Volume 2

Part 16
Geotechnical Risk
Management
 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Disclaimer

The State of Qatar Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC) provides access to the Qatar
Highway Design Manual (QHDM) and Qatar Traffic Control Manual (QTCM) on the web and as hard copies
as Version (2.0) of these manuals, without any minimum liability to MOTC.

Under no circumstances does MOTC warrant or certify the information to be free of errors or deficiencies
of any kind.

The use of these manuals for any work does not relieve the user from exercising due diligence and sound
engineering practice, nor does it entitle the user to claim or receive any kind of compensation for damages
or loss that might be attributed to such use.

Any future changes and amendments will be made available on the MOTC web site. Users of these manuals
should check that they have the most current version.

Note: New findings, technologies, and topics related to transportation planning, design, operation, and
maintenance will be used by MOTC to update these manuals. Users are encouraged to provide feedback
through the MOTC website within a year of publishing these manuals, which will be reviewed, assessed,
and possibly included in the next version.

Copyright © 2020. All rights reserved.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2

PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Contents Page

Acronyms and Abbreviations................................................................................................... v

1 Introduction......................................................................................................................1
1.1. Purpose and Scope...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Application of Geotechnical Certification Procedure..................................................................... 1

2 The Geotechnical Practitioner.......................................................................................3

2.1.Overview.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. General Role of Geotechnical Practitioners....................................................................................... 3
2.3. Geotechnical Practitioners Grades........................................................................................................ 5

3 Management of Geotechnical Risk...............................................................................7

3.1.Overview.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2. Definitions and Abbreviations................................................................................................................ 8
3.2.1. Organizations, Roles, and Responsibilities....................................................................8
3.2.2. Key Terms....................................................................................................................................8
3.3. Geotechnical Categories............................................................................................................................ 9
3.4. Geotechnical Certification Key Stages.............................................................................................. 11
3.5. Geotechnical Certificate......................................................................................................................... 15

4 Key Stage 1: Initial Project Review............................................................................ 16

4.1.Overview....................................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2. Initial Project Review............................................................................................................................... 16

5 Key Stage 2: Geotechnical Assessment.................................................................... 18

5.1.Overview....................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.2. Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2A: Preliminary Sources Study............................................................. 18
5.3. Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2B: Ground Investigation Proposals................................................... 19
5.4. Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2C: Ground Investigation........................................................................ 19
5.5. Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2D: Geotechnical Interpretative Report............................................ 20

6 Key Stage 3: Geotechnical Design............................................................................. 22

6.1.Overview....................................................................................................................................................... 22
6.2. Geotechnical Design................................................................................................................................ 22

7 Key Stage 4: Geotechnical Observations and Feedback......................................... 24

7.1.Overview....................................................................................................................................................... 24
7.2. Geotechnical Observations and Feedback...................................................................................... 24

8 Geotechnical Risk Register and Risk Assessment.................................................. 26

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 i

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

8.1.Overview....................................................................................................................................................... 26
8.2. Geotechnical Risk Register.................................................................................................................... 26
8.2.1.Introduction.............................................................................................................................26
8.2.2. Example Project.....................................................................................................................27
8.3. Risk Assessment....................................................................................................................................... 28
8.4. Further Information and Geotechnical Risk Register Template............................................. 30

References............................................................................................................................... 32

ii VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Tables

Table 2.1. Geotechnical Practitioner Grades................................................................................................................5

Table 3.1. Summary of Geotechnical Certification Process.................................................................................13
Table 8.1. Likelihood Criteria...........................................................................................................................................28
Table 8.2. Consequence Criteria.....................................................................................................................................29
Table 8.3. Risk-Rating Matrix..........................................................................................................................................29
Table 8.4. Indicative Risk-Rating Implications..........................................................................................................29
Table E.1. Preliminary Sources Study Report Contents List and Topics to be Described........................53
Table G.1. Ground Investigation Factual Report Contents List and Topics to be Described..................63
Table H.1. Geotechnical Interpretative Report Contents List and Topics to be Described......................69
Table I.1. Geotechnical Design Report Contents List and Topics to be Described....................................75

Figures
Figure 3.1. Assessment of the Geotechnical Category of a Project..................................................................11
Figure 3.2. Geotechnical Certification Flow Chart....................................................................................................14
Figure 8.1. Example Assessment of an Identified Hazard.....................................................................................28

Appendixes

Appendix A . Geotechnical Practitioner Grades and their Definition, and Routes to Becoming a
Geotechnical Advisor.....................................................................................................................................35
Appendix B . Geotechnical Works Checklist.....................................................................................................................39
Appendix C . Geotechnical Certificate...............................................................................................................................43
Appendix D . Statement of Intent........................................................................................................................................47
Appendix E . Preliminary Sources Study Report............................................................................................................51
Appendix F . Ground Investigation Proposals Report..................................................................................................57
Appendix G . Ground Investigation Factual Report and Geophysical Survey Report....................................61
Appendix H .Geotechnical Interpretative Report.........................................................................................................67
Appendix I . Geotechnical Design Report.......................................................................................................................73
Appendix J . Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report.............................................................................79
Appendix K . Geotechnical Risk Register Template......................................................................................................85

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 iii

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

iv VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AGS Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (United Kingdom)

DGA designer’s Geotechnical Advisor

GA Geotechnical Advisor

H horizontal

UK United Kingdom

V vertical

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 v

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

vi VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose and Scope

This Part sets out the role of geotechnical specialists in managing the quality of geotechnical
investigations, ground interpretation, and also geotechnical design and geotechnical
construction. It also sets out the procedure of Geotechnical Certification, which provides
a clear and consistent framework for the management of geotechnical risk in a project
throughout its lifetime. This Part also presents the format and timing of the reports and
documents to be prepared and submitted to the Overseeing Organization under Geotechnical
Certification. The documents to be submitted may include reports covering the preliminary
sources study, the planning of ground investigation works, the interpretation of geotechnical
investigations, geotechnical design, and geotechnical construction.

1.2 Application of Geotechnical Certification Procedure

The Geotechnical Certification procedure set out herein is mandatory for all projects carried
out for the State of Qatar Public Works Authority–Infrastructure Affairs. Other authorities
may adopt the procedure as required.

Where a third-party development is proposed immediately adjacent to, under, or over

a road for which the Public Works Authority is responsible, then Public Works Authority–
Infrastructure Affairs acceptance of the project aspects impacting the road will be required.
In such cases, the third-party developer shall follow the Geotechnical Certification procedure
to achieve appropriate quality management of the geotechnical risks that could affect the
road.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 1

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

2 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

2 The Geotechnical Practitioner

2.1 Overview
The appointment of experienced and appropriately qualified geotechnical practitioners to a
project is essential for identification of the ground hazards that could have a major impact on
a project and thereby its cost. This chapter describes the role of geotechnical practitioners
in a project and defines categories for geotechnical personnel relative to their technical
education, professional qualifications, and industry experience.

2.2 General Role of Geotechnical Practitioners

Unlike manufactured construction materials, the properties of soils and rock are the results
of the natural processes that have formed them, and natural or manmade events following
their formation. The replacement of inferior materials is often uneconomical. The designer
of a road project and the contractor undertaking construction are faced with the challenge of
construction on the existing ground and using materials available on or near the project site.
Design and construction of structures and earthworks for road projects require a thorough
understanding of the properties of the locally available soils and rocks that will constitute
the founding stratum and other components of the works. That understanding should be
provided by practitioners in geotechnical engineering or engineering geology as appropriate.
In the subsequent text in this Manual, the general term “geotechnical practitioner” is used to
cover all geotechnical engineering or engineering geology personnel.

Geotechnical practitioners employed on projects must be appropriately qualified with

expertise and experience in geotechnical work for the role they undertake. Defined
requirements for geotechnical practitioners relative to technical education, professional
qualifications, and industry experience are presented in Section 2.3 of this Part.

The role of the geotechnical practitioner in design and construction varies, depending on
the scope of a project. It usually includes the acquisition and interpretation of soil and
rock data for design and construction of the various project elements. Proper execution of
this role requires a thorough understanding of the principles and practices of geotechnical
engineering, subsurface investigation principles and techniques, design procedures,
construction methods, and planned operation of the completed construction, supplemented
with a detailed working knowledge of geology and hydrogeology.

Involving the geotechnical practitioner from the earliest planning stages of a project is
important. Through possible prior knowledge and research of available information, the
geotechnical practitioner can provide important advice to a project team about ground
and groundwater conditions. This can provide advantages for reducing cost and improving
constructability.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 3

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

With regard to the project location, alignment, and anticipated structures and earthworks
geometry, the geotechnical practitioner can identify the ground-related hazards and
associated risk to the project and establish requirements for managing and mitigating the
potential adverse effects.

Within the Geotechnical Certification framework described in this document, the geotechnical
practitioner will typically undertake the following work, which should comply with local
health and safety regulations and local environmental regulations where relevant to the
particular aspect of work being carried out:

• Conduct a preliminary sources study covering the compilation of existing data, make a
field reconnaissance, and assess that information to establish the geotechnical hazards
and risks associated with a project. At this stage the geotechnical practitioner should
consider measures to mitigate risk.

• Design and oversee subsurface investigations and associated soils and rock laboratory
testing of samples recovered. As part of the ground investigation works, the geotechnical
practitioner should visually examine the soils and rock in situ and the samples and cores
obtained in the field, so that a good understanding of the materials can be developed.
The geotechnical practitioner should supervise the progress and findings of the ground
investigation to see that both the field and laboratory work are adequate and to
establish the need, if any, for revision. Particular attention should be paid to unusual
or unexpected ground or groundwater conditions encountered to obtain the right level
of information on the conditions found and to allow for the full assessment of hazards.

• Interpret the ground investigation’s results and other available geotechnical data
to provide ground and groundwater models and soils and rock parameters for use in
design. The geotechnical practitioner will be responsible for compiling and evaluating
the data obtained, for defining the subsurface stratification (the ground model) and
groundwater conditions, and for developing appropriate soil and rock design parameters.
The geotechnical practitioner normally presents the results of that work in geotechnical
reports.

• Analyze and design foundations and other geotechnical elements of a road project such
as earthworks and ground improvement measures.

• Oversee construction, monitoring of geotechnical works and verification of geotechnical

designs based on actual conditions found on-site.
• Provide feedback on the conditions encountered during construction and in particular
any significant differences between the actual conditions found and those expected
that required design changes. The geotechnical practitioner should highlight any area
of the specification or standards used that should be reviewed in light of problems
encountered during construction.

4 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

2.3 Geotechnical Practitioners Grades

Geotechnical practitioners employed on projects should be appropriately qualified with
appropriate expertise and experience in geotechnical work for the role they undertake.
Table 2.1 presents geotechnical practitioner grades relative to technical education,
professional qualifications, and industry experience, based on those of the UK Site
Investigation Steering Group (Site Investigation Steering Group, 1993), which are to be
adopted on projects.

Table 2.1 Geotechnical Practitioner Grades

Geotechnical Advisor
Practice
Experience

Increasing levels of:

Geotechnical Specialist

Geotechnical Professional (alternative titles often used Professional

are Geotechnical Engineer or Engineering Geologist) Qualifications

Graduate or Assistant Geotechnical Engineer or Academic

Engineering Geologist Qualifications

Geotechnician

Source: Site Investigation in Construction Series: 1. Without Site Investigation Ground is a Hazard (Site
Investigation Steering Group, 1993)

Table A.1 in Appendix A provides a full definition of each category of geotechnical practitioner.
Figure A.1 in Appendix A presents the routes of development of geotechnical practitioners
and to becoming a Geotechnical Advisor.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 5

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

6 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

3 Management of Geotechnical
Risk

3.1 Overview
Ground-related problems can adversely affect projects with regard to completion times,
profitability and cost-benefit, health and safety, and quality and fitness for purpose, and
they can lead to environmental damage and result in a significant increase in project costs
(Tyrrell et al., 1983; Institution of Civil Engineers [ICE], 1991; Site Investigation Steering
Group, 1993). Thorough identification of geotechnical hazards on projects and appropriate
management of risks related to those hazards help to minimize such adverse impact. The
process of Geotechnical Certification has been developed by the Scottish Development
Department (1989) and the UK Highways Agency (UK Department for Transport, 2008).

The process of Geotechnical Certification set out in this Part is based on Design Manual for
Roads and Bridges (UK Department for Transport, 2008), and identifies the ground-related
hazards and their associated risks and appropriate management of those risks throughout
the lifetime of a project to mitigate potential adverse effects.

Geotechnical Certification accomplishes the following:

• Sees that an appropriate and targeted geotechnical investigation is undertaken

• Enables optimized design

• Reduces risk of program delays as a result of unforeseen ground conditions

• Reduces the risk to contractors of unforeseen ground conditions and hence can be
expected to provide for lower cost tenders

• Provides a formalized and managed approach to geotechnical investigation and design

with acceptance at key stages along the way

As part of the Geotechnical Certification process, a project is initially categorized based on

consideration of project complexity, proposed geotechnical works, presence of geohazards,
and the severity of the geotechnical risk. The geotechnical risks are then proactively
managed through a process with four key stages.

Geotechnical Certification applies to projects for new roads, improvement projects, and also
to third-party developments affecting the road network, such as Metro railway development,
drainage projects, or new services passing under a road.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 7

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

3.2 Definitions and Abbreviations

3.2.1 Organizations, Roles, and Responsibilities
The organizations and their roles under Geotechnical Certification are summarized below
together with the responsibilities associated with the named roles:

• Overseeing Organization: The authority requiring the implementation of the

geotechnical risk management procedure set out in this Manual.

• Designer: The organization employed to carry out the design work for a project.

• Geotechnical Advisor (GA): The geotechnical practitioner with the experience and
qualifications as set out in Appendix A. GAs on projects may include:

−− The Overseeing Organization’s GA, the lead professional—an internal staff member
or perhaps an external consultant—overseeing the geotechnical aspects of a
project.

−− The designer’s Geotechnical Advisor (DGA), the lead professional overseeing and
ultimately responsible for the planning, interpretation, and design of geotechnical
aspects of a project. The person who also oversees and assumes ultimate
responsibility for the verification of the construction of the geotechnical aspects of
a project. Depending on how a project develops and the procurement route adopted
for construction, the person undertaking the DGA role may change through the life
of a project. At various times the DGA may be from a consultant working under a
direct appointment to the Overseeing Organization or working on behalf of the
contractor appointed to build a project by the Overseeing Organization.

3.2.2 Key Terms

The following terms are used to describe the procedure for managing geotechnical risk:

• Geotechnical engineering: The application of sciences of soils and rock mechanics and
engineering geology in projects, which typically involve the construction of roads and
related structures (bridges, tunnels, etc.).

• Geotechnical hazard: Unfavorable ground or groundwater conditions or both that may

pose a risk to construction and to the design life of a structure.

• Geotechnical risk: The risk to the project in construction or its operation created by the
geotechnical hazard.

• Geotechnical asset: A principal element of the road network, such as cuttings,

embankments, structure foundations, and road pavement foundation.

• Geotechnical works: Include without limitation:

−− The scoping, executing, managing, or reporting (factual and interpretative) of

ground investigation works

8 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

−− The design, construction, and maintenance of cuttings (in soil and rock),
embankments, strengthened earthworks (reinforced soil and soil nailing) and
associated drainage, ground anchorages, earth retaining structures, structural
foundations (including strip, spread, raft, and piled foundations), excavations, dams
and levees, tunnels, underground structures, and service ducts

−− The design and implementation of grouting and ground improvement measures

such as preloading or surcharging with or without sand/band drains, vibro-
replacement, vibro-concrete columns, dynamic compaction, soil mixing, or lime or
cement stabilization

−− The design, construction, and maintenance of cofferdams and caissons

−− The assessment of road pavement and rail subbase and excavation or assessment
or both, below subbase level

−− Seepage analyses and design of groundwater control measures

−− Geohazards (including soil and rock slope stability, landslides and surface instability
resulting from undermining as a result of natural and anthropogenic activity),
investigation, assessment, management, and design of mitigation or remediation
measures

−− Geoenvironmental investigation and assessment of ground and groundwater at a

site, risks posed, and design of mitigation or remediation measures, or both

−− Use of trenchless technology

−− Seismic hazard assessment

• Geotechnical review certification

3.3 Geotechnical Categories

At commencement, the project shall be assigned to one of four geotechnical categories. The
assigned category then dictates the action to be taken by the DGA. The most severe aspect
of a project determines the project geotechnical category. The geotechnical category of the
project shall be agreed on between the Overseeing Organization GA and the DGA at project
commencement. For all projects, the DGA shall complete the Geotechnical Works Checklist
(included in Appendix B) and issue it to the Overseeing Organization GA for agreement of
the project geotechnical category.

The geotechnical category of the project shall be reviewed throughout the project life. If
the scope of a project changes or is considered to have changed based on information that
becomes available, the geotechnical category should be reassessed. The DGA then shall
submit an updated Geotechnical Works Checklist to the Overseeing Organization GA for
agreement.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 9

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

The geotechnical categories of projects are defined as follows, based on guidance given in
British Standard BS EN 1997-1 (BS EN 1997-1:2004):

• Geotechnical Category 0: Projects that do not have any geotechnical works. For projects
assigned this category, no further action is required regarding Geotechnical Certification
unless the scope of the project changes. An example would be a highway resurfacing
project that only replaces the wearing course layer.

• Geotechnical Category 1: Projects that include only small and relatively simple
structures or earthworks for which it is possible to satisfy the fundamental requirements
based on experience and qualitative assessment. There should be negligible risk in terms
of overall instability, ground movements, and in terms of the ground conditions, which
should be known from comparable local experience to be sufficiently straightforward.
There should be no excavation below the water table unless comparable local experience
indicates that a proposed excavation below the water table will be straightforward.
An example would be the design and construction of a low-height embankment with
1 vertical to 4 horizontal (1V:4H) side slopes above the groundwater table.

• Geotechnical Category 2: Projects that include conventional types of geotechnical

structures, earthworks, or other geotechnical works, with no exceptional geotechnical
risk, unusual or difficult ground conditions, or loading conditions. For Geotechnical
Category 2 projects, ground investigation fieldwork and laboratory testing should be
by routine methods and design work should normally include quantitative geotechnical
data and analysis. Most of the geotechnical work associated with roads can be expected
to fall into this category.

• Geotechnical Category 3: Projects that involve structures, earthworks, or other

geotechnical works that fall outside the limits of Geotechnical Categories 1 and 2. These
include very large, unusual, or complex earthworks, structures, or other geotechnical
works; involve unusual or exceptionally difficult ground conditions; or have abnormal
geotechnical risks. Examples of Geotechnical Category 3 projects are the development
of a major road over weak ground (for example, sabkha) or the development of a road or
interchange over ground that may contain cavities.

Figure 3.1 is a flow chart for the assessment of the geotechnical category of a project.

10 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Figure 3.1 Assessment of the Geotechnical Category of a Project

3.4 Geotechnical Certification Key Stages

The Geotechnical Certification procedure comprises four key stages summarized here and in
Table 3.1 and described in detail in Chapters 4 through 7 in this Part:

• Key Stage 1: Initial Project Review. This includes initial determination of the project
geotechnical category, preparation of an initial Geotechnical Risk Register, and the scope

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 11

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

of the studies required to manage those risks. The results of this work are presented in
a Geotechnical Works Checklist and in a Statement of Intent for projects of Geotechnical
Category 1, 2, or 3.

• Key Stage 2: Geotechnical Assessment. This stage has up to four sub-stages depending
on the project, its risks, and its geotechnical classification:

−− Sub-stage 2A: Preliminary Sources Study. This includes a review of available

geotechnical information relevant to the project area and a site reconnaissance to
update and further develop the project Geotechnical Risk Register. The results of
this work are presented in a Preliminary Sources Study Report.

−− Sub-stage 2B: Ground Investigation Proposals. This is the design of the ground
investigation required to establish the ground and groundwater conditions
and provide information that will facilitate the management of the identified
geotechnical risks. The results of this work are presented in a Ground Investigation
Proposals Report.

−− Sub-stage 2C: Ground Investigation. This includes the execution of the ground
investigation and its supervision. The results of the ground investigation are
presented in a Ground Investigation Factual Report or a Geophysical Survey Report
or both, as appropriate to the investigations undertaken.

−− Sub-stage 2D: Geotechnical Interpretation. This involves interpretation of available

historic and published data, combined with the ground investigation results in
the context of the proposed development to establish engineering proposals
for appropriately managing the geotechnical risks. The results of this work are
presented in a Geotechnical Interpretative Report.

• Key Stage 3: Geotechnical Design. This stage is the design of the geotechnical works,
including drawings and specification as necessary, with a summary presentation of the
design approach and demonstration of how the geotechnical risks have been addressed.
The results of this work are presented in a Geotechnical Design Report.

• Key Stage 4: Geotechnical Observations and Feedback. This stage includes the
monitoring of the construction of geotechnical works and associated design verification
together with recommendations for any geotechnical post-construction design
verification monitoring. The results of this work are summarized in a Geotechnical
Observations and Feedback Report.

12 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 Table 3.1 Summary of Geotechnical Certification Process
Key Stage 2: Geotechnical Assessment
Key Stage 4:
Key Stage 3:
Key Stage 1: Sub-stage 2B: Sub-stage 2C: Sub-stage 2D: Geotechnical
Key Stages Sub-stage 2A: Preliminary Geotechnical
Initial Project Review Ground Ground Geotechnical Observations and
Sources Study Design
Investigation Investigation Interpretation Feedback
Proposals
Purpose To assess the project To review available To define To establish To interpret the Design of the To present
Geotechnical Category. information about the site the scope of the ground and available historic and geotechnical works the results of
Initial identification of to establish an initial ground the ground groundwater published data together with summary monitoring and
the likely geotechnical models and soils/rock investigation conditions with the ground presentation of the site observations
risks and the scope of engineering properties to required to and provide investigation results design approach made to verify
the studies required to inform preliminary design. manage the information that in the context of the and demonstration geotechnical design
manage those risks. To establish the project geotechnical will facilitate the proposed development. of how the during construction
geotechnical risks and risk. management of Establish engineering geotechnical risks to the client for its
mitigation measures the geotechnical proposals to have been managed. records and for use
needed including ground risk. appropriately manage on future projects.
investigation, if required. the geotechnical risk.
Input Project complexity. Available site information Knowledge Ground Historical and published Ground Investigation All previous
(All Site ground and such as published geological from the investigation data from Preliminary Factual Report geotechnical
available groundwater complexity. records, previous exploratory Initial Project works. Sources Study. Geotechnical reports.
information hole and other historical Review and Supervision Ground Investigation Interpretative Construction
should be records, photographs and the Preliminary of ground Factual Report. Report. records, monitoring
considered, imagery. Sources Study. investigation Scope of the proposed Geotechnical and geotechnical
selected Site reconnaissance. works. project. design details observation records.
key sources and construction
are listed) requirements.
Geotechnical Risk
Register.
Output • Geotechnical Works • Preliminary Sources • Ground • Ground • Geotechnical • Design drawings • Geotechnical
Checklist giving Study Report including Investigation Investigation Interpretative Report and specification Observations
project Geotechnical updated Geotechnical Proposals Factual including updated of geotechnical and Feedback
Category Risk Register (separate Report & Report or Geotechnical Risk works. Report
• Statement of Intent report not required for • Geotechnical Geophysical Register • Geotechnical • Geotechnical
with Geotechnical Risk Geotechnical Category 1 Certificate Survey • Geotechnical Design Report Certificate
Register (Geotechnical projects) Report, or Certificate. • Geotechnical
Category 1, 2 and 3 • Geotechnical Certificate both Certificate.
projects)
• Geotechnical
GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT

Certificate

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2

Note:
Iteration of Geotechnical Certification, particularly across Key Stage 2 may occur until all phases of ground investigation and associated interpretation have been completed and all
16
PART

options have been assessed before going to detail design.

13
 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Iteration may occur, particularly in Key Stage 2, until all phases of ground investigation (refer
to Volume 2, Part 15, Ground Investigation and Aspects of Geotechnical Design Guide, of
this Manual) and associated interpretation have been completed and all options have been
assessed before starting the detailed design.

Figure 3.2 is a flow chart for the Geotechnical Certification procedure.

Figure 3.2 Geotechnical Certification Flow Chart

All geotechnical reports produced under the aegis of Geotechnical Certification are intended
to be open documents and available to all parties throughout the design, tender, and
construction phases of the project.

One hard copy and one electronic copy in Adobe Acrobat “pdf” format of the final versions of
all reports produced for a project will be provided to the Overseeing Organization.

Factual ground investigation data shall be submitted in Association of Geotechnical and

Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS)-approved electronic data transfer format (AGS, 2005;
AGS, 2011), unless otherwise agreed by the Overseeing Organization.

14 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

3.5 Geotechnical Certificate

A Geotechnical Certificate signed by the DGA shall accompany each document or report
submitted to the Overseeing Organization. A model Geotechnical Certificate is provided
in Appendix C. On receipt of a Geotechnical Certificate and its accompanying submission,
the Overseeing Organization or its representative will respond within the period provided
for in the relevant contract documentation or within any such other time limit agreed
(generally 28 days). The responsibility for the geotechnical design rests with the designer.
Responsibility for geotechnical construction rests with the parties executing and supervising
those works as set out in the relevant contracts. Acceptance by the Overseeing Organization
of the geotechnical submissions made in the course of the Geotechnical Certification process
shall not relieve the submitting parties of their responsibility.

The submissions made to the Overseeing Organization will be reviewed and the Geotechnical
Certificate countersigned by the Overseeing Organization GA and returned to the designer
marked with one of the following:

• Accepted: The submission accompanying the certificate is accepted.

• Accepted with comments: The submission accompanying the certificate is generally

acceptable but requires minor amendments that can be addressed in subsequent
revisions of the documents.

• Not acceptable (returned with comments): The submission accompanying the

certificate is unacceptable and should be revised and resubmitted.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 15

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

4 Key Stage 1: Initial Project

Review

4.1 Overview
This chapter sets out the requirements for the initial project review under the Geotechnical
Certification process.

4.2 Initial Project Review

This stage is intended to enable early dialogue to be established between the DGA and the
Overseeing Organization GA.

The initial review of the project by the DGA shall include the completion of a Geotechnical
Works Checklist (Appendix B) as part of the process to establish the geotechnical category of
the project. The most severe aspect of a project determines the category. The Geotechnical
Works Checklist shall be issued to the Overseeing Organization GA for agreement of the
project geotechnical category.

Where a project is assessed to be Geotechnical Category 1, 2, or 3, the known or suspected

geotechnical risks identified from the initial project review shall be presented in a
Geotechnical Risk Register, further details of which are provided in Chapter 8. Those details
together with the proposed scope, purpose, estimated program cost, and estimated cost of
work to complete the geotechnical assessment of the project under Key Stage 2 shall be
presented in a Statement of Intent. The format of the Statement of Intent is provided in
Appendix D. The Statement of Intent is intended to be a brief document; for many projects,
it could be a letter.

A Geotechnical Certificate (Appendix C) shall accompany the submission of the Statement of

Intent to the Overseeing Organization GA for their agreement before the DGA proceeds to
Key Stage 2.

The Statement of Intent may form part of any commissioning report that the designer
is required to produce on appointment. However, the Statement of Intent must still be
submitted to the Overseeing Organization GA as part of the certification process.

16 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

This page intentionally left blank.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 17

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

5 Key Stage 2: Geotechnical

Assessment

5.1 Overview
This chapter sets out requirements for the geotechnical assessment of a project under the
Geotechnical Certification process.

5.2 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2A: Preliminary Sources Study

A Preliminary Sources Study shall be completed as a matter of priority after project inception
and shall include a site reconnaissance covering project options. This study is important
because it provides information to the Overseeing Organization to use when assessing the
health and safety hazards and environmental aspects presented by a project, especially as
part of any initial route determination.

For Geotechnical Category 1 projects, the findings of the Preliminary Sources Study shall
normally form part of the Geotechnical Interpretative Report produced under Sub-stage 2D.
For all Geotechnical Category 2 and 3 projects, the findings of the study shall be presented
in a Preliminary Sources Study Report unless the Overseeing Organization agrees that
the details can be included in the Geotechnical Interpretative Report produced under Sub-
stage 2D.

The Preliminary Sources Study Report shall set out the geological, geotechnical,
geomorphological, hydrological, and geoenvironmental or contamination aspects of the
project site, as well as the historical development of the area and its potential impact on
the proposed project. The area under study should not be limited to the specific project
site boundary but should also include review of any ongoing or planned activities in the
surrounding plots which might affect the proposed project or vice versa. Based on this
information, the geotechnical category of the project shall be reviewed and confirmed or
amended as appropriate. Any amendment to the geotechnical category shall be agreed to
by the Overseeing Organization GA. The Preliminary Sources Study Report shall include a
preliminary engineering assessment of the project in relation to ground and groundwater
conditions of the area and other likely hazards to construction. The Preliminary Sources
Study Report shall also include a Geotechnical Risk Register (presented in Chapter 8). The
Geotechnical Risk Register should be an update of the register prepared for the Statement
of Intent. It should identify the risks and consequences to the project of the identified or
anticipated conditions, and should propose action to manage those risks.

The format for the Preliminary Sources Study Report is provided in Appendix E. A Geotechnical
Certificate shall accompany the submission of the Preliminary Sources Study Report to

18 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

the Overseeing Organization GA for their agreement. Further guidance on undertaking a

Preliminary Sources Study is presented in Volume 2, Part 15, Ground Investigations and
Aspects of Geotechnical Design, of this Manual.

5.3 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2B: Ground Investigation Proposals

When the initial project review and Preliminary Sources Study indicate that ground
investigation is required to provide information on the ground and groundwater conditions at
the site to appropriately manage identified geotechnical risks, the scope and methodology
of that investigation shall be developed by the DGA. The ground investigation proposals
shall cover both geotechnical and geoenvironmental aspects and may include geophysical
survey as required, and shall be presented in a Ground Investigation Proposals Report. The
report shall set out the objectives and emphasize any special problems to be investigated. It
should also identify project-specific aspects regarding health, safety, and the environment
that need to be considered. Details of the field and laboratory work shall be included in the
report, together with anticipated program costs.

The format for the Ground Investigations Proposals Report is provided in Appendix F.
A Geotechnical Certificate (Appendix C) shall accompany the submission of the Ground
Investigations Proposals Report to the Overseeing Organization GA for agreement before
the DGA proceeds with the ground investigation.

If further phases of ground investigation are required and undertaken at a later date, an
additional Ground Investigation Proposals Report shall be prepared and submitted.

Information regarding the specification for ground investigation and an example bill of
quantities are provided in Chapter 6 of Volume 2, Part 15, Ground Investigation and Aspects
of Geotechnical Design Guide, of this Manual.

5.4 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2C: Ground Investigation

The ground investigation fieldwork and laboratory testing shall be overseen by the DGA,
with day-to-day supervision led by a Geotechnical Specialist or Geotechnical Professional or
both, as appropriate to the project. The qualifications and experience required for those roles
are defined in Appendix A. The DGA’s site team shall undertake sample check logging for
verification of the ground investigation company’s exploratory hole records and also inspect
their fieldwork, sample or core storage, and laboratories. A report on the findings shall be
issued to the Overseeing Organization. The reports may take the form of a letter and be used
by the Overseeing Organization in its prequalification assessment of ground investigation
companies for future projects.

On completion of the ground investigation, the ground investigation company shall

present the exploratory hole records, the results of in situ and laboratory tests, and any
monitoring observations in a Ground Investigation Factual Report. The format for the Ground
Investigation Factual Report is provided in Appendix G. The report shall be reviewed by

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 19

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

the DGA’s team against its check logging and inspection records, together with applicable
specifications and standards, to confirm whether the required standards have been achieved.
Where a geophysical survey is undertaken, the findings of that work shall be reported in a
Geophysical Survey Report. The format for the Geophysical Survey Report is provided in
Appendix G. The report shall be reviewed by the DGA’s team against other investigations for
the site to assess the validity of interpretation made.

5.5 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2D: Geotechnical

Interpretative Report
The Geotechnical Interpretative Report shall set out the designer’s evaluation of the
geological, geotechnical, geomorphological, hydrological, and geoenvironmental or
contamination conditions at the site, along with any historical development, and will assess
the anticipated impacts on the proposed project. Based on this information, the geotechnical
category of the project shall be reviewed and confirmed or amended as appropriate. Any
amendment to the category shall be agreed to by the Overseeing Organization GA.

The Geotechnical Interpretative Report shall include an assessment of the engineering

properties of the soils and rock encountered during the ground investigation. It shall also
present the interpretation of site-wide geotechnical parameters and coefficients for use in
design. Where appropriate, location-specific geotechnical parameters and coefficients for
design of particular structures or earthworks or both might also be derived and presented.
The report will state the assumptions made in the interpretation of the test results and any
known limitations of the results. The report shall also include an engineering assessment
of the project in relation to ground and groundwater conditions of the area and other likely
hazards to construction. The Geotechnical Interpretative Report shall include a Geotechnical
Risk Register, updated from that prepared previously as part of the Preliminary Sources
Study Report, or the Statement of Intent when a Preliminary Sources Study Report was not
prepared.

The Geotechnical Risk Register shall identify the risks and consequences to the project of
the identified conditions and shall propose action to manage those risks.

The format for the Geotechnical Interpretative Report is provided in Appendix H. A

Geotechnical Certificate shall accompany and be appended to the Geotechnical Interpretative
Report to the Overseeing Organization GA for their agreement before the DGA proceeds
to Key Stage 3. The calculation sheets shall be carefully prepared to show the evaluation
methods used and shall be appended to the Geotechnical Interpretative Report.

20 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

This page intentionally left blank.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 21

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

6 Key Stage 3: Geotechnical

Design

6.1 Overview
This chapter sets out the requirements for reporting geotechnical design under the
Geotechnical Certification process.

6.2 Geotechnical Design

At the detailed design stage, the designer shall complete a Geotechnical Design Report that
presents in detail the design of the project’s geotechnical elements, making reference to the
ground model and engineering parameters derived in the Geotechnical Interpretative Report
and deriving and justifying location-specific parameters where required. The report shall set
out requirements for geotechnical inspection and monitoring works during and following
construction to assess ground/structure and ground/earthworks performance, and thereby
verify the geotechnical design or identify the need for remedial measures. This might include
further ground investigation work and the installation and monitoring of soils and rock
instrumentation. The report shall demonstrate how the risks identified in the Geotechnical
Risk Register have been managed.

The format for the Geotechnical Design Report is provided in Appendix I. In some
circumstances, and subject to the agreement of the Overseeing Organization GA, the
contents of the report might be incorporated with those of the Geotechnical Interpretative
Report, into a single combined Geotechnical Interpretative and Geotechnical Design Report.

A Geotechnical Certificate (Appendix C) shall accompany the submission of the Geotechnical

Design Report to the Overseeing Organization GA for agreement before construction
proceeds. If project amendments are made during design development and construction that
affect the geotechnical design, the Geotechnical Design Report shall be updated by way of a
revision to reflect those changes. Any such revision shall be submitted under cover of a new
Geotechnical Certificate to the Overseeing Organization GA.

The Geotechnical Design Report may be submitted in whole or in part, to suit the design
and construction program as agreed with the Overseeing Organization GA. Sections of
the Geotechnical Design Report shall be submitted 28 days before the programmed start
date of the work covered by the submission. This time limit may be amended by contract
documentation or with the agreement of the Overseeing Organization. No work covered
by the Geotechnical Design Report should be commenced by the contractor before the
Overseeing Organization GA accepts of the Geotechnical Design Report.

22 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

If a need arises for additional ground investigations during the course of a main works contract,
such as for contractor design elements of geotechnical works such as piles, reinforced earth,
soil nails, and ground improvement, or if the design is amended from that contained in the
certified Geotechnical Design Report, then the additional or amended work shall be subject
to Geotechnical Certification.

A Ground Investigations Proposals Report (Appendix F) covering the proposed work,

together with a Geotechnical Certificate (Appendix C), shall be submitted by the DGA to the
Overseeing Organization GA before additional ground investigation is performed. Following
the completion of the investigation and any design work, the Geotechnical Design Report shall
be updated to include the additional work and any amendment to the design, and submitted
under cover of a Geotechnical Certificate (Appendix C) to the Overseeing Organization GA.
In the Geotechnical Design Report, typed calculation sheets where necessary showing the
evaluation methods used, should be appended.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 23

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

7 Key Stage 4: Geotechnical

Observations and Feedback

7.1 Overview
This chapter sets out the requirements under the Geotechnical Certification process for
capturing information related to actual ground and groundwater conditions encountered
during construction and verification of geotechnical designs. The chapter also presents
the requirements for reporting on information collected so that lessons may be learned for
future projects.

7.2 Geotechnical Observations and Feedback

Throughout the construction of geotechnical works and any geotechnical post-construction
design verification monitoring and assessment, the DGA’s site supervision staff shall keep
records that shall be compiled and summarized in a Geotechnical Observations and Feedback
Report. The Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report should be ongoing throughout
construction and shall be submitted to the Overseeing Organization GA within 6 months of
project completion, along with a Geotechnical Certificate (Appendix C).

During the course of the construction, the DGA’s site supervision team should verify the
actual ground and groundwater conditions encountered against the interpreted ground
model used in geotechnical design. The conditions encountered should be recorded.
Significant differences between the actual conditions found and those expected that
require design changes shall be reported without delay to the Overseeing Organization GA.
Any such geotechnical problems and their solutions shall be recorded in the Geotechnical
Observations and Feedback Report.

The DGA’s site supervision staff shall review the materials used in the geotechnical works
for compliance with the design and specification. The compiled, summarized records shall be
presented in the Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report.

The Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report shall emphasize parts of the specification
or standards used that require review given problems encountered on-site. It shall also
address requirements for ongoing monitoring or abnormal maintenance requirements.

The format for the Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report is provided in Appendix J.

24 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

This page intentionally left blank.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 25

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

8 Geotechnical Risk Register and

Risk Assessment

8.1 Overview
A Geotechnical Risk Register is a tool for documenting perceived geotechnical risks and their
potential impact to a project. It also provides a means of recording the action that needs to be
taken to appropriately manage those risks and determine who is responsible for that action.
A Geotechnical Risk Register can be a straightforward document and a powerful means of
communicating risk and sharing information among the various organizations involved in
a project or within the same organization. The principles for preparing a Geotechnical Risk
Register and carrying out a geotechnical risk assessment are presented in this chapter.

8.2 Geotechnical Risk Register

8.2.1 Introduction
The preparation of a Geotechnical Risk Register consists of the following basic steps:

• Consider the geotechnical hazards known to exist or that may exist at the site.

• Identify the types of construction that the project will likely involve.

• Establish the nature of the risks that could be associated with the combination of the
ground conditions and the possible forms of construction.

• Scale or categorize the likelihood and consequence of the hazard to establish the
risk rating; for example, in terms of increase in cost or construction time. This is often
referred to as the risk analysis and is described in Clause 8.2.2 in this Part.

• On the basis of the risk rating, identify how and when (project stage) each risk can best
be managed and by whom.

The Geotechnical Risk Register should be reviewed at regular intervals with new risks added
and a record made of action taken.

Information on the soils and rocks in Qatar and some of the typical undesirable consequences
that they can cause can be found in Volume 2, Part 15, Ground Investigation and Aspects of
Geotechnical Design Guide, of this Manual.

The strategy for responding to geotechnical risks should occur in the following order:

1. Avoid the risk. For example, in the case of a bridge with spread foundations on loose
sands, move the road alignment so that the bridge is founded on dense sand deposits.

26 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

2. If unavoidable, transfer the risk. For example, in the case of a bridge with spread
foundations on loose sands, adopt pile foundations founding on bedrock.

3. If nontransferable, mitigate the risk. For example, in the case of a bridge with spread
foundations on loose sands, undertake ground treatment to improve the density of the
in situ soils.

4. If unable to mitigate, accept and manage the risk. For example, in the case of a bridge
abutment with pile foundations and an approach embankment on loose sands, accept
any ongoing differential settlement between the embankment and the bridge abutment
and undertake more frequent resurfacing works to make up levels.

Following this strategy, the geotechnical practitioner should establish the mitigation action
required against each of the identified hazards and enter the details in the Geotechnical Risk
Register.

8.2.2 Example Project

Following is a list of potential geotechnical hazards that might be identified for a road project
in Qatar:

• Loose sands
• High salt content soils
• Dissolution features

Whether the hazards translate into a risk will depend on such factors as these:

• Locations of earthworks or structures

• Type and depth of foundations
• Sensitivity of the earthwork or structure to settlement and differential movement
• Type of concrete used for foundations

A spread foundation for a bridge abutment might be considered risky if the founding soil is
loose sand, because the imposed bridge loading could cause unacceptably large settlement
of the sand. Figure 8.1 shows how the consequence—in this case, structural damage to the
bridge—depends on a number of factors including the project component, environment, and
nature of the undesirable event. Attention to some or all of the factors linking the hazard to
the consequence can reduce the risk. For example, by taking the bridge loads to underlying
bedrock using pile foundations, the loading and resulting settlement of the loose sand is
avoided.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 27

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Figure 8.1 Example Assessment of an Identified Hazard

8.3 Risk Assessment

The risk assessment can take the form of a quantitative assessment if appropriate data
are available, but adoption of a qualitative approach is more common. Examples of risk
scoring and risk matrix approaches to qualitative risk assessment are given in Managing
Geotechnical Risk (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2001) and Landslide Risk Assessment (Lee
and Jones, 2004).

Under the qualitative risk assessment, the identified project risks are classified according
to their severity by assigning a risk rating based on the risk’s likelihood of occurring and its
potential impact (otherwise referred to as consequence) on the project.

Table 8.1 defines the level of likelihood (from A to E). Table 8.2 presents the criteria used to
assign the level of consequence (from 1 to 5).

Table 8.1 Likelihood Criteria

Level of Risk
Likelihood Guidance
A Rare: less than 5% probability, or occurrence requires exceptional circumstances.

B Unlikely: 5% to 20% probability, or may occur but is not expected to.

C Possible: 20% to 70% probability, or may occur but a distinct probability it may not.

D Likely: greater than 70% probability or balance of probability it will occur.

E Almost certain: 99% probability.

28 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Table 8.2 Consequence Criteria

Level of Risk
Consequence Guidance
Negligible impact on project construction with no delays to the program and no
1
effect on the performance of the completed earthworks or structures.

Low adverse impact on project construction with minimal delays to the program and
2 minimal associated increased costs, and no significant effect on the performance of
the completed earthworks or structures.

Medium adverse impact on project construction with some delays to the program
3 and some associated increased costs, or possibly some performance of the
completed earthworks or structures outside serviceability limits, or both.

High adverse impact on project construction with substantial delays to the program
4 and substantial associated increased costs, or performance of the completed
earthworks or structures outside serviceability limits, or both.

Major adverse impact on project construction with extensive delays to the program
5 and high associated increased costs, or failure of the permanent earthworks or
structures, or both.

The risk rating is generated as a function of the likelihood and the consequence according
to the risk-rating matrix in Table 8.3. Table 8.4 presents indicative risk-rating implications.

Table 8.3 Risk-Rating Matrix

Consequence
Likelihood 1 2 3 4 5
A I I II III III
B I II II III IV
C II II III IV IV
D II III III IV IV
E III III IV IV IV

Table 8.4 Indicative Risk-Rating Implications

Risk Rating Indicative Risk Rating Implications

I Negligible Risk is usually accepted.

Consider need for investigation and assessment of the geotechnical hazard to

II Low facilitate geotechnical design. It may be that the risk is accepted subject to its
monitoring and management.

Detailed investigation and assessment of the geotechnical hazard required to

III Medium develop geotechnical works proposals and geotechnical design to reduce risk to
acceptable levels.

Extensive detailed investigation and assessment of the geotechnical hazard

IV High essential to develop geotechnical works proposals and geotechnical design to
reduce risk to acceptable levels.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 29

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

If the geotechnical practitioner identifies significant geotechnical risks that would normally
result in a risk rating of III (Medium) or IV (High), the information on those risks should be
passed to the Overseeing Organization’s project owner so that appropriate provision for the
risks may be made in the overarching project risk register.

8.4 Further Information and Geotechnical Risk Register

Template
Further information on geotechnical risk registers and risk analysis can be found in Managing
Geotechnical Risk (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2001). A geotechnical risk register template
that lists the most common geotechnical hazards in Qatar is provided in Appendix K. An
electronic copy of the template is available from the Overseeing Organization

Volume 2, Part 15, Ground Investigation and Aspects of Geotechnical Design Guide, of this
Manual provides information on the main soils and bedrock strata units encountered in Qatar
and the typical geotechnical hazards and risks they present.

30 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

This page intentionally left blank.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 31

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

References

Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS). Electronic Transfer of Geotechnical

and Geoenvironmental Data. 3.1 edition. Kent, England. 2005.

Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS). Electronic Transfer of Geotechnical

and Geoenvironmental Data. AGS4 Addendum 3. Kent, England. October 2011.

BS EN 1997-1:2004. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design—Part 1: General Rules. 2004 (incorporating

corrigendum February 2009). British Standards Institution: London, England. 2010.

BS EN ISO 22476-3:2005+A1:2011. Geotechnical Investigation and Testing—Field Testing—Part 3:

Standard Penetration Test. British Standards Institution: London, England. 2005.

Department for Transport. “Managing Geotechnical Risk.” Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 4
Section 1, Part 2. HD 22/08. UK Highways Agency: London, England. 2008.

Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). Inadequate Site Investigation. Thomas Telford: London, England. 1991.

Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). Managing Geotechnical Risk—Improving Productivity in UK Building and
Construction. Thomas Telford Ltd.: London, England. 2001.

Lee, E. M. and D. K. C. Jones. Landslide Risk Assessment. Thomas TelfordLtd.: London, England. 2004.

Scottish Development Department. Geotechnical Certification Procedures: Trunk Road Ground

Investigations. Technical Memorandum SH4/89. Road Directorate: Edinburgh, Scotland 1989.

Site Investigation Steering Group. Site Investigation in Construction Series: 1. Without Site Investigation
Ground is a Hazard. Thomas Telford Ltd.: London, England. 1993.

Tyrrell, A. P., L. M. Lake, and A. W. Parsons. An Investigation of the Extra Costs Arising on Highway
Contracts. Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) Supplementary Report 814. Transport
Research Laboratory: Berkshire, England. 1983.

32 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

This page intentionally left blank.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 33

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

34 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix A
Geotechnical Practitioner
Grades and their Definition,
and Routes to Becoming a
Geotechnical Advisor

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 35

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

36 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Table A.1 Geotechnical Practitioner Grades and Their Definitions

Title Definition
Geotechnical Advisor A Geotechnical Advisor will generally be a geotechnical engineer or an engineering
geologist and have at least 5 years of practice as a Geotechnical Specialist. This individual,
who may be a named person in an organization, advises the client or professional technical
advisor of the geotechnical requirements of the project and oversees the procurement and
interpretation of the necessary information and its validation during construction.

Geotechnical Specialist A Geotechnical Specialist will generally be a geotechnical engineer or an engineering

geologist. A Geotechnical Specialist should preferably have a masters/doctorate level degree
with ground engineering core subjects, a professional qualification (by examination) and at
least 3 years practice in ground engineering post-professional qualification.
A graduate with general experience requires five years of post-professional qualification
practice in ground engineering to compensate for a lack of formal education and training in
ground engineering.
Nongraduate routes require greater years practice in ground engineering as shown in
Figure A.1to compensate for a lack of formal education and training in ground engineering.

Geotechnical Professional A Geotechnical Professional will generally be a geotechnical engineer or an engineering

(Geotechnical Engineer/ geologist, recognizing the different but complementary roles they can impart through
Engineering Geologist) their knowledge and the skills. A Geotechnical Professional should preferably have a
masters or doctorate level degree with ground engineering core subjects and a professional
qualification (by examination). Nongraduate and nonprofessional qualification routes require
greater years practice in ground engineering as shown in Figure A.1 to compensate for a
lack of formal education and training in ground engineering.

Graduate/Assistant A graduate/assistant geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist will have a relevant

Geotechnical Engineer or degree in civil engineering, engineering geology or geology as appropriate.
Engineering Geologist

Geotechnician An individual with specific training and experience in the use of specialist equipment and
procedures for sampling, testing and monitoring.

Source: based on Site Investigation in Construction Series: 1. Without Site Investigation Ground is a Hazard (Site
Investigation Steering Group, 1993)

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 37

38
16
PART

Geotechnical Advisor a Academic Qualification

At Least 5 years practice as a Professional Qualification

Geotechnical Specialist
Practice Experience
a
Geotechnical Specialist

At least 3 years post-professional qualificationb At least 5 years of

At least 5 years of post-professional
post-Professional practice in ground engineering
qualification b practice in
Qualification b practice in ground engineering
ground engineering Geotechnical Professional a

VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

Obtain Professional Obtain Professional Obtain Professional Obtain Professional
Qualification b Qualification b Qualificationb Qualification b
GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT

At least 3 years At least 3 years post- At least 1 year

post-graduate practice graduate practice in ground post-graduate practice in At least 5 years At least 15 years At least 25 years
engineering c ground engineering c post-graduate practice in practice in ground practice in ground
ground engineering c engineering engineering

Masters level degree (typically 1 year course)

Masters level degree (typically 4year
or Doctorate level degree in geothechnical
course) in engineering or geology d
engineering or engineering geology d

Honors level degree in engineering School

or geology e

Notes
a. Operation at the stated level subject to evidence of competence to operate at that level.
b. Professional Qualification (by assessment of academic qualification(s), practice experience and competency) with International recognition conferring titles such as Chartered Civil
Engineer, Chartered Geologist or Professional Engineer.
c. Prior to attaining a Professional Qualification prefix terms such as Graduate or Assistant, Ground Engineer, Geotechnical Engineer or Engineering Geologist may be appropriate.
d. MSc/MEng/MRes courses with core subjects including geology, hydrogeology, rock mechanics, soil mechanics and foundation engineering.
e. Courses including BSc/ BEng Civil Engineering, BSc Geology, BSc Engineering Geology.
Source: based on Site Investigation in Construction Series: 1. Without Site Investigation Ground is a Hazard (Site Investigation Steering Group, 1993)

Figure A.1 Routes to Becoming a Geotechnical Advisor

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix B
Geotechnical Works
Checklist

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 39

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

40 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Geotechnical Works Check List

Consultant's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Project:
Date: Prepared by: Geotechnical Advisor
Tick the box adjacent to the item if the element is expected to be included in works
Bridges and tunnels
New bridge and foundations Modification to existing bridge and
New tunnel foundations Modification to existing tunnel
Retaining walls
Gravity retaining walls Cantilever retaining walls Reinforced earth retaining walls
Embedded/sheet pile retaining walls Gabion basket or crib walls/structures Other retaining walls
Gantries, signs, lighting, cameras
Advance directional signs Informational matrix signs
Road lighting CCTV/traffic cameras
Earthworks and slopes
Embankment construction Existing embankment modification Cutting construction (in soils)
Existing cutting (in soils) modification Rock cutting Rock slope modification or reinforcement
Rock fall protection measures Existing landslide
Carriageway Works
Excavation above sub-base level Excavation below sub-base level
Strengthened Earthworks
Soil nailed slopes Other reinforced soil slopes
Load transfer platforms Ground anchorages
Safety fencing and environmental barriers
Safety fencing (any type) Earth bunds Noise fences
Culverts, ducting, trenching and non-destructive road crossings
Culverts Ducting
Use of trenching techniques Use of non-destructive crossing techniques
Buried tanks and storage
Pollution control devices (e.g petrol interceptors) Fuel tanks
Temporary Works
Groundwater control or dewatering Temporary bridges Scaffold structures support or access
Haul roads and piling platforms Propping systems Excavations (>0.5m deep)
Other design or construction activity
Other design or construction activity. Give details below.

Geotechnical Advisor's comments and recommendations:

Geotechnical category assigned 0 1 2 3

Is Geotechnical Certification required? Yes No

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 41

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

42 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix C
Geotechnical Certificate

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 43

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

44 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Geotechnical Certificate

Consultant's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Project
Contract No. Date
Consultant
Contractor Geotechnical Advisor

GEOTECHNICAL CERTIFICATE
Certificate sequence number:
(* Delete as appropriate)

1 Introduction

We certify that the Geotechnical Reports*, Geotechnical Design Data*, Geotechnical Drawings* or Geotechnical Documents*
for the Geotechnical Activities listed in section 2 below have been prepared by us with reasonable professional skill, care and
diligence, and that in our opinion:

i constitute an adequate and economic geotechnical design for the project

ii solutions to all the reasonably foreseeable geotechnical risks have been incorporated

iii the work intended is accurately represented and conforms to the Employer's*/Client's* requirements

iv with the exception of any item listed below or appended overleaf, the documentation has been prepared in accordance
with the relevant standards from the Qatar Highway Design Manual

where the certificate is accompanying revision to design data already certified the following statement shall also be included:

v* *The design elements covered by this certificate are not detrimental to the design elements previously certified and not
amended by this certificate

2 List of Geotechnical Reports, Geotechnical Design Data, Geotechnical Drawing or Geotechnical Documents

3 Departures from Standards

List of any departures from relevant standards, if none write ‘none’

4* Incorporation of Geotechnical Data into construction details

*where the certificate is accompanying final design data the following statement shall also be included:
*The Geotechnical Reports, Geotechnical Design Data Drawings or Geotechnical Documents listed in Section 2 above
have been accurately translated onto the construction drawings or other design documents bearing the unique numbers
listed below/appended overleaf.

PAGE 1 OF 2

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 45

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Geotechnical Certificate

Consultant's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Project
Contract No. Date
Consultant
Contractor Geotechnical Advisor

GEOTECHNICAL CERTIFICATE
Certificate sequence number:

Signed: *Signed:
Designer (Designer’s Geotechnical Advisor) *Contractor (Agent or Contracts Director)

Name: *Name:

Date: *Date:

On behalf of: *On behalf of:

This Certificate is:

Accepted: The submission accompanying the Certificate is accepted

Accepted with comments: The submission accompanying the Certificate is generally acceptable but requires minor
amendments that can be addressed in subsequent revisions of the document

Not acceptable (returned with comments): The submission accompanying the Certificate is unacceptable and should be
revised and resubmitted.

Signed:

Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor

Name:

Date:

PAGE 2 OF 2

46 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix D
Statement of Intent

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 47

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

48 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Statement of Intent

Table D.1 is a contents list and a summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the
Statement of Intent. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where appropriate with
the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused headings shall not be
deleted but shall be recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

The Statement of Intent shall be provided in both hard and soft copy to the client. The soft copy of the
report shall be such that it can be opened by all versions of Acrobat. All drawings shall be in .DXF files.

Table D.1 Statement of Intent Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section No. Heading Topics to be Described under Section Heading

TITLE SHEET AND CONTENTS The name of the project, details of the authorship, and the version
number of the report. The version number and date of the report
should be clearly placed on every page of the report. The contents of all
volumes should be listed in the front of each volume with the contents
of the particular volume highlighted. No company-specific disclaimers
should be included within or attached to the report.

1 PROJECT Project title and details of project, key plan.

2 OBJECTIVES Objectives of the project and the proposed geotechnical studies.

3 EXISTING INFORMATION Summary of existing information that has been identified to date.

4 GEOTECHNICAL RISK Preliminary summary of the geotechnical risks envisaged based on an

understanding of the project objectives and the available information.
An initial Geotechnical Risk Register.

5 PROPOSED STUDIES AND Outline of the proposed studies and investigations that are to be
INVESTIGATIONS undertaken to appropriately manage the geotechnical risks and achieve
Geotechnical Certification.

6 SPECIALIST CONSULTATION Details of any consultations required with reasons.

7 PROGRAM An initial estimate of program of work involved in undertaking the

anticipated studies and reports to the end of Key Stage 2—Geotechnical
Assessment, which could include:
Preliminary sources study and Preliminary Sources Study Report
where appropriate
Ground Investigations Proposals Report
Ground investigation works and associated factual reporting
Geotechnical Interpretative Report.
Each stage may well influence the work required in later stages and
therefore the program will need to be kept under review and advised to
the Overseeing Organization regularly in separate documentation.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 49

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

50 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix E
Preliminary Sources Study
Report

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 51

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

52 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Preliminary Sources Study Report

Table E.1 is a contents list and a summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the Preliminary
Sources Study Report. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where appropriate with
the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused headings shall not be
deleted but shall be recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

The Preliminary Sources Study Report shall be provided in both hard and soft copy to the client. The soft
copy of the report shall be such that it can be opened by all versions of Acrobat. All drawings shall be in
.DXF files.

Table E.1 Preliminary Sources Study Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
TITLE SHEET AND The name of the project, details of the authorship and the version number of
CONTENTS the report. The version number and date of the report should be clearly placed
on every page of the report. The contents of all volumes should be listed in the
front of each volume with the contents of the particular volume highlighted. No
company-specific disclaimers should be included within or attached to the report.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project title and details of project, key plan.

2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Project title Provide details.

2.2 Description of project Provide specific description.

2.3 Scope and objectives of Provide specific description.

the report

2.4 Location and extent of This should be supported by a project location plan.
the study area

3 SOURCES OF Under separate headings as appropriate, summarize the enquiries made and the
INFORMATION sources used for gathering geotechnical, historical and other general information
relevant to the project area. Nil or negative responses should also be reported.
The details of all enquiries are to be described in later sections of the report.

4 INVESTIGATIONS AND
STUDIES

4.1 Previous ground Summaries the scope of previous ground investigations and studies in or
investigations and immediately adjoining the project area. Previous exploratory hole locations should
geotechnical studies be shown on a general plan of the site.

4.2 on Titles as appropriate Under separate headings as appropriate, describe any field activities
undertaken for the preliminary sources study such as a site reconnaissance,
geomorphological/geological mapping, preliminary ground investigations or
geophysical surveys, hydrological studies, topographical or photographic surveys.

5 SITE CONDITIONS General note: Under the section headings below, describe and assess the
particular topic based on the available information. The available data should be
summarized and presented on a series of plans and sections as appropriate in
support of the report text for ease of reference and understanding.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 53

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Table E.1 Preliminary Sources Study Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
5.1 Site description This section should normally be supported by a general plan showing site
features and site photographs of important points of interest.

5.2 Geology Known or anticipated solid geology (bedrock), geological structure and soils,
including made ground. The soils and rocks at the site should be classified into
appropriate groups for discussion of their properties in Section 6.

5.3 Hydrology and Provide specific description.

hydrogeology

5.4 Historical development Chronological description of past historical use and development at the site as
and manmade features identified from historical editions of maps, aerial photographs, as-built records and
other pertinent sources of information. The section should include the details of
services at the site.

5.5 Geoenvironmental and Provide specific description.

possible contamination
issues

5.6 Other environmental Provide specific description.

considerations

6 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

6.1 on Titles as appropriate Under separate headings for the identified soils and rock groups known or
expected at the site describe their composition and provide a preliminary
assessment of the engineering properties appropriate for use in preliminary
design work together with a summary tables of the values.

7 PRELIMINARY General note: Under separate headings as appropriate, make a preliminary

ENGINEERING assessment of the anticipated impact of the known or expected ground and
ASSESSMENT groundwater conditions, materials properties and historical development and
services on the design and construction of all project options. This should include
consideration of structures and earthworks locations, earthworks acceptability
criteria, groundwater, likely difficulties and problems, areas/features to be
avoided. Section headings will typically include those listed below.

7.1 Soils and rock For each soil and rock group as defined in Section 5.2 of the report.

7.2 Cuttings Side slopes (short- and long-term), potential acceptability of materials for reuse,
merits of special drainage or ground treatment, swelling problems.

7.3 Embankments Side slopes, characteristics and restrictions on use of particular soils, plant use
options, drainage requirements, founding stratum treatment.

7.4 Subgrade Likely California bearing ratio values for cutting areas and for potential fill
materials in embankments, capping layers and availability of material, drainage
requirements.

7.5 Structure foundations Alternative types of foundation likely to be applicable, estimates of bearing
pressures and settlements, groundwater, problem areas/strata, potential
construction difficulties.

7.6 Soil chemistry/ Known or expected soil and groundwater chemistry with regard to aggressive
contaminated land ground and concrete durability. Possibility of harmful elements present in soil or
groundwater and implications of these on health and safety. Scope for the reuse
of marginal/recycled material within the works.

54 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Table E.1 Preliminary Sources Study Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
7.5 Existing geotechnical For example slope failures, slopes with marginal factors of safety, solution
problems features, underground voids, very soft/highly compressible soils.

7.6 Historical development Effects of manmade obstacles/site history.

7.7 Utility services Impact of existing or planned utility services.

8 GEOTECHNICAL RISK

8.1 Geotechnical category of Review of the geotechnical category of the project based on the study findings.
project

8.2 Seismic category of Provide specific description.

project

8.3 Geotechnical risk register An updated Geotechnical Risk Register, in which the risks of the identified
hazards are assessed, the consequences of those risks to the project determined,
and details of how the risks are to be managed given. This should take account of
all geotechnical, geo-environmental, historical, and other factors discovered which
are likely to influence the project, such as routes, alignment, health and safety
or buildability. A statement of the preferred routes/options (on geotechnical
grounds) should be given if appropriate.

9 CITED REFERENCES Provide details.

AND OTHER
REFERENCES

— APPENDIXES Appendixes as required with information supporting the report text.

— PHOTOGRAPHS Photographs both ground and air obtained for the study should be reproduced
and referenced to the site plan.

— DRAWINGS Drawings typically including:

Project Location Plan, usually 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scale or possible use of
satellite imagery where appropriate.
Project Plan, usually 1:10,000 scale or possible use of satellite imagery where
appropriate. Include where appropriate with study limits and project options.
This information may be included on the General Plan instead.
General Plan, scale and number of drawings to suit the project. Showing the site
features and existing exploratory holes locations.
Site History Plan, scale and number of drawings to suit the project. Showing the
historical development and manmade features.
Other Plans, such as geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, identified hazards
including contaminated ground where appropriate.
Sections, where appropriate showing the existing or proposed project features if
known, geology (soils and rock strata), and groundwater.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 55

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

56 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix F
Ground Investigation
Proposals Report

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 57

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

58 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Ground Investigations Proposals Report

Table F.1 is a contents list and a summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the
Ground Investigations Proposal Report. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where
appropriate with the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused
headings shall not be deleted but recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

Table F.1 Ground Investigations Proposals Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
TITLE SHEET AND The name of the project, details of the authorship and the version number of the
CONTENTS report. The version number and date of the report should be clearly placed on every
page of the report. The contents of all volumes should be listed in the front of each
volume with the contents of the particular volume highlighted. No company-specific
disclaimers should be included within or attached to the report.
1 OBJECTIVES AND For example: To provide information to confirm and amplify the geotechnical and
FORMAT OF ANY geomorphological findings of the Preliminary Sources Study, as reported separately,
INVESTIGATION and to obtain detailed knowledge of the soils and rocks encountered and their likely
behavior and acceptability. To ascertain groundwater conditions and locations of
underground voids, if any. Also, define the limits of work envisaged.
2 SPECIAL For example: Location of structures. Subsoil conditions below areas of high
PROBLEMS TO BE embankment. Underground voids, aquifers and likely water-bearing strata affecting
INVESTIGATED the works. Rock stability problems. Effects on adjacent properties. Any manmade
features to be encountered. Contaminated ground.
3 PROPOSED Fieldwork: Details of exploratory work proposed for specific areas with reasons for
INVESTIGATION choice of investigatory method, covering the type of exploratory holes/investigative
method, soil and rock sampling and in situ testing. Summarized in tables.
Laboratory work: Details of proposals with reasons for choice of test and relevance to
design. Summarized in tables. Requirement for the ground investigation factual data
to be supplied in digital form to Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Specialists (AGS) Format.
4 SITE AND WORKING For example: Traffic management, difficult access, utility companies’ plant and
RESTRICTIONS equipment. Ground Investigation Company to obtain “No Objection Certificates.”
5 SPECIALIST Details and reasons if proposed.
CONSULTATION
6 PROGRAM, COST, Anticipated start dates, contract periods, restrictions on program, cost estimates for
AND CONTRACT ground investigation. Arrangements for contract work and supervision of contract.
ARRANGEMENTS
7 REPORTING Requirements for reporting of the ground investigation.
8 CITED REFERENCES Provide details.
AND OTHER
REFERENCES
— DRAWINGS Drawings typically including:
Project Location Plan, usually 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scale or possible use of satellite
imagery where appropriate.
Ground Investigation Proposals Plan, scale, and number of drawings to suit the
project. Showing the proposed locations of the various types of exploratory holes
proposed and any geophysical survey arrays. For clarity, it is preferable to avoid use
of generic borehole numbers; for example, BH1, and to use project-specific unique
exploratory hole reference numbers; for example, a borehole for a road project
between Doha and Lusail widening the highway might be DLW-BH1.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 59

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

60 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix G
Ground Investigation
Factual Report and
Geophysical Survey Report

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 61

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

62 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Ground Investigation Factual Report

Table G.1 is a contents list and a summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the Ground
Investigations Factual Report. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where appropriate
with the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused headings shall not
be deleted but shall be recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

The Ground Investigation Factual Report shall be provided in both hard and soft copy to the client. The soft
copy of the report shall be such that it can be opened by all versions of Acrobat. The Ground Investigation
factual details shall be provided in AGS format data files (refer to Volume 2 Part 15, Geotechnical
Investigation and Aspects of Geotechnical Design Guide, Section 9.3 Electronic Transfer of Geotechnical
Data), of this Manual, and gINT files, duly verified. All drawings shall be in .DXF files.

Table G.1 Ground Investigation Factual Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
TITLE SHEET AND The name of the project, details of the authorship and the version number of
CONTENTS the report. The version number and date of the report should be clearly placed
on every page of the report. The contents of all volumes should be listed in the
front of each volume with the contents of the particular volume highlighted. No
company-specific disclaimers should be included within or attached to the report.
1 INTRODUCTION This should state briefly the nature of the project for which the ground
investigation was undertaken, the company undertaking it, the client, this is
the Overseeing Organization, the name of any consultant who commissioned or
directed the work on behalf of the Overseeing Organization.
2 OBJECT AND SCOPE The purpose of the investigation should be explained briefly and the brief for the
OF THE GROUND work referred to, preferably including it as an appendix. The section should make
INVESTIGATION clear whether the report contains only the factual data or is combined, or should
be read in conjunction, with other geotechnical reports such as those dealing
with specialist testing or geophysics. The arrangements for quality assurance of
data and auditing should be explained. The responsibility for the interpretative
assignment of litho-stratigraphical names in exploratory hole records and the like
should be defined.
3 REPORT STRUCTURE This section should explain the structure of the report, where the descriptive
sections and factual data are to be found and should draw attention to any
general notes that accompany the report.
4 THE SITE This section should describe the location of the project relative to larger features
such as centers of population. The national grid reference at the center or
extremities of the project should be given to the nearest 100 m and a Project
Location Plan (typically of scale 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 or possible use of satellite
imagery where appropriate) included. The project should be described, noting its
size, shape and location relative to any roads and access. The site topography,
locations of any buildings or other features (actual presence of or any evidence
of) which may affect the project should also be described.
5 FIELDWORK Under separate headings as appropriate, this section should describe the
PROCEDURE procedures followed in undertaking the ground investigation including
commissioning, and the Codes of Practice and any other procedural guidelines
under which the work was undertaken. It should be followed by a description
of each type of exploratory hole undertaken and include reference numbers,
locations (as grid references) and elevations. The range of depths to which

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 63

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Table G.1 Ground Investigation Factual Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
each hole was taken and the dates over which the work was done should also
be included. Any supplementary references which define procedures for each
investigation technique and references appropriate to interpretation should be
given. Notes on constraints on access and the limitations these imposed on the
technique used should be given together with any limitations on penetration
which each technique may have experienced. Details of any nonintrusive ground
investigation using geophysical techniques should also be either reported or
presented in a separate report (see Table G.2). The locations of the exploratory
holes and details of the geophysical testing arrays should be presented on site
plans.
The sampling strategy should be stated, the types of samples taken stated and
their transportation and storage described.
Groundwater conditions encountered during the ground investigation should
also be presented. A description of any instrumentation installed and its purpose
should also be given. The results of any monitoring of instrumentation should
also be described and the location of the records within the report identified.
6 IN SITU TESTING Under separate headings as appropriate this section should describe the in situ
tests undertaken with reference to the relevant standards or published methods
used. Calibration certificates for standard penetration test equipment should also
be provided (for further information, refer to British Standard BS EN ISO 22476-
3 (BS EN ISO 22476-3:2005+A1:2011). Reference should also be made to the
locations within the report where the test results are presented, for example on
the borehole record where relevant and in summary tables in an appendix.
7 LABORATORY Under separate headings as appropriate, this section should state who devised
TESTING the schedule of laboratory tests on the samples taken and to what standard the
testing was undertaken. The accreditation status of each test performed by the
laboratory should be stated, where this is required.
The type of test, the numbers undertaken and the relevant test reference
number should be given. The test results should be presented in an appendix or
appendixes to the report with presentation of all the details and graphs required
by the standard to which the tests were carried out. The test results should be
tabulated, either based on material type or the test type as appropriate.
Where chemical or microbiological testing to determine the presence and scale
of any contaminants has been undertaken this should be reported. The test
procedure used for each contaminant determination should be stated together
with the method detection limit and the accuracy of the test. The test results
should be reported in an appropriate tabular form and presented in an appendix
to the report.
8 CITED REFERENCES Provide details.
AND OTHER
REFERENCES
— DRAWINGS Drawings typically including:
Project Location Plan, usually 1:50,000 or 1:125,000 scale or possible use of
satellite imagery where appropriate.
Ground Investigation Layout Plan, scale and number of drawings to suit the
project. Showing the locations of the various types of exploratory holes and any
geophysical survey arrays.

64 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Geophysical Survey Report

Table G.2 is a contents list and summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the
Geophysical Survey Report. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where appropriate
with the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused headings shall not
be deleted but shall be recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

The Geophysical Survey Report shall be provided in both hard and soft copy to the client. The soft copy
of the report shall be such that it can be opened by all versions of Acrobat. The raw data shall be provided
in soft copy to the client. All drawings shall be in .DXF files.

Table G.2 Geophysical Survey Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
TITLE SHEET AND The name of the project, details of the authorship and the version number of the
CONTENTS report. The version number and date of the report should be clearly placed on every
page of the report. The contents of all volumes should be listed in the front of each
volume with the contents of the particular volume highlighted. No Company specific
disclaimers should be included within or attached to the report.
1 INTRODUCTION This should state briefly the nature of the project for which the geophysical survey
was undertaken, the company undertaking it, the client, this is the Overseeing
Organization, the name of any consultant who commissioned or directed the work
on behalf of the Overseeing Organization.
2 OBJECT AND SCOPE The purpose of the geophysical survey should be explained briefly and the brief for
OF THE GEOPHYSICAL the work referred to, preferably including it as an appendix. The arrangements for
SURVEY quality assurance of data and auditing should be explained. The responsibility for
the interpretative assignment of litho-stratigraphical names in records and the like
should be defined.
3 REPORT STRUCTURE This section should explain the structure of the report, where the descriptive
sections and factual data are to be found and should draw attention to any general
notes that accompany the report.
4 THE SITE This section should describe the location of the project relative to larger features
such as centers of population. The national grid reference at the center or
extremities of the project should be given to the nearest 100 m and a Project
Location Plan (typically of scale 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 or possible use of satellite
imagery where appropriate) included. The project should also be described, noting
its size, shape and location relative to any roads and access. The site topography,
locations of any buildings or other features (actual presence of or any evidence of)
which may affect the project should also be described.
5 FIELDWORK Under separate headings as appropriate, this section should describe the procedures
PROCEDURE AND followed in undertaking the geophysical surveys, the methods used and limitations
RESULTS affecting the results obtained, on-site instrument calibrations or checks of
equipment performance, description of the measurement stations, line spacings, or
arrays used, interpretation of the findings, and the likely causes of any anomalies
identified in the data.
6 CITED REFERENCES Provide details.
AND OTHER
REFERENCES
— DRAWINGS Drawings typically including:
Project Location Plan, usually 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scale or possible use of
satellite imagery where appropriate.
Geophysical survey investigation Layout Plan, locations of test points and testing
arrays, scale and number of drawings to suit the project. Mapping and profiling
surveys results and associated interpretation overlain on survey plan.
— APPENDIXES Copy of site log book.
Calibration certificates and serial numbers of the instruments used.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 65

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

66 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix H
Geotechnical Interpretative
Report

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 67

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

68 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Geotechnical Interpretative Report

TableH.1 is a contents list and summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the Geotechnical
Interpretative Report. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where appropriate with
the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused headings shall not be
deleted but shall be recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

The Geotechnical Interpretative Report shall be provided in both hard and soft copy to the client. The soft
copy of the report shall be such that it can be opened by all versions of Acrobat. All drawings shall be in
.DXF files.

Table H.1 Geotechnical Interpretative Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
TITLE SHEET AND CONTENTS The name of the project, details of the authorship and the version number
of the report. The version number and date of the report should be clearly
placed on every page of the report. The contents of all volumes should
be listed in the front of each volume with the contents of the particular
volume highlighted. No company-specific disclaimers should be included
within or attached to the report.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Provide specific description.
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Project title Provide details.
2.2 Description of project Provide specific description.
2.3 Scope and objectives of the Provide specific description.
report
2.4 Site description Description of the location of the site and of the features present
supported by a project location plan and project plans.
2.5 Site history Chronological description of past historical use and development at the site
as identified from historical editions of maps, aerial photographs, as-built
records and other pertinent sources of information, supported by plans
summarizing site history.
2.6 Previous ground investigations Summary of the scope of these.
and geotechnical studies
2.7 Other relevant information May include natural cavities, landslides, erosion and deposition, seismic.
3 FIELD AND LABORATORY This section summarizes the investigations carried out specifically for the
STUDIES project.
3.1 Walkover inspection survey Provide specific description.
3.2 Topographical surveys Provide specific description.
3.3 Geomorphological/geological If carried out provide specific description.
mapping
3.4 Ground Investigations Description of fieldwork; exploratory holes, soils and rock sampling, in situ
testing including any geophysical surveys. Description of laboratory soils
and rock testing including any contaminant chemical testing.
3.5 Instrumentation monitoring Description of observations of instrumentation installed at the site.
3.6 Drainage studies If carried out provide specific description.
3.7 Pile tests If carried out provide specific description.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 69

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Table H.1 Geotechnical Interpretative Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
3.8 Other fieldwork Provide specific description.
4 SITE CONDITIONS This section describes the designer’s summary interpretation of the
results of the investigations carried out in Section 3 of the report. The
Site Conditions section should be appropriately sectioned and should
provide the summary interpretation on the topography geology, hydrology,
hydrogeology, geomorphology, manmade features and historical
development of the project. This should be supported by plans and
sections. If appropriate, a general ground model to be used for design
should be presented for the site.
4.1 Geology Description of the solid geology (bedrock), geological structure and soils
including made ground based on published information and the results of
historic and the current ground investigation. The soils and rocks at the
site should be classified into appropriate groups for discussion of their
properties in Section 5 of the report.
4.2 Hydrology and hydrogeology Including description of any groundwater monitoring observations.
4.3 Historical development and Provide specific description.
manmade features
4.4 Geoenvironmental and Provide specific description.
contamination issues
4.5 Other environmental Provide specific description.
considerations
5 GROUND CONDITIONS AND
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
5.1 on Titles as appropriate The designer’s evaluation of the ground conditions and the site global
material properties with a full justification for the parameters for use in
geotechnical design. Under separate headings for the identified soils and
rock groups at the site describe their properties and provide an assessment
of values of the engineering properties with summary tables of the values.
This section should also cover groundwater and soils chemistry in relation
to aggressive ground and concrete durability and where appropriate
the assessment of soils contamination. This section should normally be
supported by tables and graphs summarizing the results of the in situ and
laboratory tests and their interpretation, presented in an appendix.
6 ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT For some projects, an initial engineering assessment will have been
made as part of a Preliminary Sources Study Report. In those cases, that
engineering assessment should be developed in the light of the further
geotechnical studies and ground investigation undertaken. Under separate
headings as appropriate, this section presents the assessment of the
impact of the ground and groundwater conditions, materials properties and
historical development and services on the design and construction of the
project. This should include consideration of structures and earthworks
locations, earthworks acceptability criteria, groundwater, likely difficulties
and problems, areas or features to be avoided. Section headings will
typically include those listed below.
6.1 Soils and rock For each soil and rock group as defined in Section 4 of the report.
6.2 Cuttings Side slopes (short- and long-term stability), acceptability of materials for
reuse, merits of special drainage or ground treatment, swelling problems.

70 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Table H.1 Geotechnical Interpretative Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
6.3 Embankments Side slopes (short- and long-term stability), characteristics and restrictions
on use of particular soils, plant use options, drainage requirements,
foundation treatment.
6.4 Subgrade California Bearing Ratio values for cutting areas and for fill materials
in embankments, capping layers and availability of material, drainage
requirements.
6.5 Structure foundations Foundation needs, estimates of bearing pressures and settlements,
groundwater, problem areas or strata, potential construction difficulties.
6.6 Soil chemistry/contaminated Assessment of soil and groundwater chemistry with regard to aggressive
land ground and concrete durability. Assessment of harmful elements present in
soil or groundwater and implications of these on health and safety. Scope
for the reuse of marginal or recycled material within the works.
6.7 Existing geotechnical problems For example, slope failures, slopes with marginal factors of safety, solution
features, underground voids, very soft or highly compressible soils.
6.8 Historical development Effects of manmade obstacles and site history.
6.9 Utility services Impact of existing or planned utility services.
7 GEOTECHNICAL RISK
7.1 Geotechnical category of Review of the geotechnical category of the project based on the
project investigation findings.
7.2 Seismic category of project Review of the seismic zone appropriate to the project and associated
seismic loadings to be used in design together with ground risks associated
with a seismic event.
7.3 Geotechnical risk register Updated Geotechnical Risk Register in which the risks of identified hazards
are assessed, the consequences of these risks to the project determined,
and details of how the risks are to be managed given. This should take
account all geotechnical, geoenvironmental, historical, and other factors
discovered that are likely to influence the project design, health and safety
or buildability.
8 CITED REFERENCES AND Provide details.
OTHER REFERENCES
— APPENDIXES Appendixes as required with information supporting the report text.
— PHOTOGRAPHS Photographs both ground and air obtained for the study should be
reproduced and referenced to the site plan.
— DRAWINGS Drawings typically including:
Project Location Plan, usually 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scale or possible use
of satellite imagery where appropriate.
Project Plan, usually 1:10,000 scale or possible use of satellite imagery
where appropriate. Include where appropriate with study limits and
project options. This information may be included on the General Plan
instead.
General Plan, scale, and number of drawings to suit the project, showing
the site features and exploratory holes locations.
Site History Plan, scale, and number of drawings to suit the project,
showing the historical development and manmade features.
Other Plans, such as geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, identified
hazards, including contaminated ground where appropriate.
Sections, where appropriate, showing existing or proposed project
features if known, geology (soils and rock strata) and groundwater.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 71

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

72 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix I
Geotechnical Design Report

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 73

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

74 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Geotechnical Design Report

Table I.1 is a contents list and a summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the
Geotechnical Design Report. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where appropriate
with the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused headings shall not
be deleted but be recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

The report should include full details of the interpretation of design data, justification for the design, and
layout drawings of the works. The report is subdivided into sections on cuttings, embankments, structures
and strengthened earthworks, and should be further subdivided for each unique earthwork or structure.
Drainage design relevant to earthworks and subgrade design should be included. For larger projects, the
designer is encouraged to submit this report in parts to suit the design and construction program for the
works. Discussion of potential contamination and proposed remediation requirements should be included.
The report should include proposals for geotechnical supervision and monitoring of construction. Items
that require checking during or maintenance following construction should be clearly identified.

The Geotechnical Design Report shall be provided in both hard and soft copy to the client. The soft copy
of the report shall be such that it can be opened by all versions of Acrobat. All drawings shall be in .DXF
files. All layers of drawings to be provided.

Table I.1 Geotechnical Design Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
— TITLE SHEET AND The name of the project, details of the authorship and the version number
CONTENTS of the report. The version number and date of the report should be clearly
placed on every page of the report. The contents of all volumes should be
listed in the front of each volume with the contents of the particular volume
highlighted. No company-specific disclaimers should be included within or
attached to the report.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project title Provide details.
1.2 Description of project Provide specific description.
1.3 Scope and objectives of the Provide specific description.
report
1.4 Project previous reports Provide specific description.
2 EARTHWORKS
2.1 Cutting stability Full details of the methods of analysis, soil parameters, drainage, slope
angles, California bearing ratio and other considerations. Summary of design
including location, side slopes, maximum and typical depths, relevant ground
investigation, assumed soil strata and groundwater conditions, earthworks,
drainage requirements and pavement design. This may be either tabulated or
submitted as a series of summary forms.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 75

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Table I.1 Geotechnical Design Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
2.2 Embankment stability Full details of the methods of analysis, soil parameters, drainage, slope
angles, California bearing ratio and other considerations. Summary of design
including location, side slopes, maximum and typical depths, relevant ground
investigation, assumed soil strata and groundwater conditions, predicted
settlements, earthworks, drainage requirements, and pavement design. This
may be either tabulated or submitted as a series of summary forms.
2.3 Reuse of materials Discussion of potential for reuse of excavated material and appropriate
earthworks acceptability criteria.
3 STRENGTHENED Under separate headings as appropriate, for each strengthened earthwork
EARTHWORKS provide full details of the method of analysis and soil parameters assumed
in design. Summary of design including allowable bearing pressures,
settlement, differential settlement, and protection against chemical attack
to be provided. This information may be either tabulated or submitted as a
series of summary forms.
4 ROAD STRUCTURES Under separate headings as appropriate, for each road structure type
provide full details of the method of analysis and soil parameters assumed in
design of foundations and retaining elements. Summary of design including
allowable bearing pressures, pile capacity, earth pressures, differential
settlement, and protection against chemical attack to be provided for each
structure. This information may be either tabulated or submitted as a series
of summary forms.
5 DRAINAGE Under separate headings as appropriate, details of how the drainage design
will address the groundwater conditions and how groundwater risks are to
be managed.
6 SUBGRADE AND CAPPING Details of method of assessment, soil parameters, groundwater assumptions.
7 ASSESSMENT OF
AGGRESSIVE GROUND
AND POTENTIAL
CONTAMINATION
7.1 Aggressive ground Summary of the extent of testing for the assessment of aggressive ground,
conclusions of the assessment, concrete design requirements.

7.2 Potential contamination Summary of the extent of the contamination testing that has been
undertaken. Description of the liaison that has been undertaken with the
statutory authorities and the scope of risk assessments carried out to
comply with regulatory authorities requirements. This section is to include
a summary of the current status with regards to regulatory approval and
should record the acceptance of these risk assessments by the statutory
body. Summary of the findings and conclusions of the risk assessments
including the site remediation requirements that have been agreed with
regulatory authorities should be included. This section should include any
restrictions placed on the chemical content of materials to be used in the
works; that is, what is acceptable to leave on the site and what must be
removed. Details of contaminated materials to be removed from site.
8 SEISMIC ASSESSMENT Provide specific description.
9 GROUND TREATMENT Provide specific description.
INCLUDING TREATMENT
OF ANY UNDERGROUND
VOIDS
10 SPECIFICATION Provide details.
APPENDIXES

76 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Table I.1 Geotechnical Design Report Contents List and Topics to be Described

Section
No. Heading Notes on Topics to be Described under Section Heading
11 INSTRUMENTATION AND
MONITORING
11.1 Full details of purpose, Provide specific description.
installation requirements,
restrictions and frequency
of readings
11.2 Use of observational Predicted and critical readings and restrictions on work.
methods and controls.
11.3 Pile testing requirements If required provide specific description.
11.4 Other testing requirements If required provide specific description.
12 CITED REFERENCES AND Provide details.
OTHER REFERENCES
— APPENDIXES Appendixes as required with information supporting the report text.
— DRAWINGS Copies of geotechnical design drawings.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 77

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

78 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix J
Geotechnical Observations
and Feedback Report

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 79

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

80 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Format of Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report

Table J.1 is a contents list and summary of the matters to be covered under the headings in the Geotechnical
Observations and Feedback Report. Additional headings to those listed below may be inserted where
appropriate with the agreement of the Overseeing Organization Geotechnical Advisor (GA). Unused
headings shall not be deleted but recorded as “Not used” at the end of the heading.

The Ground Observations and Feedback Report shall be provided in both hard and soft copy to the client.
The soft copy of the report shall be such that it can be opened by all versions of Acrobat. The in situ
investigation, monitoring, and laboratory factual details shall be provided in AGS format data files (refer to
Volume 2 Part 15, Ground Investigation and Aspects of Geotechnical Design Guide, Section 9.3 Electronic
Transfer of Geotechnical Data, of this Manual) AGS and gINT files, duly verified. All drawings shall be in
.DXF files.

Table J.1 Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report Contents List and Topics to be
Described
Section Notes on Topics to be Described under Section
No. Heading Heading
— TITLE SHEET AND CONTENTS The name of the project, details of authorship, and the
version number of the report. The version number and date
of the report should be clearly placed on every page of the
report. The contents of all volumes should be listed in the
front of each volume with the contents of the particular
volume highlighted. No company-specific disclaimers should
be included within or attached to the report.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project title Provide details.
1.2 Description of project Provide specific description.
1.3 Scope and objectives of the report Provide specific description.
1.4 Limits of the area covered by the report Provide specific description.

1.5 Bibliography of project-specific geotechnical Provide specific description.

reports
1.6 Other relevant information Provide specific description.

2 EARTHWORKS
2.1 General description of the earthworks Provide specific description.
2.2 Problems not envisage in the original design Provide specific description.
and solutions.
2.3 Weather conditions Provide specific description.
2.4 Application of acceptability criteria Provide specific description.
2.5 Haul conditions and types of plant used Provide specific description.
2.6 Comparison of predicted and actual quantities Provide specific description.
of acceptable and unacceptable material
2.7 Topsoil and planting Provide specific description.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 81

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Table J.1 Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report Contents List and Topics to be
Described
Section Notes on Topics to be Described under Section
No. Heading Heading
2.8 Details of any validation Reports prepared to demonstrate compliance with the
site remediation strategy and the requirements of the
regulatory bodies.
3 CUTTINGS
3.1 Cuttings For each cutting, location of materials excavated and their
subsequent destination in the works, with dates.*
3.2 Plant used and details of problems Provide specific description.
encountered
3.3 Instability problems and unusual ground Provide specific description.
conditions
3.4 Groundwater conditions and problems and Provide specific description.
drainage measures to overcome them.
3.5 Contaminated and hazardous material Provide specific description.
encountered on site and the location of
disposal, both on-site and off-site
4 EMBANKMENTS
4.1 Embankment For each embankment, source and location of all material
placed (with dates).*
4.2 Plant used and details of problems Provide specific description.
encountered
4.3 Instability problems and unusual ground Provide specific description.
conditions
4.4 Foundation treatment, including drainage Provide specific description.
measures and treatment of soft areas
4.5 Settlement of foundation and fill material Provide specific description.
5 SUBGRADE/CAPPING/PAVEMENT
5.1 Method of subgrade preparation, details of Provide specific description.
capping materials used and details of any
problems encountered
5.2 Method of placing each pavement layer and Provide specific description.
details of any problems
6 DRAINAGE
6.1 Details of temporary drainage and its Provide specific description.
effectiveness
6.2 Methods of installing permanent drainage and Provide specific description.
details of any problems encountered
7 IMPORTED MATERIALS
7.1 Types of imported materials and their use Provide specific description.
7.2 Source of imported materials and their With dates.*
location in the Works
8 STRENGTHENED EARTHWORKS
8.1 Description of Strengthened Earthworks Provide specific description.
types and locations
8.2 Fill materials used Provide specific description.
8.3 Record of soils and groundwater conditions Provide specific description.
encountered and drainage measures required

82 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Table J.1 Geotechnical Observations and Feedback Report Contents List and Topics to be
Described
Section Notes on Topics to be Described under Section
No. Heading Heading
8.4 Inspection and maintenance requirements Provide specific description.
8.5 Details of any in situ testing Provide specific description.
8.6 Details of any problems encountered Provide specific description.
9 STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS
9.1 Record of soil and groundwater conditions Provide specific description.
encountered
9.2 Temporary works required and their Provide specific description.
effectiveness
9.3 Details of any problems encountered Provide specific description.
9.4 Pile logs summary, pile test results and other Provide specific description.
relevant information
9.5 Settlement records with dates of each major Provide specific description.
stage including backfill of abutments and
approach fills
9.6 Details of as built foundations Provide specific description.
10 TESTING
10.1 Summary of site laboratory testing Provide specific description.
10.2 ‘Named’ test type Separate section on each type of test with summary of
all results together with comments on them and their
effectiveness.
If a material report is prepared by the testing organization,
it should be used as the basis for this section with the
actual report attached as an appendix to the Geotechnical
Observations and Feedback Report.
11 INSTRUMENTATION
11.1 Location and details of instruments Provide specific description.
11.2 Purpose, performance and usefulness Provide specific description.
11.3 Readings (with dates) and predicted values Provide specific description.
11.4 Details and effects of resulting action Provide specific description.
11.5 Comment on need to continue monitoring Provide specific description.
12 SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED
AND DESIGN CHANGES
12.1 Summary of problems and details of design Provide specific description.
changes to overcome them.
12.2 Comments on how problems might be avoided Provide specific description.
in the future, including suggested revisions
required to standards
13 RESIDUAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS Details of any residual health and safety risks on the
project that would need to be considered if future work
is carried out by the maintaining authority; for example,
residual contamination, potential ground gas. Make
reference to any project Health and Safety File that might
be maintained.
Notes:
Items marked with an asterisk (*) (and possibly others) may be conveniently presented on longitudinal profiles and
accompanying plans compiled as construction proceeds. Alternatively, electronic presentation of data may be appropriate.
Photographs should be included in the report to illustrate particular points.

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 83

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

84 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

Appendix K
Geotechnical Risk Register
Template

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 85

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

Geotechnical Risk Register Template

PROJECT TITLE GEOTECHNICAL RISK REGISTER GEOTECHNICAL RISK REGISTER

Risk Register Reference: Revision: Date: Prepared by: Che

Level of Risk Level of Risk

Guidance Guidance Consequence
Likelihood Consequence
Risk Rating Matrix

Rare: less than 5% probability, or occurrence requires Negligible impact on scheme construction with no delays to the programme and no affect on the performance of the
A
exceptional circumstances
1
completed earthworks or structures
1 2 3

Unlikely: 5% to 20% probability or may occur but not Low adverse impact on scheme construction with minimal delays to the programme and minimal associated increased
B 2 A I I II
expected to costs, and no significant affect on the performance of the completed earthworks or structures

Possible: 20% to 70% probability, or may occur but Medium adverse impact on scheme construction with some delays to the programme and some associated increased
C 3
costs and/or possibly some performance of the completed earthworks or structures outside serviceability limits
B I II II
there is a distinct probability it may not

Likelihood
Likely: greater than 70% probability or balance of High adverse impact on scheme construction with substantial delays to the programme and substantial associated
D
probability is that it will occur
4
increased costs and/or performance of the completed earthworks or structures outside serviceability limits
C II II III

Major adverse impact on scheme construction with extensive delays to the programme and high associated increased
E Almost certain: 99% probability. 5
costs, and/or failure of the permanent earthworks or structures
D II III III

E III III IV

Risk identification Qualitative risk assessment

Consequence
Level of level of
Risk
likelihood of Geotechnical
Status Ris
Geotechnical Hazard on
Construction process or completed infrastructure (select stra
Risk No. Geotechnical hazard Location within scheme Risk/undesirable consequence Risk Owner Hazard being construction or Risk rating
potentially affected from drop from
present completed
down
(select from drop infrastructure
menu)
down menu) (select from drop
down menu)

Group 1: Aeolian sand

Aeolian sand deposits - very loose and loose Deposits prone to erosion, mobility and settlement
Open C 3

Aeolian sand deposits - very loose and loose Relatively low effective shear strength with risk of instability of slopes
and lower bearing capacity for foundations Open B 3

Aeolian sand deposits Deposits prone to liquifaction

Open A 4

Aeolian sand deposits Deposits difficult to compact to engineering standards when not
confined Open E 1

Aeolian sand deposits (depending on origin) High salt content giving rise to an aggressive chemical environment
for buried concrete and steel Open D 4

Group 2: Sabkha

Sabkha Significant local variation horizontally & vertically giving rise to

variation of material properties and engineering performance - - -

Sabkha - with high fines content High compressibility giving rise to large settlements and possibly
large differential ground movements Open - -

Sabkha Possible loss of strength and dissolution when saturated resulting

ground instability under loading Open - -

Sabkha High salt content giving rise to an aggressive chemical environment

for buried concrete and steel Open - -

Sabkha - presence of gypsum and anhydrite Volume change of the deposits can adversely affect the engineering
minerals performance of foundations and road pavements. Open - -

Group 3: Marine sediments

Pseudo-oolitic and conglomeratic limestone Posible presence of voids

(calcarenite) deposits Open D 3

Beach gravels (marine terraces) Deposits difficult to compact to engineering standards when not Ac
confined Open A 2

Marine calcareous silts and sand Low strength with susceptibility for bearing capacity failure
Open D 2

Group 4: Continental sediments

Depression muds and silts Low strength with susceptibility for bearing capacity failure
- - -

Depression muds and silts High salt content giving rise to an aggressive chemical environment
for buried concrete and steel - - -

Group 5: Residual soils

Residual soils (Upper Umm Bab unit) attapulgite Volume change of the deposits can adversely affect the engineering
clay pockets performance of foundations and road pavements. - - -

- - -

Group 6: Rus Formation Unit 1 (Al Khor

Limestone)
Al Khor Limestone, upper strata at unconformity Potential for natural cavities which can impact on construction and
performance of completed works - - -

Al Khor Limestone Dolomitic deposits with high strength difficult to excavate

- - -

Al Khor Limestone High salt content giving rise to an aggressive chemical environment
for buried concrete and steel - - -

Al Khor Limestone Cut slopes with clay interbeds in wet conditions can be prone build
up of porewater pressures initiating failure - - -

Group 7: Rus Formation Unit 2

(Undifferentiated)
Anhydrite/gypsum layers Potential for natural cavities which can impact on construction and
performance of completed works - C 1

Anhydrite/gypsum layers Massive units can be difficult to excavate

- C 1

Rus Formation Unit 2 High salt content giving rise to an aggressive chemical environment
for buried concrete and steel - C 1

Gypsum, shales/marls Cut slopes prone to erosion and assocaited instability

- C 1

Group 8: Midra Shale

Midra Shale Significant anistrophy influencing engineering properties with

potential adverse impact on performance of structures - - -

Midra Shale Deposits exposed in cut slopes susceptible to disintegration affecting

slope performance and maintenance requirements - - -

86 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

GEOTECHNICAL RISK REGISTER Sheet 1 of

Date: Prepared by: Checked by:

uidance Consequence Risk Rating Indicative Risk Rating Implications

Risk Rating Matrix

s to the programme and no affect on the performance of the

1 2 3 4 5 I Negilgible Risk is usually accepted.

al delays to the programme and minimal associated increased Consider need for investigation and assessment of the geotechnical hazard to facilitate geotechnical
A I I II III III II Low
completed earthworks or structures design. It may be that the risk is accepted subject to its monitoring and management.

me delays to the programme and some associated increased

d earthworks or structures outside serviceability limits
B I II II III IV
Detailed investigation and assessment of the geotechnical hazard required to develop geotechnical
III Medium
works proposals and geotechnical design to reduce risk to acceptable levels.
Likelihood

antial delays to the programme and substantial associated

rthworks or structures outside serviceability limits
C II II III IV IV

nsive delays to the programme and high associated increased

ctures
D II III III IV IV
Extensive detailed investigation and assessment of the geotechnical hazard essential to develop
IV High
geotechnical works proposals and geotechnical design to reduce risk to acceptable levels.
E III III IV IV IV

Qualitative risk assessment Risk treatment

Consequence
Level of level of
Risk
likelihood of Geotechnical
Status Risk treatment
Geotechnical Hazard on
Construction process or completed infrastructure (select strategy (select
Risk Owner Hazard being construction or Risk rating Risk mitigation measures Notes, risk mitigation review milestone/date
potentially affected from drop from drop down
present completed
down menu)
(select from drop infrastructure
menu)
down menu) (select from drop
down menu)

Open C 3 Mitigate

Open B 3 Transfer

Open A 4 Mitigate

Open E 1 Mitigate

Open D 4 Mitigate

- - - -

Open - - -

Open - - -

Open - - -

Open - - -

Open D 3 Mitigate

Accept (and
Open A 2
Manage)

Open D 2 Mitigate

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- C 1 Mitigate

- C 1 Mitigate

- C 1 Mitigate

- C 1 Mitigate

- - - -

- - - -

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 87

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

PROJECT TITLE GEOTECHNICAL RISK REGISTER GEOTECHNICAL RISK REGISTER

Risk Register Reference: Revision: Date: Prepared by: Che

Group 9: Dukhan Alveolina Limestone

Limestone High strength, which may mean strata is difficult to excavate

- - -

- - -

- - -

Group 10: Umm Bab Limestone

Limestone Variable quality and strength over small distances which could have
adverse impact on the performance of structures - D 4

Limestone with high percentage of secondary Wetting/saturation resulting in significant reductions rock mass
attapulgite (>50%) strength affecting performance of structures. - B 2

Limestone Potential for natural cavities which can impact on construction and
performance of completed works - E 5

Group 11: Other

Groundwater High salt content giving rise to an aggressive chemical environment

for buried concrete and steel - C 3

Groundwater General groundwater rise which can impact on construction and

performance of completed works - D 4

Groundwater Lowering of groundwater for an excavation may cause adverse

settlement - - -

Seismic activity May cause liquefaction of some soils and associated ground
settlement and lateral spreading with impact on infrastructure - - -

Seismic activity Increased loading on structures may exceed load carrying capacities
in terms of serviceability and ultimate limit states adversely affecting
- A 3
structure performance and may give rise to failure and collapse.

88 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL

 GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT PART
16

TER GEOTECHNICAL RISK REGISTER Sheet 1 of

Date: Prepared by: Checked by:

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- D 4 Mitigate

- B 2 Mitigate

- E 5 Mitigate

- C 3 -

- D 4 Mitigate

- - - -

- - - -

- A 3 Mitigate

QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL | VOLUME 2 89

 PART GEOTECHNICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
16

This page intentionally left blank.

90 VOLUME 2 | QATAR HIGHWAY DESIGN MANNUAL