ 27’ N ; Long. 000⁰ 57.4’ W. Answer

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b)
I draw a circle with Bill of Portland Lt. as centre and 10 nm as radius.
From the position found in section (a) Lat. 50⁰ 27’ N ; Long. 000⁰ 57.4’ W, I draw
a tangent to this circle.
From chart : True course = 264⁰ (T).
Now, True course is 264⁰ (T). So, new ship’s heading is 264⁰ (T).
Variation = 14⁰ W ( as mentioned in the question)
So, Magnetic course = 264⁰ + 14⁰ = 278⁰ (M).

Using Deviation Card # 01,

Ship’s heading by compass Deviation Magnetic Course
260⁰ (C) 13⁰ E 273⁰
270⁰ (C) 12.5⁰ E 282.5⁰

By interpolation ,
For Magnetic Course 278⁰ (M), the Deviation = 12.7⁰ E
Compass Error = 14⁰ W + 12.7⁰ E = 01.3⁰ W

So, Compass Course to steer = 264⁰ (T) + 01.3⁰ W (Dev) = 265.3⁰ (C)
Answer

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c)
Ship’s True Course 264⁰ (T) or Compass Course 265.3⁰ (C)

At 2100 hrs. Anvil Pt. Lt. Ho. bore 4 points on starboard bow (mentioned in question)
= 264⁰ (T) + 45⁰ = 309⁰ (T)
At 2145 hrs. Anvil Pt. Lt. Ho. bore beam bearing on starboard bow (mentioned in
question)
= 264⁰ (T) + 90⁰ = 354⁰ (T)

Distance run between 1st and 2nd bearing in 45 minutes @ 12 knots (ship’s speed is
given in question as 12 knots) = (12 / 60) x 45 = 09 nm. ( 1 h = 60 min)

On the chart, I draw both the true bearing lines from Anvil Pt. Lt. Ho.
Then I found DR position by applying run of 09 nm. At this point I draw the
transferred position line which cuts the second bearing line at a point and this is the
ship’s position at the time of beam bearing.

From chart ship’s position at 2145 hrs. (at the time of beam bearing):
Lat 50⁰ 26’ N; Long. 001⁰ 56’ W. Answer

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5. a) From a vessel steering 105⁰ (C) at 12 knots, position at 1930 hrs. was found by
Alderney Lt. Ho. bearing 220⁰ (C) and Cap de La Hague Lt. Ho. bearing 165⁰ (C).
Whilst continuing on this course, the ship experienced a current known to be setting
064⁰ (M) at 3 knots. Wind north. Leeway 5⁰ . Find the course and speed made good.
b) Calculate the time when Pte. De Barfleur Lt. will be abeam and also find the beam
distance off Pte. De Barfleur Lt.
[ Variation 4⁰ W throughout.]

Ans. a)
Compass Course 105⁰ (C)
Deviation (from the Deviation Card # 1 ) = 11⁰ W
Variation (mentioned in question) = 4⁰ W
So, Compass Error = 11⁰ W + 4⁰ W = 15⁰ W
True Course = 105⁰ (C) - 15⁰ W = 090⁰ (T)

True bearing of Alderney Lt. Ho. bearing = 220⁰ (C) - 15⁰ W (C.E.) = 205⁰ (T)
True bearing of Cap de La Hague Lt. Ho. bearing =165⁰ (C) - 15⁰ W (C.E.) = 150⁰
(T)

I plot the position on chart with this two bearing lines at 1930 hrs.

From this position I lay the true course 090⁰ (T)

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True Course Steered 090⁰ (T)
Leeway Wind North (to the leeward) + 5⁰
(as per question) ……………………
Hence, course made good after allowing for leeway or Leeway Track = 095⁰ (T)

I draw the leeway track 095⁰ (T) on the chart.

Current setting (as per question) = 064⁰ (M) at 3 knots

Variation (as per question) = 4⁰ W
Hence, True Current = 060⁰ (T)

Then, I find DR position of the ship by applying ship’s speed 12 knots (as mentioned
in the question) for 01 hour ( i.e. 12 nm )
Now, I apply current set and drift for 01 hour at this DR position [ current setting
060⁰ (T), at 3 knots (as mentioned in the question)].
I find the Course Made Good (CMG) and Speed Made Good (SMG) after applying
the current on chart consecutively as 088.5⁰ (T) and 14.5 knots. Answer

b)
Beam bearing of Pte. De Barfleur Lt. will be = True Course on this leg + 90⁰

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 = 090⁰ (T) + 90⁰ = 180⁰ (T)
I draw this beam bearing off Pte. De Barfleur Lt. which cuts the Course Made Good
Line (CMG after applying both wind and current) at one position; this is the ship’s
position when the ship is abeam with Pte. De Barfleur Lt.
Distance off when Pte. De Barfleur Lt. is abeam = 10.2 nm ( from chart )
Answer
Distance to make good till Pte. De Barfleur Lt. is abeam = 31 nm ( from chart)
Hence, time required to beam bearing = 02 h 10 m ( @ 14.5 knots SMG )
Time when Pte. De Barfleur Lt. will be abeam = 2140 Hrs. Answer

6. At 1400 hrs. the following compass bearings are observed from a ship :-
d) Casquet’s Lt. Ho. bore 061⁰ (C);
e) Les Hanois Lt. Ho. bore 112⁰ (C);
f) Roches Douvers Lt. Ho. bore 173⁰ (C).
Find ship’s position and the deviation of the compass for the ship’s head, if variation
at that place was 2⁰ East.
Ans.
Horizontal angle between Casquet’s Lt. Ho. and Les Hanois Lt. Ho.
= 112⁰ - 061⁰ =
51⁰
Hence, Base Angle = Complement Angle between Casquet’s Lt. Ho. and Les
Hanois Lt. Ho. = 90⁰ - Horizontal Angle between both = 90⁰ - 51⁰ = 39⁰
Horizontal angle between Les Hanois Lt. Ho. and Roches Douvers Lt. Ho.

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 = 173⁰ - 112⁰ = 61⁰
Hence, (similarly) Base Angle = 90⁰ - 61⁰ = 29⁰

I draw base angle of 39⁰ at Casquet’s Lt. Ho. and Les Hanois Lt. Ho.; these two
lines intersect at a point at water side. I then draw a circle with radius of distance
between this intersection point and any of the two Lt. Ho.s and centre at the
intersection point.

Then, I draw base angle of 29⁰ at Les Hanois Lt. Ho. and Roches Douvers Lt. Ho.;
these two lines intersect at a point at water side. I then draw a circle with radius of
distance between this intersection point and any of the two Lt. Ho.s and centre at the
intersection point.

Those two circles will intersect at a point at seaside which is the ship’s position at
1400 hrs. Lat. 49⁰ 28.8’ N; Long. 002⁰ 56’ W. (from the chart) Answer

From chart, I find that the true bearing of ship off Casquet’s Lt. Ho. is 057⁰ (T).
Compass bearing of ship off Casquet’s Lt. Ho. is 061⁰ (C).
………………………………..
Compass Error = 4⁰ W
Variation (mentioned in the question) = 2⁰ E
…………………………………………………….

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 Hence, Deviation = 6⁰ W
Answer

Notes:
Answer all questions.
Use B.A. Chart number 2675. Deviation Card 1.
( required charts & tables: a. chart 2675; b. Deviation card -1, c. Travers Table Extracts;
d. Tidal Curve Diagram for specific standard port ; e. MP table for question # 5 ).

7. a) At 0600 hrs. Les Hanois Lt. Ho. bore 106⁰ (C) distance 7 nm. Ship’s head 035⁰
(C). Find the ship’s position.
b) From this position, the ship then steered 045⁰ (C) until 0848 hrs., when course
was altered to 105⁰ (C). This course was maintained until Pte. De Barfleur Lt. Ho.
was abeam on the starboard side. Find the true course and the distance steamed and
also the time when Pte. De Barfleur Lt. Ho. will be abeam.
c) While on the second course at 0926 hrs. Alderney Lt. Ho. bore 4 points on the
starboard bow and at 1014 hrs. it was abeam. Find the ship’s position at the time of
beam bearing. [ Variation 8⁰ W. Ship’s Speed 10 knots throughout]

Ans.
a)
Ship’s Head by Compass: 035⁰ (C)

So, Deviation (from the deviation card # 01) : 8⁰ W

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Variation (as mentioned in the question) : 8⁰ W
Compass Error = 16⁰ W
Ship’s Heading True = 035⁰ (C) - 16⁰ W = 051⁰ (T)

At 0600 hrs. Les Hanois Lt. Ho. bore 106⁰ (C) distance 7 nm
106⁰ (C) = 106⁰ - 16⁰ = 090⁰ (T)
Hence, at 0600 hrs. Les Hanois Lt. Ho. bore 090⁰ (T) distance 7 nm

I plot ship’s position at 0600 hrs. taking this bearing line of 090⁰ (T) and distance 7
nm off Les Hanois Lt. Ho.

From chart : Ship’s position Lat. 49⁰ 26’ N ; Long. 002⁰ 53’ W. Answer

b)
Here, the first Compass Course from 0600 hrs to 0848 hrs. is 045⁰ (C).
From Deviation Card, Deviation for 045⁰ (C) = 9.5⁰ W.
Variation 8⁰ W (mentioned in question)
Hence, Compass Error = 9.5⁰ W + 8⁰ W = 17.5⁰ W.
So, First True Course = 045⁰ (C) - 17.5⁰ W = 27.5⁰ (T)

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Steaming time from 0600 hrs. to 0848 hrs. = 02 h 48 m.
Ship’s Engine Speed = 10 knots ( mentioned in question)

Hence, Distance = 2.8 hours x 10 = 28 nm.

I plot the ship’s position at 0848 hrs. on the chart applying the distance 28 nm.

Now, the ship’s new compass course = 105⁰ (C) (mentioned in question)

So, Deviation for this 105⁰ (C) from Deviation Card # 1 = 11⁰ W.
Variation 8⁰ W (mentioned in question)
Then, Compass Error = 11 + 8 = 19⁰ W.
Hence, Second True Course = 105⁰ (C) + 19⁰ W = 086⁰ (T).

The beam bearing off Pte. De Barfleur Lt. Ho. will be = 086⁰ (T) + 90⁰ = 176⁰ (T)

I draw this bearing line of 176⁰ (T) off Pte. De Barfleur Lt. Ho. which will intersect
the second true course line of 086⁰ (T) at one position on the chart.

I find the distance of second leg [086⁰ (T)] from the chart which is 49 nm.
Distance steamed on this leg [086⁰ (T)] = 49 nm. Answer
Page 18 of 76
Time required to reach this position from 0848 hrs @ 10 knots = 4.9 hours = 4h 54m.
Hence, the time = 08h48m + 4h 54m = 13h 42m = 1342 Hrs. Answer.
c)
Ship’s True Course 086⁰ (T) or Compass Course 105⁰ (C)
At 0926 hrs. Alderney Lt. Ho. bore 4 points on starboard bow (mentioned in
question)
= 086⁰ (T) + 45⁰ = 131⁰ (T)
At 1014 hrs. Alderney Lt. Ho. bore beam bearing on starboard bow (mentioned in
question)
= 086⁰ (T) + 90⁰ = 176⁰ (T)

Distance run between 4 point bearing and beam bearing in 48 minutes ( from 0926
hrs. to 1014 hrs.) @ 10 knots (ship’s speed is given in question as 10 knots)
= (10 / 60) x 48 = 08 nm. ( 1 h = 60 min)

On the chart, I draw both the true bearing lines 131⁰ (T) & 176⁰ (T) from Alderney
Lt. Ho..
Then I found DR position on the chart on this course line of 086⁰ (T) by applying
run for 08 nm. At this point I draw the transferred position line (of 4 point bearing)
which cuts the second bearing line (beam bearing line) at a point and this is the
ship’s position at the time of beam bearing at 1014 hrs.

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 From chart ship’s position at 1014 hrs. (at the time of beam bearing):
Lat 49⁰ 51.7’ N; Long. 002⁰ 11’ W. Answer
8. At 0600 hrs. Start Pt. Lt. Ho. was 5 nm off on the RADAR and at 0700 hrs. Berry
Head was 5 nm off on the RADAR. During this period the vessel made good a course
of 025 ⁰ (T) and the current was setting 336⁰ (T) at 3 knots.
Find the true course steered and the vessel’s position at 0600 hrs. and at 0700 hrs.
(Engine Speed is 12 knots).

Ans.
I draw one circle of radius 5 nm at Start Pt. as centre and another circle of radius 5 nm
at Berry Hd. As centre.

At Start Pt. I draw 025⁰ (T) course made good line (as mentioned in the question).
At Start point I apply the current setting 336⁰ (T) @ 3 knots ( as mentioned in the
question).
Then I find Compass to Steer True Course by applying ship’s engine speed as 12
knots (as mentioned in the question). True Course to Steer is found 036⁰ (T) from
the chart.
From the chart I find the DR position of ship at one point. From this point I draw a
transferred position circle of radius 5 nm which intersects the second position circle
drawn at Berry Hd. as centre at one point which is the ship’s position at 0700 hrs.
At this position I draw a parallel line to the Course Made Good Line of 025⁰ (T)
which intersects the position circle drawn a Start Pt. as centre at one point which is
the ship’s position at 0600 hrs.

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 From the chart,
Ship’s position at 0600 hrs.: 50⁰ 13.5’ N ; 003⁰ 30.4’ W
Ship’s position at 0600 hrs.: 50⁰ 26.0’ N ; 003⁰ 21.8’ W
Answer

9. At 2100 hrs. the following compass bearings are observed from a ship :-
g) Needles Pt. Lt. Ho. bore 345⁰ (C);
h) St. Catherine Pt. Lt. Ho. bore 015⁰ (C);
i) Nab Tower bore 039⁰ (C).
Find ship’s position and the deviation of the compass for the ship’s head, if variation
at that place was 7.5⁰ W.
Ans.
Horizontal angle between Needles Pt. Lt. Ho. and St. Catherine Pt. Lt. Ho.
= 015⁰ ~ 345⁰ = 30⁰ [ 15+360 - 345 =
30]
Hence, Base Angle = Complement Angle between Needles Pt. Lt. Ho. and St.
Catherine Pt. Lt. Ho. = 90⁰ - Horizontal Angle between both = 90⁰ - 30⁰ = 60⁰

Horizontal angle between Cap de la Hague Lt. Ho and Nab Tower

= 039⁰ - 015⁰ = 24⁰

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Hence, (similarly) Base Angle = 90⁰ - 24⁰ = 66⁰

I draw base angle of 60⁰ at Needles Pt. Lt. Ho. and St. Catherine Pt. Lt. Ho.; these
two lines intersect at a point at water side. I then draw a circle with radius of distance
between this intersection point and any of the two Lt. Ho.s and centre at the
intersection point.
Then, I draw base angle of 66⁰ at Cap de la Hague Lt. Ho and Nab Tower ; these
two lines intersect at a point at water side. I then draw a circle with radius of distance
between this intersection point and any of the two Lt. Ho.s and centre at the
intersection point.
Those two circles will intersect at a point at seaside which is the ship’s position at
that time Lat. 50⁰ 16.5’ N; Long. 001⁰ 23’ W. (from the chart) Answer
From chart, I find that the true bearing of ship off Needles Pt. Lt. Ho. is 341⁰ (T).
Compass bearing of ship off Cap Levy Lt. Ho. is 345⁰ (C).
………………………………..
Compass Error = 4⁰ W
Variation (mentioned in the question) = 7.5⁰ W
…………………………………………………….
Hence, Deviation = 3.5⁰ E
Answer

Page 22 of 76
Notes:
Answer all questions.
Use B.A. Chart number 2675.
( required charts & tables: a. chart 2675; b. Deviation cards -1 & 2 (both),
c. Travers Table Extracts; d. Tidal Curve Diagram for specific standard port ).

10. a) A vessel steering 240⁰ (C) at 2030 hrs. Needles Pt. Lt. Ho. bore 007⁰ (C) and
Anvil Pt. Lt. bore 308⁰ (C). Find the ship’s position at 2030 hrs.
b) From this position, set a course by compass to pass Start Point Lt. Ho. 10 nm off
when abeam on the starboard side.
c) While on this course at 2200 hrs. Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. bore 4 points on the bow
and at 2300 hrs. the same light was abeam. Find the ship’s position at 2300 hrs.
[ Variation 8⁰ W. Deviation Card 1. Ship’s Speed 10 knots]

Ans:
a)
Ship’s Head by Compass: 240⁰ (C)
So, Deviation (from the deviation card # 01) : 11⁰ E
Variation (as mentioned in the question) : 8⁰ W
Compass Error = 03⁰ E
True Course = 240 + 3 = 243⁰ (T)
Needles Pt. Lt. Ho. bore 007⁰ (C) = 007⁰ + 3⁰ E = 010⁰ (T);
Anvil Point Lt. Ho. bore 308⁰ (C) = 308⁰ + 3⁰ E = 311⁰ (T);

Intersection of these two true bearing lines is the position of ship at that time.

From chart : Ship’s position at 2030 hrs. Lat. 50⁰ 25.8’ N ; Long. 001⁰ 39’ W.
Answer

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Page 24 of 76
b)
I draw a circle with Start Pt. Lt, Ho. as centre and 10 nm as radius.
From the position found in section (a) Lat. 50⁰ 25.8’ N ; Long. 001⁰ 39’ W , I draw
a tangent to this circle.
From chart : True course = 253⁰ (T).

Now, True course is 253⁰ (T). So, new ship’s heading is 253⁰ (T).
Variation = 08⁰ W ( as mentioned in the question)
So, Magnetic course = 253⁰ + 08⁰ = 261⁰ (M).

Using Deviation Card # 01,

Ship’s heading by compass Deviation Magnetic Course
240⁰ (C) 11⁰ E 251⁰
250⁰ (C) 12⁰ E 262⁰
By interpolation ,
For Magnetic Course 261⁰ (M), the Deviation = 11.9⁰ E
Compass Error = 08⁰ W + 11.9⁰ E = 3.9⁰ E
So, Compass Course to steer = 261⁰ (M) - 11.9⁰ E (Dev) = 249.1⁰ (C)
Or, Compass Course to steer = 253⁰ (T) - 3.9⁰ E (C.E) = 249.1⁰ (C)
Answer

Page 25 of 76
c)
Ship’s True Course 253⁰ (T) or Compass Course 249.1⁰ (C)
On this course at 2200 hrs. Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. bore 4 points on the bow;

On this course at 2300 hrs. Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. light was abeam.
Hence, 4 point bearing of Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. = 253⁰ (T) + 45⁰ = 298⁰ (T)
Beam bearing of Bill of Portland Lt. Ho. = 253⁰ (T) + 90⁰ = 343⁰ (T)

Distance run between 1st and 2nd bearing in 01 hour ( from 2200 hrs. to 2300 hrs.)
@ 10 knots (ship’s speed is given in question as 10 knots) = 10 nm.

On the chart, I draw both the true bearing lines 298⁰ (T) & 343⁰ (T) from Bill of
Portland Lt. Ho.
Then I found DR position by applying run of 10 nm. At this point I draw the
transferred position line which cuts the second bearing line at a point and this is the
ship’s position at the time of second bearing.

From chart ship’s position at the time of second bearing:

Lat 50⁰ 21.2’ N; Long. 002⁰ 22’ W. Answer

Page 26 of 76
11. a) On 29th June, noon position was found with Les Hanois Lt. Ho. bearing 070⁰ (T) ,
distance 8 nm. From this position set course by compass to make good a course of
235⁰ (T) counteracting a current setting 123⁰ (T) at 4 knots and leeway of 3⁰ (wind
NNW force 5).
b) Also calculate the time and the distance of Les Sept Iles Lt. when abeam.
[ Variation Nil. Deviation Card 1. Ship’s Speed 13.5 knots ]
Ans.
a)
I plot the ship’s position , ‘A’ as Les Hanois Lt. Ho. bearing 070⁰ (T) , distance 8
nm on the chart.
From this position I lay the Course Made Good 235⁰ (T).

I draw AD as the current setting 123⁰ T @ 4 knots ( 4 nm for 01 h ).

At D , I draw DC ( as DC = 13.5 nm ) [ Ship’s speed 13.5 knots ]
From chart, DC = 251⁰ T.
So, Course to steer to counteract the current is 251⁰ T.
True Course Steered 251⁰ (T)
Leeway Wind NW (to the leeward) + 3⁰
……………………
Hence, course to steer to counteract both current & wind = 254⁰ (T)
Variation (as mentioned in the question) = 000⁰

Page 27 of 76
 Magnetic Course to steer = 254⁰
(M)
Using Deviation Card # 01,
Ship’s heading by compass Deviation Magnetic Course
240⁰ (C) 11⁰ E 251⁰
250⁰ (C) 12⁰ E 262⁰
By interpolation ,
For Magnetic Course 254⁰ (M), the Deviation = 11.3⁰ E
Hence, Compass Course to steer to counteract both current & wind
= 254⁰ M -11.3⁰ = 242.7⁰ C.
Speed Made Good = AC = 11.2 knots.
Answer

b)
Beam bearing of Les Sept. Iles Lt. will be = True Course on this leg + 90⁰
= 254⁰ (T) - 90⁰ = 164⁰ (T)
I draw this beam bearing off Les Sept. Iles Lt. which intersects the Course Made
Good Line of 235⁰ T at one position; this is the ship’s position when the ship is
abeam with Les Sept. Iles Lt.
Distance off when Les Sept. Iles Lt. is abeam = 12.1 nm ( from chart ) Answer
Distance to make good till Les Sept. Iles Lt. is abeam = 32.5 nm ( from chart)

Hence, time required to beam bearing = 02 h 55 m ( @ 11.2 knots SMG )

Time when Les Sept. Iles Lt. will be abeam = 1455 Hrs. Answer

12. A vessel steering 104⁰ (C) at 0900 hrs. Lizard Pt. Lt. bore 059⁰ (C) and at 0930 hrs.
it bore 004 ⁰ (C) and again at 1010 hrs. it bore 328 ⁰ (C) . During this period the
current was setting 182 ⁰ (M) at 4 knots. Find the vessel’s positions at 1010 hrs.,
0900 hrs. and the engine speed of the vessel and the course made good.
[ Variation 6⁰ W. Deviation Card 2.]

Compass Course =104⁰ (C) (mentioned in the question)

Deviation = 4.1⁰ W (as per Deviation Card # 2 after
interpolation)
Variation = 6.0⁰ W ( as mentioned in the question)
Hence, Compass Error = 10.1⁰ W
Steering Course = 104⁰ (C) - 10.1⁰ W = 093.9⁰ (T).
Lizard Pt. bearing as follows:

Time 0900 hrs. 0930 hrs. 1010 hrs.

Page 28 of 76
 Compass Bearing ( C ) 059⁰ (C) 004 ⁰ (C) 328 ⁰ (C)
Compass Error 10.1⁰ W 10.1⁰ W 10.1⁰ W
True Bearing ( T ) 048.9⁰ (T) 353.9⁰ (T) 317.9⁰ (T)

Current setting (Magnetic) 182⁰ (M) [ as mentioned in the question ]

Variation 6⁰ W [ as mentioned in the question ]
Hence, Current setting (True) 176⁰ T

So, Drift during the time between 0900 hrs. and 1010 hrs. ( time 01 hour 10 minutes )
@ 4 knots ( current at 4 knots as mentioned in the question ) is 4.67 nm.
Time Ratio 30 minutes : 40 minutes or 3 : 4

Page 29 of 76
I draw three bearing lines off Lizard Pt. Lt. :
048.9⁰ (T) 353.9⁰ (T) 317.9⁰ (T)

Then, I draw a perpendicular line (FBE) to the middle bearing line 353.9⁰ (T) at
Lizard Pt. Lt.
BF : BE = 3 : 4
Now, I draw two perpendicular lines to FBE line at F and at E which intersects first
bearing line (048.9⁰ T) and third bearing line (317.9⁰ T) at G and at M.

Hence, GM is the Course Made Good 109⁰ (T) [from the chart]

Now, I apply current setting 176⁰ (T) @ 4 knots and drift for 01 h 10 m ( 4.67 nm).
From the chart I find this point as H.
At H , I draw ship’s Steering Course True 093.9⁰ (T) which intersects GM line at J.
Hence, HJ = distance steamed in 01 h 10 m.
So, Ship’s Engine Speed = distance / 01 h 10 m = 15.7 nm / 01 h 10m = 13.4 knots.

Page 30 of 76
Now, I draw one transferred position line of first bearing 048.9⁰ (T) which intersects
at one position K which is the ship’s position at 1010 hrs. At this position I draw a

Page 31 of 76
 parallel line to the Course Made Good of 109⁰ T which intersects first bearing line of
048.9⁰ (T) at one point which is the ship’s position at 0900 hrs.

Answers:
Ships’ Position at 1010 hrs. = 49⁰ 46’ N ; 004⁰ 56.0’ W;
Ships’ Position at 0900 hrs. = 49⁰ 52’ N ; 005⁰ 21.5’ W;

Ships’ Engine Speed = 13.4 knots

Ship’s Course Made Good = 109⁰ T

13. Find the height of tide and depth of water at 1430 hrs. on March 2nd , at a position off
Singapore, where charted depth is 4 metres. Extracts from the Tide Tables for the day
under reference are given below:
Extracts from A.T.T.
Zone Time - 0800
Time Height (metres)
0014 2.7
0603 0.8
1209 2.9
1830 0.6

Ans.
Time Height (m)
High Water 1209 2.9
Low Water 1830 0.6

Duration of Fall = from 1209 to 1830 = 06h 21m.

Range of Tide = 2.9 m – 0.6 m = 2.3 m
Time to find the height of tide is 1430 hrs. (as per question)
Interval from high water = from 1209 to 1430 hrs = 02h 21m.
In the Standard Port Tide Diagram, write High water time ( here, it is 1209 ) at the
space of H.W. Then write 1309, 1409, 1509, 1609, 1709, 1809, 1830 at the right side
time spaces.

From the Left Hand side graph of this Tidal diagram ,

I find the point of high water 2.9 m at the top part of graph.
I find the point of low water 0.6 m at the bottom part of graph.
Then, I connect these two points.
This is Diagonal Line of Tidal Range (2.9 m ~ 0.6 m).

Page 32 of 76
Now, I draw a tidal curve for + 06h 21m (as per Duration of Fall) in between +6 hr.
curve and +7 hr. curve.

Then, I find the point of “Interval from High Water” as 02h 21m at the right hand side
of H.W. time.

From this point, I draw a perpendicular line which intersects the +06h 21m tidal curve
at a point; and from this point I draw a parallel line to the base which intersects the
High and Low water line on the Left side Graph at one point; from this point I draw a
perpendicular line to the top where I can find the actual Height of Tide at 1430 hrs.

Height of Tide at 1430 hrs. = 2.21 m. Answer

This answer can be verified using by the factor scale show above HW:
0.6 m (start point of the range) + 0.7 (factor) * 2.3 (range) = 2.21 m height of tide.

Observed depth at 1430 hrs. = Charted depth + Height of Tide

= 4 m + 2.21 m = 6.21 m. Answer

Page 33 of 76
Page 34 of 76
14. Given the following extracts from the tide tables, find the standard time during the
afternoon on 28th February at which there will be 5 metres of water over a shoal patch
where the chart shows 2 metres sounding, off the port of Darwin, Australia:

Extracts from A.T.T.

Time Height (metres)
0018 2.7
0557 6.2
1223 1.5
1832 7.0

Ans.
At afternoon on 28th February there should be 5 metres of water over a shoal (as per
question); I have to find out the time.
Where the chart shows 2 metres sounding. (as per question)
Hence, the height of tide required is 5 m - 2 m = 3 metres.
As it is at afternoon, the time will be between 1223 hrs. and 1832 hrs.

Time Height (m)

Low Water 1223 1.5
High Water 1832 7.0

Duration of Rise = from 1223 to 1832 = 06h 09m.

Range of Tide = 7.0 m – 1.5 m = 5.5 m
Height of tide to find the time is 3 metres. (5 m – 2 m = 3 m)

Page 35 of 76
In the Standard Port Tide Diagram, write High water time ( here, it is 1832 ) at the
space of H.W. Then write 1732, 1632, 1532, 1432, 1332, 1232, 1223 (at left side
time spaces).

From the Left Hand side graph of this Tidal diagram ,

I find the point of high water 7.0 m at the top part of graph.
I find the point of low water 1.5 m at the bottom part of graph.
Then, I connect these two points.
This is Diagonal Line of Tidal Range (7.0 m ~ 1.5 m).

Page 36 of 76
 Now, I draw a tidal curve for + 06h 09m (as per Duration of Rise) in between +6 hr.
curve and +7 hr. curve (close to 06 hr. curve at the left side).

From the top side of diagram, I point the 3.0 metre height of tide; then I draw a
perpendicular line which intersects the Range Diagonal at one point; from this point I
draw a horizontal line which cuts the +06h 09m tidal curve at a point; and from this
point I draw a perpendicular line line to the base from where I can find the actual time
when there will be a Height of Tide of 3 m.

Time when Height of Tide will be at 1427 hrs. Answer

15. Find the height of tide at Darwin (Australia) at 1805 hrs. Standard time on 20th
January. The extracts from the tide tables are given below:

Extracts from A.T.T.

Time Height (metres)
0250 2.0
0830 6.6
1436 1.2
2105 7.5

Ans.
Time Height (m)
Low Water 1436 1.2
High Water 2105 7.5

Duration of Rise = from 1436 to 2105 = 06h 29m.

Range of Tide = 7.5 m – 1.2 m = 6.3 m
Time to find the height of tide is 1805 hrs. (as per question)
Interval from high water = from 2105 to 1805 hrs = 03h 00m.
In the Standard Port Tide Diagram, write High water time ( here, it is 2105 ) at the
space of H.W. Then write 2005, 1905, 1805, 1705, 1605, 1505, 1436 at the left side
time spaces.
From the Left Hand side graph of this Tidal diagram ,
I find the point of high water 7.5 m at the top part of graph.
I find the point of low water 1.2 m at the bottom part of graph.
Then, I connect these two points.
This is Diagonal Line of Tidal Range (7.5 m ~ 1.2 m).

Page 37 of 76
Now, I draw a tidal curve for + 06h 29m (as per Duration of Rise) in between +6 hr.
curve and +7 hr. curve.
Then, I find the point of “Interval from High Water” as 03h 00m at the left hand side
of H.W. time.

From this point, I draw a perpendicular line which intersects the +06h 29m tidal curve
at a point; and from this point I draw a parallel line to the base which intersects the
High and Low water line on the Left side Graph at one point; from this point I draw a
perpendicular line to the top where I can find the actual Height of Tide at 1805 hrs.

Page 38 of 76
Height of Tide at 1805 hrs. = 4.72 m. Answer
This answer can be verified using by the factor scale show above HW:
1.2 m (start point of the range) + 0.56 (factor) * 6.3 (range) = 4.72 m height of tide.
Answer

Page 39 of 76
16. Find the time at which there will be 7 metres of water in the afternoon of 27th April
on a shoal patch, off Darwin (Australia) where the chart shows 3 metres sounding.
Extracts from the tide tables for the day are as follows:

Extracts from A.T.T.

Time Height (metres)
0550 6.6
1157 2.5
1743 6.3

Ans.
At afternoon on 27th April there should be 7 metres of water over a shoal (as per
question); I have to find out the time.
Where the chart shows 3 metres sounding. (as per question)
Hence, the height of tide required is 7 m - 3 m = 4 metres.
As it is at afternoon, the time will be between 1157 hrs. and 1743 hrs.
Time Height (m)
Low Water 1157 2.5
High Water 1743 6.3
Duration of Rise = from 1157 to 1743 = 05h 46m.
Range of Tide = 6.3 m – 2.5 m = 3.8 m
Height of tide to find the time is 4 metres. (7 m – 3 m = 4 m)
In the Standard Port Tide Diagram, write High water time ( here, it is 1743 ) at the
space of H.W. Then write 1643, 1543, 1443, 1343, 1243, 1157 (at left side time
spaces).
From the Left Hand side graph of this Tidal diagram ,
I find the point of high water 6.3 m at the top part of graph.
I find the point of low water 2.5 m at the bottom part of graph.
Then, I connect these two points.
This is Diagonal Line of Tidal Range (6.3 m ~ 2.5 m).
Now, I draw a tidal curve for + 05h 46m (as per Duration of Rise) in between +5 hr.
curve and +6 hr. curve (close to 06 hr. curve at the right hand side).
From the top side of diagram, I point the 4.0 metre height of tide; then I draw a
perpendicular line which intersects the Range Diagonal at one point; from this point I
draw a horizontal line which cuts the +05h 46m tidal curve at a point; and from this
point I draw a perpendicular line line to the base from where I can find the actual time
when there will be a Height of Tide of 4 m. Time Interval from H.W. time is found
3h15m.
Time when Height of Tide will be at 1428 hrs. Answer

Page 40 of 76
Page 41 of 76
17. Find the initial course, the final course and the distance by great circle sailing from :
A : 55⁰ 25' N ; 007⁰ 12' W
to B : 51⁰ 12' N ; 056⁰ 10' W.

Page 42 of 76
 Below is just for understanding:

If latitudes are in the same hemisphere – ADD (use +), and if the latitudes are in
different hemispheres – SUBTRACT (use -).

hav AB = hav P1 sin PA sin PB + hav (PA ~ PB)

COURSES
Course – Initial:
cos A = cos PB – cos PA cos AB
sin PA sin AB

Course – Final:
cos B = cos PA – cos PB cos AB
sin PB sin AB

The course angle in a spherical triangle is an interior angle between the

meridian and the great circle track. Depending upon the method of
working, it is related to the pole from which co-lat is applied in a cosine
formula.

Pn

Meridian Meridian
d.long = P1 Final Course Angle
urse
itial Co Final Course
In x z
rse x
Cou Final Course Angle k
ial Trac B Track
Init Final Course y A
y
k
Trac B
A x=y x=y z = 180 - x

Figure 3.14. Couses and Angles

Cos AB = Cos Lat. A x Cos Lat. B x Cos Pn +/- Sin Lat. A x Sin Lat. B

Page 43 of 76
 = Cos 55⁰ 25’ x Cos 51⁰ 12’ x Cos 48⁰ 58’ +/- Sin 55⁰ 25’ x Sin 51⁰ 12’

= 0.23349 +/- 0.64163

= 0.87512 ( Lat. Same name Sum )

AB = 28.94 ⁰ = 1736.5 nm Answer

cos A = cos PB – cos PA cos AB

sin PA sin AB

= cos 38⁰48’ – cos 34⁰35’ cos 28.94⁰

sin 34⁰35’ sin 28.94⁰

= 0.77934 – 0.72049
0.27466

= 0.214265

Initial Course = A = N 77.63⁰ W = 282.37⁰ (T) [ 360⁰ – 77.63⁰ ]

Answer

cos B = cos PA – cos PB cos AB

sin PB sin AB

= cos 34⁰35’ – cos 38⁰48’ cos 28.94⁰

sin 38⁰48’ sin 28.94⁰

= 0.8233 – 0.6820
0.3032

= 0.466

Final Course = B = S 62.23⁰ W = 242.23⁰ (T) [ 180⁰ + 62.23⁰ ]

Answer

Page 44 of 76
18. Find the initial course, the final course and the distance by great circle sailing from :
A : 34⁰ 55' S ; 056⁰ 10' W
to B : 33⁰ 55' S ; 018⁰ 25' E.

Ans.
Cos AB = Cos Lat. A x Cos Lat. B x Cos Pn +/- Sin Lat. A x Sin Lat. B

= Cos 34⁰ 55' x Cos 33⁰ 55' x Cos 74⁰ 35’ +/- Sin 34⁰ 55' x Sin 33⁰ 55'

= 0.1809 +/- 0.3194

= 0.5003 ( Lat. Same name Sum )

AB = 59.98 ⁰ = 3598.8 nm Answer

cos A = cos PB – cos PA cos AB

sin PA sin AB

= cos 56⁰05’ – cos 55⁰05’ cos 59.98⁰

sin 55⁰05’ sin 59.98⁰

= 0.55799 – 0.28637
0.70999

= 0.38257

Initial Course = A = S 67.5⁰ E = 112.5⁰ (T) [ 180⁰ – 67.5⁰ ]

Answer

cos B = cos PA – cos PB cos AB

sin PB sin AB

= cos 55⁰05’ – cos 56⁰05’ cos 59.98⁰

sin 56⁰05’ sin 59.98⁰

= 0.57238 – 0.27916
0.71853
= 0.40808

Final Course = B = N 65.92⁰ E = 65.92⁰ (T)

Answer

Page 45 of 76
Page 46 of 76
19. Find the saving distance by steaming a great circle track as opposed to a Mercator
track from:
A : 43⁰ 36' S ; 146⁰ 02' E
to B : 26⁰ 12' S ; 034⁰ 00' E.

Ans.
Cos AB = Cos Lat. A x Cos Lat. B x Cos Pn +/- Sin Lat. A x Sin Lat. B
= Cos 43⁰ 36' x Cos 26⁰ 12' x Cos 112⁰ 02’ +/- Sin 43⁰ 36' x Sin 26⁰
12'
= - 0.24376 +/- 0.30447
= 0.06071 ( Lat. Same name Sum )
AB = 86.52 ⁰ = 5191.2 nm Answer

Page 47 of 76
 Lat MP Long

Departure position: 43º 36´ S 2896.42 146º 02´ E

Arrived position: 26º 12´ S 1618.40 034º 00´ E

d.lat 17º 24´ S DMP 1278.02 d.long 112º 02´ E

(1044´) (6722´)

tan course = d.long / DMP = 6722 / 1278.02 = 5.2597

course angle = 79.23⁰

distance = d.lat / cos course = 1044 / cos 79.23⁰

= 5586.86 nm

Hence, saving distance by steaming a great circle track as opposed to a Mercator

= 5586.86 – 5191.2 nm = 395.66 nm . Answer.

Page 48 of 76
Page 49 of 76
20. Find the total distance and the initial course of the great circle track between:
A : 41⁰ 00' S ; 175⁰ 00' E
& B : 33⁰ 00' S ; 071⁰ 30' W.

Ans.
Cos AB = Cos Lat. A x Cos Lat. B x Cos Pn +/- Sin Lat. A x Sin Lat. B

= Cos 41⁰ 00' x Cos 33⁰ 00' x Cos 113⁰ 30’ +/- Sin 41⁰ 00' x Sin 33⁰
00'

= - 0.25239 +/- 0.35732

= 0.10493 ( Lat. Same name Sum )

AB = 83.977 ⁰ = 5038.62 nm Answer

cos A = cos PB – cos PA cos AB

sin PA sin AB

= cos 57⁰00’ – cos 49⁰00’ cos 83.977⁰

sin 49⁰00’ sin 83.977⁰

= 0.54464 – 0.06884
0.75054

= 0.63394

Page 50 of 76
 Initial Course = A = S 50.66⁰ E = 129.34⁰ (T) [ 180⁰ – 50.66⁰ ]
Answer

cos B = cos PA – cos PB cos AB

sin PB sin AB

= cos 49⁰00’ – cos 57⁰00’ cos 83.977⁰

sin 57⁰00’ sin 83.977⁰

= 0.65606 – 0.05714
0.83404

= 0.7181

Final Course = B = N 44.1⁰ E = 44.1⁰ (T)

Answer

Page 51 of 76
Page 52 of 76
21. A vessel observes her position to be 40⁰ 30' N, 035⁰ 15' W. She then steams the
following courses and distances:
Course ⁰ (T) Distance (nm)
056 45
020 20
335 35
300 50
Find the D.R. position of the ship.
Ans:
Course Distance D. Lat. Dep.
(mentioned (mentioned in (from Traverse Table) (from Traverse Table)
in question) question) N S W E
N 56⁰ E 45 25.2 37.3
N 20⁰ E 20 18.8 06.8
N 25⁰ W 35 31.7 14.8
N 60⁰ W 50 25.0 43.3
100.7 00.0 58.1 44.1
Total 100.7’ 14’

Page 53 of 76
Page 54 of 76
Page 55 of 76
Page 56 of 76
Page 57 of 76
Initial Lat. = 40⁰ 30' N ( mentioned in question)
D. Lat. = 01⁰ 40.7’ N ( 100.7’ = 01⁰ 40.7’)
……………………………
Arrival Lat. = 42⁰ 10.7’ N

Mean Lat. (in this case) = ( 40⁰ 30' N + 42⁰ 10.7’ N ) / 2 = 41⁰ 20.3’ N

Form Traverse Table , Mean Latitude as 41⁰ 20.3’ and Departure as 14’,
I find the D. Long. = 18.6’ W ( name as the Dep.) [by interpolation].

Page 58 of 76
Page 59 of 76
Page 60 of 76
 Initial Position : Lat. Long.
40⁰ 30' N 035⁰ 15' W
D. Lat & D. Long : 01⁰ 40.7’ N 000⁰ 18.6’ W
Arrival Position (D.R.): 42⁰ 10.7’ N 035⁰ 33.6’ W Answer

22. Find by traverse table the vessel’s D.R. position at the end of the fourth course:
Initial position: 46⁰ 45' N, 045⁰ 30' W
Course ⁰ (T) Distance (nm)
202 72
272 72
337 36
050 36

Ans:
Course Distance D. Lat. Dep.
(mentioned (mentioned in (from Traverse Table) (from Traverse Table)
in question) question) N S W E
S 22⁰ W 72 66.8 27.0
N 88⁰ W 72 02.5 72.0
N 23⁰ W 36 33.1 14.1
N 50⁰ E 36 23.1 27.6
58.7 66.8 113.1 27.6
Total 8.1’ 85.5’

Page 61 of 76
Page 62 of 76
Page 63 of 76
Initial Lat. = 46⁰ 45' N ( mentioned in question)
D. Lat. = 00⁰ 08’ S
……………………………
Arrival Lat. = 46⁰ 37’ N

Mean Lat. (in this case) = ( 46⁰ 45' N + 46⁰ 37’ N ) / 2 = 46⁰ 41’ N

Form Traverse Table , Mean Latitude as 46⁰ 41’ and Departure as 85.5’,

Page 64 of 76
Page 65 of 76
I find the D. Long. = 124.5’ W ( name as the Dep.) [by interpolation].

= 002⁰ 04.5’ W
Initial Position : Lat. Long.
46⁰ 45' N 045⁰ 30.00' W
D. Lat & D. Long : 00⁰ 08’ N 002⁰ 04.50’ W
Arrival Position (D.R.): 46⁰ 37’ N 047⁰ 34.50’ W Answer

Page 66 of 76
23. Find by traverse table the vessel’s D.R. position at the end of the third course:
Initial position: 60⁰ 30' N, 016⁰ 45' W
Course ⁰ (T) Distance (nm)
213 64
306 72
082 80

Ans:
Course Distance D. Lat. Dep.
(mentioned (mentioned in (from Traverse Table) (from Traverse Table)
in question) question) N S W E
S 33⁰ W 64 53.7 34.9
N 54⁰ W 72 42.3 58.2
N 82⁰ E 80 11.1 79.2
53.4 53.7 93.1 79.2
Total 0.3 13.9’

Page 67 of 76
Page 68 of 76
Initial Lat. = 60⁰ 30' N ( mentioned in question)
D. Lat. = 00⁰ 00.3’ S
……………………………
Arrival Lat. = 60⁰ 29.7’ N

Mean Lat. (in this case) = ( 60⁰ 30' N + 60⁰ 29.7’ N ) / 2 = 60⁰ 29.85’ N

Form Traverse Table , Mean Latitude as 60⁰ 29.85’ and Departure as 13.9’,

Page 69 of 76
Page 70 of 76
I find the D. Long. = 26.45’ W ( name as the Dep.) [by interpolation].

Initial Position : Lat. Long.

60⁰ 30' N 016⁰ 45' W
D. Lat & D. Long : 00⁰ 00.3’ N 000⁰ 28.2’ W
Arrival Position (D.R.): 60⁰ 29.7’ N 017⁰ 13.2’ W Answer

Page 71 of 76
24. Find by traverse table the vessel’s D.R. position at the end of the third course:
Initial position: 39⁰ 25' N, 009⁰ 38.5' W
Course ⁰ (T) Distance (nm)
262 9
169 146
109 144

Ans:
Course Distance D. Lat. Dep.
(mentioned (mentioned in (from Traverse Table) (from Traverse Table)
in question) question) N S W E
S 82⁰ W 09 1.3 8.9
S 11⁰ E 146 143.3 27.9
S 71⁰ E 144 46.9 136.2
00 191.5 8.9 164.1
Total 191.5’ 155.2’

Page 72 of 76
Page 73 of 76
Page 74 of 76
Initial Lat. = 39⁰ 25' N ( mentioned in question)
D. Lat. = 03⁰ 11.5’ S [ 191.5’ = 03⁰ 11.5’ ]
……………………………
Arrival Lat. = 36⁰ 13.5’ N

Mean Lat. (in this case) = ( 39⁰ 25' N + 36⁰ 13.5’ N ) / 2 = 37⁰ 49.25’ N

Form Traverse Table , Mean Latitude as 37⁰ 49.25’ and Departure as 155.2’ E,

Page 75 of 76
I find the D. Long. = 196.5’ E ( name as the Dep.) [by interpolation].

Initial Position : Lat. Long.

39⁰ 25' N 009⁰ 38.5' W
D. Lat & D. Long : 03⁰ 11.5’ S 003⁰ 16.5’ E
Arrival Position (D.R.): 36⁰ 13.5’ N 006⁰ 22.0’ W Answer

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