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Advantages and Disadvantages of M-Learning in Current Education

Conference Paper · March 2018

DOI: 10.1109/EDUNINE.2018.8450979

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 Advantages and disadvantages of m-learning in
current education
Santiago Criollo-C Sergio Luján-Mora
Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias Department of Software and Computing Systems
Universidad de las Américas University of Alicante
Quito, Ecuador Alicante, Spain
[email protected] [email protected]

Angel Jaramillo-Alcázar
Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias
Universidad de las Américas
Quito, Ecuador
[email protected]

Abstract— M-learning is a teaching and learning anytime and anywhere [2]. Another indicates that m-learning
methodology that uses mobile devices that have wireless can be considered simply as the natural evolution of e-learning
connectivity, the use of these devices offers the opportunity to learn with more effective communication and personalized
anytime, anywhere. Several studies reveal the high penetration of mechanisms or a powerful platform for distance learning [3].
mobile devices in recent years, for example, by the end of 2015 the Regardless of the definitions, we can say that mobile
penetration of mobile phones in the world amounted to 97 %. technology makes it easy for all students, independently of
Nowadays the number of mobile devices globally reached 7.9 their age, to study and access learning material anytime,
billion, more than the people on our planet. Although several anywhere. Modern technologies, such as m-learning, give
researchers demonstrate the importance of m-learning in the
students the opportunity to learn more within a shorter time
learning process, there is a certain limitation in the use of the
mobile device and the barriers in the acceptance of this technology.
span. Recently, mobile technology has been used successfully
Since the use of technological means in the teaching-learning in various sectors, including the education sector. Mobile
process is increasingly common, this article based on a review of learning is a new research trend in this field and addresses
the literature aims to present the advantages and disadvantages of mobility in different dimensions: mobility of technology,
the use of mobile technology and the impact it is producing in the mobility of students, mobility of educators and mobility of
current education. learning [3] .

Keywords— advantages; disadvantages; higher education;

The technological advances and popularity of mobile
mobile learning; mobile devices; teaching-learning. devices have come to open up new ways of communication,
education and collaboration. Education through mobile devices
I. INTRODUCTION compared to traditional teaching includes advantages such as:
flexibility, collaboration, motivation, accessibility and
Currently, the high penetration of mobile devices can offer
portability [4]. The results of a research [5] indicates that the
potential uses of this technology in the field of education.
future of learning is defined by four axes around which
Statistics show that this year, the number of mobile users in the
technological and methodological efforts revolve: mobility,
world amounts to 4.9 billion, which means that 66% of the
interaction, artificial intelligence and technology-based
world's population already has a mobile. In Europe 78 out of
resources. These axes coupled with increasing penetration and
every 100 inhabitants have a smartphone, the world is
access to mobile devices can be harnessed to create diverse
eminently mobile and the trend continues. Global mobile traffic
educational resources that could include augmented reality and
is expected to grow about 8 times between 2015 and 2020. In
games applied to learning. This will serve to enrich and extend
2016, 61% of users said that they watched their mobile device
traditional forms of higher education.
in the first 5 minutes after waking up. In the world, a mobile
user spends an average of 170 minutes a day using his device. These days, many educators use mobile technologies,
99% of the millennium generation accesses the Internet daily thereby seeking to facilitate the learning process by creating
from their mobile, they dedicate an exorbitant time to the use of optimized versions for mobile devices of websites or the
their applications (93.5 hours a month), is the device in which creation of independent mobile applications. Although there is
they spend most of their time [1]. a problem, students are rarely asked to perform tasks using
their mobile devices. In fact, most educators explicitly prohibit
There are several definitions of m-learning, one of which
the use of mobile devices in classrooms. A Research shows a
says it is the point of intersection, where mobile computing
clear understanding of the bring your own devices (BYOD)
goes through eLearning to provide a learning experience

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trend and how universities can be critically affected if they access to high-quality telecommunications are advantages to
allow students to bring their own devices to classes [6] [7]. achieving an educational revolution through m-learning. The
According to [8] the use of mobile devices in the classroom main characteristics of mobile learning are: reliability,
affects the academic performance due to the distraction it convenience, immediacy, interactivity and flexibility. In
generates by its multitasking characteristic. The main addition, mobile learning can be considered a Computer-
distractions are: access to social networks, text messages and Supported Cooperative Work environment that focuses on
multimedia content. building and sharing social knowledge [10]. Recent advances
in mobile technology and the offering of fourth generation (4G)
Mobile devices can be used as an effective learning tool network features resulted in broader coverage and higher
because of their mobility and approachability. Mobile devices transmission speeds. Although access to these privileges on
are expected to be an effective learning tool and to be a part of mobile devices entails an additional cost, these costs are getting
all learning activities, both outside and inside the classroom. In smaller due to high demand. All of this makes mobile services
order to successfully adopt m-learning in the process of attractive to use in educational settings [11].
teaching and education, it is necessary to have more
information about the awareness and acceptance of mobile A methodology for creating mobile educational
devices by students and instructors as learning tools. Therefore applications is the theory of social learning, using the Social
it is necessary to understand the advantages and disadvantages, Learning Network (SLN) and its applications; including
as well as knowing what they are and how to face the massive open online courses (MOOC) and Flipped Classroom
limitations and barriers that can affect the development of the [12]. In MOOCs, learning content is created by a designated
infrastructure required for the use of this technology in the instructor, and the main means of interaction among students is
teaching-learning process [6] [3]. discussion forums. Flipped Classroom is a blended learning
model that enables students to learn multiple subjects using
For this work a literature review was performed. The online video conferencing. Class time is used primarily for
articles involved were found by key words in three scientific discussion of course material, solving exercises, and doing
repositories. This work demonstrates how m-learning has
homework [13] [14]. Another type of applications are the
gained strength in the educational field, describes the simulations, in the research [15] they are developed for
advantages when using this technology properly. It also lists educational purposes for studies of electronics and
the disadvantages, limitations and barriers that must be electromagnetism. In these mobile simulations, students can
addressed to avoid unnecessary risks and ensure the proper visualize abstract and invisible physical phenomena and thus
functioning of mobile technologies in education. The results strengthen the deep understanding of the subject.
obtained in this study are useful for educators seeking to
include mobile devices in the teaching-learning process. The Despite the use of mobile devices in a variety of
study may also be useful for educational institutions that are educational applications, there are certain disadvantages,
seeking to explore innovative approaches that include mobile limitations and technical and cultural barriers that affect and
technology as a support in the learning process. hinder the adoption of m-learning. While m-learning is
recognized as an effective teaching approach, educational
This article is structured in five sections. In this section institutions seeking to improve learning often derive poor
provides a brief description of m-learning technology, results in the use of this technology. This can be explained by
establishes the hypothesis and the problem that addresses the the numerous obstacles in the organizational, individual,
research. The second section defines several previous works in pedagogical and technological levels faced by these institutions
which it is evidenced that the mobile technologies are being in the search for m-learning initiatives [9]. Although, m-
used as support to education. The third section indicates the learning has many advantages over traditional modes of
method used to define the advantages, disadvantages, learning, its development is still new in education. It still has a
limitations and barriers of m-learning. The discussion and number of problems that must be addressed in order for m-
results of the research are presented in the fourth section. learning to reach its full potential as a new educational
Finally, the fifth section contains the conclusions and provides platform.
a direction for future research.
III. METHOD
II. USING MOBILE TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
ENVIRONMENT A. Database and Research Strategy
The millennial generation Y and Z was born and grew Articles published during the period 2013 - 2017 were
along with the World Wide Web, social networks, multimedia found using the search in the scientific databases. The main
networks and mobile devices. It can be said that this generation databases were IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Web of Science
is totally different from ours [9], especially in the way they and Springer, we searched for two sets of keywords: (1)
process information and acquire knowledge. Fighting this trend keywords related to mobile learning; and (2) keywords related
by inviting this generation to return to the library and teaching to advantages, disadvantages, limitations and barriers. The
in traditional classrooms is a losing battle. Teachers and metadata used to perform the searches were:
educational institutions should promote mobile learning (m-
learning) as a more natural and effective educational platform x IEEE Xplore DL: Metadata (Mobile learning) AND
for the generation of “digital natives” [9]. Abstract (advantage) AND Keywords (learning) AND
Publication Title (mobile).
The rapid technological development of mobile and greater

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 x Web of Science (WOS): Title (advantage) AND matrix of concepts. When making this matrix, it was observed
Publication Title (mobile learning) OR (m-learning). that the four relevant search themes were repeated in several
articles.
x Springer: The exact phrase (mobile) and (advantage),
with at least one of the words (mobile), where The focus of the research was different but the themes
the title contains (mobile learning). defined were, in most cases the same or very similar. For this
reason, it was decided to include in the matrix of concepts only
For all databases, the search for the type of content is the articles that contained the four themes: advantages,
skewed, only publications in journals and in conferences, the disadvantages, limitations and barriers, in a unique way and
discipline: Computer science in the education. In addition, the only the articles that contained the four themes: advantages,
search generated a large number of documents, such as: disadvantages, limitations and barriers, in a unique way and
conference publications, journals and magazines, books and without repetitions.
eBooks, early access articles, and standards.
The topics related to the search were: Computer Science, IV. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
Education, Engineering, Psychology, Social Sciences and A review of previous literature is an essential feature of any
Business and Management. As the quantitative analysis academic project. An effective review creates a firm
generated too many records, we decided to choose documents foundation for the advancement of knowledge. It facilitates the
that were found only in conference publications, journals and development of theory, closes areas where there is a great deal
magazines and thematic ones related to Education. of research and discovers areas where research is needed [16].
This section presents a summary of the characteristics found in
B. Results of Research and Exclusion Criteria
the review of previous literature carried out about m-learning
There are four topics relevant to the search criteria, and some of the initiatives that have been undertaken using
advantages, disadvantages, limitations and barriers. We found mobile devices in the educational field.
199 articles from scientific journals and publications in
congresses, 90 articles that speak of advantages, 39 of A. Advantages
disadvantages, 38 of limitations and 32 of barriers in m- Learning to use mobile devices makes education more
learning in current education. These summary data can be seen accessible to all people, including vulnerable groups living in
in the Table I. remote areas. In many places mobile devices are the only
affordable means that can deliver digital content. Most
TABLE I: RESULTS OF RESEARCH
important, with the emergence of so-called “digital natives”
(young people who grew up using the Internet and
Scientific Database
Thematic
smartphones), mobile technology may be the only effective
IEEE
Xplore
WOS Springer Total/thematic platform for learning [9].
Advantages 23 42 25 90 The advantages of m-learning are taken advantage of in
Disadvantages 10 7 22 39 many ways, one of them being the initiatives taken by several
Limitations 16 18 4 38
institutions that include in their teaching-learning model mobile
devices, for example: The article [17] presents a mobile system
Barriers 7 13 12 32 of Augmented Reality, called DiedricAR, directed to the
Total/BDD 56 80 63 Total 199 learning of Descriptive Geometry. DiedricAR offers the
advantage of being developed specifically for mobile devices,
TABLE II: EXCLUSIONS RESULTS giving students the possibility of using ubiquitous learning by
interacting with the didactic content. The ATLEC mobile
application is an educational training software, aimed at people
Scientific Database
Thematic
of all ages, including people with disabilities and
IEEE
WOS Springer Total/thematic disadvantaged groups, the application trains people to analyze
Xplore
how assistive technology products are used based on
Advantages 19 17 6 42
information and communication technologies (ICT-AT)
Disadvantages 3 9 4 16 [18].There are applications for urban planning and architecture
Limitations 13 14 1 28 [19], simulations have also been developed for educational
Barriers 6 8 2 16 purposes to visualize invisible and abstract physical
phenomena [15]. Serious or interactive mobile learning games
Total/BDD 41 48 13 Total 102 that use physical, cognitive and collaborative challenges [20].
Applications for ubiquitous and collaborative learning designed
to support a strategic design of product and service
A reading of the abstract of each article was made to judge development [4], and many others.
whether it was related to teaching and learning in higher
education environments. The result of this selection is In addition, several studies demonstrate the advantages of
summarized in Table II. The next step was to analyze the m-learning with the analysis of intention to use mobile
abstract, the introduction and the results of each selected technologies in educational systems worldwide. In [6] they
article, with the intention of summarizing the findings in a present an m-learning analysis of 806 students at various

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educational institutions in Oman, with the result that more than learning by individuals and organizations, (3) and Cultural
75% of respondents know m-learning and would be willing to Aspects [29].
use it. In [21] a data mining analysis is performed in the LMS
of the University of Cartagena in Spain. The results indicate a One of the main problems encountered in the use of mobile
high usage pattern and a high percentage of penetration of devices as a learning platform is the presence of an
mobile devices for learning purposes. Finally, a new concept impermanent network environment due to insufficient cellular
that holds great promise for carrying out collaborative network coverage or link failure in wireless communication
educational activities is Cloud Mobile Learning (CML). This is [30]. Another of the most frequently discussed technical
a new technology that allows users to share computer resources problems of mobile technology is the relatively small screen
for example: storage, software and platforms, at any time and size of many mobile devices [31]. This leads us to another
from anywhere. It guarantees accessibility, usefulness and concept, the low usability of mobile devices due to: small
privacy [22]. screens and keyboards, little coverage of cellular networks and
short battery life [32]. In addition, the high costs associated
With the above mentioned information, we can enumerate with deploying and deploying mobile infrastructure for
the advantages of the use of the mobile technology that arises learning [9]. Other problems related to mobile devices are:
from the support to the learning in the systems of higher network performance, content heterogeneity and content
education. The results of the analysis of each of the delivery to the user [33].
investigations found in the bibliographic review are shown
below: In the second point, we identify a need when we see that
not all learning applications have used usability tests, nor do we
x Mobility. [6] [5] find guides or frameworks to evaluate them. This can generate
x Ubiquity. [6] problems with some groups of users are not very familiar with
x Interactivity. [5] mobile technology and therefore have limitations on their
interaction and understanding of learning applications [34]. A
x Accessibility. [3]
study of 1087 teachers indicated that teachers perceived laptop
x Collaboration. [23] computers potentially stronger than mobile phones as multiple
x Utility. [22] learning tools. This implies an urgent need to increase the
x Privacy. [22] knowledge among teachers of the use of smartphones as part of
x Adaptability. [10] m-learning [35].
x Portability. [3]
Finally, m-learning may be incompatible with social and
x Multi-platform. [8] cultural norms. For example, mobile devices can be perceived
x Flexibility. [24] as sources of distraction, both by teachers and students, which
x Universality. [24] may affect academic achievement [8]. Some educational
The opportunities that are generated by including mobile institutions report that the collaborative pedagogical use of
devices in the teaching-learning process can be the following: mobile technology occurs to a limited extent and learning and
face-to-face interaction with experts rarely occurs, this could be
x New ways of learning (applications, simulations, a threat that could degrade their educational quality [36]. The
games, etc.) [20] [15] acquisition of m-learning awakens students to a negative
x Facilitates access to information [22] expectation, because students feel that they need to make
x Facilitates the exchange of information [25] additional efforts to master m-learning skills [37].
x Omnipresence of users, anywhere, anytime. [9] These disadvantages, limitations and barriers create a
x Self-regulated learning. [9] considerable degree of resistance to the adoption of m-learning
x Leads to informal learning. [26] in support of learning in educational settings, both at an
x Learning Improvement. [27] individual and organizational level. As shown above, you can
x A more natural approach to learning for generation list the critical factors that must be addressed or overcome for a
“digital natives”. [9] correct adoption of m-learning.
x Better access to education in remote areas and 1. Technological limitations.
developing countries. [18]
x Limited storage and processing capacity. [31]
B. Disadvantages, Limitations and Barriers x Usability issues due to device size. [31] [32]
Disadvantages, limitations and barriers are characteristics x Low visual quality of information delivered by a
that affect, hinder, or negatively contribute to the adoption of mobile. [9]
mobile technologies in educational settings [28]. Although m-
learning has the potential to improve learning effectiveness, x Lack of mobile technology compatibility with
there is a considerable gap between what m-learning offers and students and teachers. [9] [35]
what academic institutions and individuals have been able to
achieve with it. Disadvantages, limitations and barriers can be x Insufficient coverage or link failure in wireless
divided into three specific areas: (1) technological limitations communication. [30]
of mobile devices and related technologies, (2) the use of m- x Scarce standards for the design and evaluation of

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 mobile applications for learning. [34] critical factors to be addressed for a correct design and
deployment of mobile technology. This challenge must be
x Incompatibility with some educational approaches. [9] addressed with the collaboration of all the stakeholders
[29] involved and committed to developing a new way of delivering
x Limited bandwidth and low rates of information and acquiring knowledge. Feedback, learning, and continuous
transfer [30] improvement are essential to face the challenges that enable us
to deploy mobile technology that supports higher education. As
2. Use of technology by persons a final statement, we can say the challenge is not only to
x Lack of personal innovation. [9] develop new innovative technologies with mobile devices, but
also to create a new culture of learning and knowledge
x Little openness and willingness to try something new. generation.
[9]
Although, this is a review of adequate prior literature, the
x Lack of vision of mobile technology in education. [27] study has limitations, since the review was systematic rather
than exhaustive. While the articles selected met the key words
x Limited training of new technology personnel and and exclusion criteria of the relevant topics, these publications
their applications. [35] cannot be claimed to represent a complete and detailed
x Little socialization of the organizational vision of the selection. It is clear that this approach generated novel
institution with m-learning. [9] conceptualizations and understandings of the field studied, also
excluded many investigations, only because they did not meet
x Low participation of all stakeholders, including the selection criteria. Despite this, the literature review led to a
authorities, in the transition to m-learning. [9] considerable volume of high quality contributions that provided
relevant insights and formed the appropriate basis for a
x Insufficient allocation of resources for the
thematic analysis.
improvement and expansion of infrastructure. [35]
Future research should focus on using better methods to
3. Cultural barriers
find relevant information for a specific topic. For example to
x The collaborative pedagogical approaches behind m- commit the least number of errors in the exclusion of articles,
learning are low. [31] grouping techniques should be used. These allow scientifically
reduce an high number of articles to a manageable number,
x Appreciate m-learning as an educational process, not which in turn should be evaluated qualitatively and
as a distraction. [8] quantitatively and thus find more and better results in the
x Change the perception of making additional efforts to research. The study may be useful for educational institutions
master the skills of M-learning [37] that are in the quest to explore technologies that include mobile
devices as a support in the learning process.
x Overcoming the perception of teachers and
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