From the law of conservation of mechanical energy Energy, KE final=PE final

½ (m+m)v²=mgh

½ (5.02)v²=5.02*9.81*0.25

2.51v²=7.38

7.38
v= √
2.51
v= 1.7ms-1

5.02(1.7)
From 1, u=
0.02
u=426.7ms-1

1. An object of mass 2kg moving with velocity of 3ms-1, collide head on with another object of
mas 1kg, moving in the opposite direction with a velocity of 4ms-1. After collision both objects
stick together so that they can move with a common velocity V. Calculate V.
2. A bullet of mass 20g travelling horizontally at 100ms-1, embeds itself in the center of a block
of mass 1kg which is suspended from a light string of length 1m. Calculate the maximum
inclination of the string to the vertical.

Adj l−h
cosѲ , cos , lcosѲ =l-h, h=l-lcosѲ
Hyp l
From the law of conservation of linear momentum,

M1U1+M2U2=(M1+M2)V

(O.02)*100+0=(0.02+1)V

2=1.02V

2
V=
1.02
=1.96ms-1
From the law of conservation of mechanical energy,

KE final= PE final

1
(M1+M2)V²=mgh
2
1
(0.02+1)(1.96)²=(0.02+1)(9.8)h
2
1.959216
h= = 0.196m
9.996
but

h=l-cosѲ

0.196=1cosѲ

cosѲ =1-0.196

cosѲ=0.804

Ѳ=cos-1(0.804)

Ѳ= 36.5°

1) M1=2kg, U1=3ms-1, M2=1kg, U2=4ms-1, V= ?

but

M1U1+M2U2=(M1+M2)V

(2)(3)+(1)(2)= (2+1)V

2=3V

10 2
V= =
9 3
V=0.67ms-1

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

a) Work:
Work is done when the point of application of a force moves through a distance in the
direction of the force.
Work done= Force applied * Displacement in the direction of force
W=F*3
If Ѳ is the angle between the force and the direction of motion
 The work done along Ab is the product at the component of F along AB and S, that is

W=FcosѲ*S

NB: when Ѳ=0 therefore W=FS

When Ѳ=90 therefore W=0

When Ѳ=180 therefore W=-FS (work done by a force of 1N when moved through a distance
of 1m.

J=Nm

b) Energy:
It is the ability or capacity to do work. When work is done, energy is conserved from one form to
another. It is important to move that during this process, energy is neither created nor destroyed,
hence the law of conservation of energy.

The law of conservation of energy states that “energy can neither be created nor destroyed but
can be transformed from one form to another” that is the total energy of an isolated system is
constant.

Note: A system is something closed within boundaries which maybe real or imaginary and isolated
means that nothing from the outside affects the system and vice versa. The total energy of the
universe is conserved.

A device that converts energy from one form to another is called a transducer. Examples include:

1) Electric motor: Converts solar energy into kinetic energy and rotational energy.
2) Solar cells: Converts solar energy into electrical energy and light energy.
3) Microphone: Converts solar energy into electrical energy and the transmitter converts
electrical energy into waves energy.

 In mobile phones, the receiver converts electromagnetic into electrical energy into sound
when a call is bring received.
 Gas engines converts chemical energy stored in the fuel into kinetic, heat and sound.
 Human being convert chemical energy stored in food into kinetic energy, sound, heat.

There are three main sources of energy solar energy from the sun, Tidal energy from tides and
Geothermal energy from radioisotopes.
 Mechanical Energy
It consist of two compounds; Kinetic Potential and energies.

The Law of conservation of mechanical energy states that “in a closed system the total
mechanical energy of the system is constant”. That is;

M.E = KE + PE

1. Kinetic Energy (KE):

This is the energy a body possesses because of its motion or simply, it is the energy due to
motion of an object. It is given by

1
KE = mv²
2
2. Potential energy (PE) :

It is divided into two forms ; Gravitational PE and Elastic PE.

Gravitational PE is the energy due to the position of an object found in the gravitational field.

The workdone in lifting an object from the earth surface to a given height, h, equals the
change in the potential energy.

W=PE

W=mgh

GPE= mgh

3. Elastic potential energy (EPE) :

This is the energy stored in a structured or compressed string. If a string is stretched by a length, X,
then the force is given by

F= KX, where K= Spring constant

1
The energy stored in a compressed or structured string is given by E= FX
2
1 1
F EPE= FX, but F=KX, EPE= Kx²
2 2

1
Fx
2
X

The SI unit of energy is the Joules (J).

Energy conversion in a simple pendulum.

Its mechanical energy is conserved is conserved if there are no other forced such as air resistance
present.

c) Power:
It is the rate of doing work with time as the rate of energy transfer with time:

Workdone(w)
Power(P) =
time(t )
W
P=
t
But W = FS

FS s
P= where = V
t t
P = FV

For a car moving with velocity, V .

The SI unit of power is the watt(w). Other units are joules per second (JS-1)

1S is defined as the rate of working per second or the workdone by 1J in 1s

Power is a scalar quantity.

Efficiency, n
For a transducer, it is the percentage of the energy inflict, converted or transferred into useful energy.

Efficiency can by calculated using any of the following formulae:

Energy output
Efficiency, n= *100%
Energy input

Work output
n= *100%
Work input
 Power output
n= *100%
Power input

Conservation and non-Conservation forces

This is a field of force in which workdone in taking test particle from one point to another is
independent of the path (route) taken between the two points. Examples of such force fields include:
Electrostatic and gravitational force field.

The work done in taking a test particle from A to B is the same for all the three routes.

A conservative force is one such that the work done by the force in taking a body from one point to
another doesn’t depend on the route taken. This means;

a) The PE between the two points depends only on the location of this points.
b) If a conservative force takes a body round a closed path that is back to the stationary point,
then the total work done is zero.

2) Non-Conservative force field:

It is one where the work done in taking a mass depends on the path taken. The PE for a non-

conservative field cannot be defined. Examples are:

The force on kinetic friction depends on the direction of the body’s velocity and negative and not

just its position.

Electric field caused by a charging magnetics flux is non-conservative field and the electric field is

a non-conservative force.

A non-conservative is one such that the work done depends on the path taken. Examples are:

electric force, frictional.