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The innovation introduced by the new vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems lies in the possibility of
bidirectional energy flow, allowing the storage system to exchange energy from and to the grid.
EE—A Mode 4 DC Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo 1 coupler. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). INL also reported compromising a File
Transfer Protocol (FTP) server that then pushed out modified firmware to all EVSE devices from this
vendor in the next update cycle. Furthermore, additional data, such as traffic information, could be
used to improve further the prediction accuracy. There will be a period of time of one to three
months between the time you submit and your final day. However, it should be noted that if the EV
driver does not abide by the contract and drives away before the pre-notified departure time, the
battery may not be sufficiently charged at time of the plug-out. For this purpose sensors, current
probes and a data acquisition system have been used. In the rest of the paper, “charging
optimisation” refers to charging and discharging optimisation based on electricity cost and battery
degradation. Results of the destination prediction algorithm can be seen in Table 4 and Table 5.
Gree, Florent, Vitaliia Laznikova, Bill Kim, Guillermo Garcia, Tom Kigezi, and Bo Gao. Feature
papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A
Feature. Managing the charging patterns of EVs is considered a crucial step for the penetration of
EVs in the global markets since it strongly affects the quality of transmission through the electrical
grids. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Their system
consists of AC-to-DC inverter, DC-to-DC converter, stationary battery, and charger. The National
Standard of The People’s Republic of China Connection Set of Conductive Charging for Electric
Vehicles—Part I: General Requirements. Major Cybersecurity research needs for EVSE interfaces.
International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). The benefits of V2G cover various aspects
and subjects and can be summarized as follows: For the EVs owner: V2G can reduce the total
ownership cost of EVs, and V2G also can be extended for local utilization as a home energy storage
and emergency backup storage. As more of the transportation sector is electrified, wide-spread
disruptions to EVSE run the risk of severely impacting a range of critical infrastructure: emergency
and medical services, food and agriculture, manufacturing, defense, etc. DBSCAN (Density-Based
Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) parameters definition. Case 1 makes the driver
earning money while making its battery available for grid support. V2G can offer a solution by
utilizing the energy from standby EVs. Moving the location of a charging station away from an
existing load center is beneficial from a grid perspective but is particularly undesirable from the
consumer’s perspective, making it a sub-optimal solution. Generally, the finer the discretisation size,
the more accurately the discretised optimisation problem approximates the underlying continuous
problem. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. By clicking “Accept
All”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. If your supervisor says that your work is not ready,
then it is probably unwise to submit it. Since a single EV has very low capacity, the EV aggregator is
an essential entity for the provision of V2G services to the electricity market. With the advent of
smart charging technologies, the charging and storage capabilities of EVs could make them valuable
assets to electricity networks, helping enhance grid stability and lower electricity prices.
For this user and with the assumed electricity cost, the optimal point is calculated. The input
variables used for the predictive models adopted are start and stop time of the trips and start and
stop time of charging events. While implementations, topologies, and data exchanges vary between
vendor and jurisdiction, there are some common features among many EVSE devices. A Windows-
based virtual machine is created where the database is synchronised with an on-premises server
database (MongoDB). As a next step, real-world data from BEV must be employed to attain more
accurate results. Therefore, we can use aggregation and encryption while still enabling all required
functionality of the V2G system, including the economic and infrastructural structures around the
charging, planning, and billing mechanisms. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
(JCDD). Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Qualitative data might
require a lot more evaluation and discussion than quantitative research. This statement coincides with
the OEMs warranty in terms of battery performance. It should be detailed, specific and objective
(don’t worry, you’ll have time for evaluation later on in your dissertation). In this paper, we present a
review of cybersecurity vulnerabilities, risks, and defenses for the EVSE ecosystem. By Mark Kane
Jan 3 2019 0 General US Military to Soon Own Largest Federal Fleet of V2G Plug-In Vehicles
Bragging rights to the owners of the largest federal fleet of plug-in vehicle may soon belong to the
US Military. DR can reduce the production costs of electricity and allow consumers to take
advantage of real-time electricity prices, thereby reducing consumer bills. Review of Electric Vehicle
Charger Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities, Potential Impacts, and Defenses. Energies. 2022; 15(11):3931.
Three cases have been studied: Case 1: V2G with DP, Case 2: no V2G with DP and Case 3: no V2G
without DP. The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the
Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdue’s campus. It operates up to 32 A at 240 V
single phase or 480 V three-phase; Mode 3 includes the IC-CPD but increases the max current to
250 A; Mode 4 is DC connection up to 600 V at a current ? 400 A. In the U.S., 120 Vac chargers are
often colloquially referred to as Level 1 chargers, 240 Vac chargers are Level 2, and direct current
charging is called Level 3 or DC Fast Charging (DCFC). IEC 61439-5 Low-voltage switchgear and
control gear assemblies, and assemblies for power distribution in public networks. Writing is a skill in
itself, but with the right advice, you’ll find it much easier to get into the flow of writing your masters
thesis or dissertation. For people having concern about data privacy and those who do not want to be
tracked, another solution must be developed. 5. Conclusions This work demonstrates the potential
financial benefits of V2G for the BEV owners by using their battery as an energy buffer.
Specifically in the battery industry, which is becoming a sector with significant impact on the global
economy, as they have potential to provide access to renewable energy sources and reduce GHG
emissions. Charging cost comparison for different charging system cases. This would result in an
attacker potentially controlling large fleets of EVSE devices which could impact power grid
operations, transportation systems, or other critical infrastructure. Even if one tends to ignore the
substantial investment costs, the opportunity costs that arise from not charging the vehicles at the
parking facilities will outweigh possible revenues obtained by V2G ancillary services, especially
frequency regulation. The DBSCAN algorithm requires two parameters: ? (epsilon) and. Within the
vehicles, there are services connected to different cloud services to support music; browsing;
navigation; emergency services (e.g., OnStar); telematics; infotainment; etc. Figure 10 depicts the
trendline using all vehicles’ data; however, for better optimisation, each vehicle has its own trendline
made with its own data. You’ll also have a chance to look at previous masters students’ theses in
your university library. Continuando su questo tema e stato necessario assicurare che le applicazioni
V2G riducessero al minimo (idealmente a zero) l’impatto sul pacco batterie che, in particolare su
veicoli BEVs e gia sottoposto a condizioni operative che determinano una riduzione marcata di
performance e vita utile.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Vehicle to grid (V2G) is a concept
that is largely in a testing phase in the current scenario. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-
Information (IJGI). Battery swapping can also overcome this hurdle if an ideal scenario of a pay-as-
you-go model is adopted, where a third party holds ownership of the batteries while managing their
charging conditions. School of Health Sciences We are the largest training and research centre in
Switzerland for occupational therapy, midwifery, nursing and physiotherapy, as well as for research
and development in these fields. In addition, the aggregator can also perform optimization for smart
charging of the EVs: hence, it may have access to the system data whenever necessary. As evidenced
by the extensive collection of vulnerabilities in Section 3, EVSE manufacturers and network
operators should establish robust cybersecurity programs. These programs will enable manufacturers
and operators to continuously mitigate the risks to the EV charging ecosystem. By clicking
“Accept”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The third section explains the development of
the algorithms, the way they work and implementation output. This demand is primarily expected to
spring from regions like China (263 TWh), the USA (153 TWh), Europe (187 TWh), India (83
TWh), and Japan (21 TWh). In addition, modifications to ISO 15118 have been proposed by the
research community. Gree, Florent, Vitaliia Laznikova, Bill Kim, Guillermo Garcia, Tom Kigezi, and
Bo Gao. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Automotive Engineering (Ingegneria
Dell'Autoveicolo), 2018. For this purpose, a BEV model, representing a C-segment vehicle with a 24
kWh onboard battery capacity, has been developed. Since the integration of EVs and the grid will
create a complex system that will increase a large number of non-linear variables, unit commitment
becomes necessary to determine the optimal dispatch schedule, and various optimization approaches
are usually applied to such unit commitment problems. Optimization approaches, such as genetic
algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSA), were applied to this unit commitment
problem. EVSE vendors must incorporate continuous processes for hardening their infrastructure
through internal and external assessments and bug-bounty programs. Future research should include
expanding the scope and depth of EVSE penetration testing, developing EVSE-tailored network-
and host-based intrusion detection systems, incorporating zero-trust principles, and further exploring
power, safety, and other impacts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
(IJERPH). IEC 60364-7-722 Low voltage electrical installations, requirements for special
installations, or locations—supply of EVs. Even if one tends to ignore the substantial investment
costs, the opportunity costs that arise from not charging the vehicles at the parking facilities will
outweigh possible revenues obtained by V2G ancillary services, especially frequency regulation.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. You’ll also have
a chance to look at previous masters students’ theses in your university library. While bi-directional
charging aids in voltage regulation, recurrent charging and discharging (cycling) of the battery causes
battery degradation, which finally affects the battery life. Pagliery, J. Cars Can Be Hacked by Their
Tiny, Plug-in Insurance Discount Trackers. In these theoretical studies, the researchers identified
potential areas where vulnerabilities could result in consequences of concern such as data loss,
spoofing, and denial of service. In the first step of the process, the aggregator will establish a
connection to each vehicle in the EV fleet, which has a service contract with the aggregator to utilize
its battery, based on its current SOC to participate in ancillary services to the grid. Google
Application Programming Interface (API) and trendline usage for next trip distance and average
consumption prediction. Table 2 shows the accuracy results of both models, where accuracy is
computed as the percentage of correct predictions among all predictions. That aside, VPPs can also
serve by integrating renewable energies into the markets. Gree F, Laznikova V, Kim B, Garcia G,
Kigezi T, Gao B. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM).
However, consumer modeling could be more complicated, since perceptions and motivations behind
a decision made by a consumer are more sophisticated than an optimizing agent. Finally, the results
are shared with target customers via an online dashboard. V2G with high BEV penetration could
provide new opportunities and threats to the electricity market. Electricity cost and State-of-Charge
(SOC) for scenario 5. I’m migrating useful old comments onto here as well (anonymized). Two
solutions exist; increase the grid capacity or develop smart charging. Out of these, the cookies that
are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic
functionalities of the website. Alternatively, the user could manually set up the next trip destination
and start time in the case of rare trips. By Tom Moloughney Jan 4 2022 0 Design Hyundai Ioniq 5
First Look Review We get to check out one of only two Ioniq 5s currently in the US. These inter-
module communications are rarely encrypted. View of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) for Peak Shaving:
New Trend, Benefits, and Issues. On top of the grid load consideration, renewable energies
integration could be added to the grid ecosystem. Moreover, in the case where the users demand a
higher SOC level, the simulation time became 3 h. This also improves with an increase in electricity
production from solar and wind power, which are intermittent by nature. Therefore, for the
remaining 95% of their time (idling time), EVs can be utilized for other purposes by tapping into
their batteries and communication capabilities, which forms the basis for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
concept. Deployment of EU Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Too Slow, Auditors Say. The driver
identity, home and work addresses and vehicle type are not collected to ensure driver’s privacy. A
Power BI Gateway is required in order to make the data available online. Available online: (accessed
on 22 January 2019). Chen, L.; Lv, M.; Chen, G. A system for destination and future route prediction
based on trajectory mining. Automated and networked connections to grid and microgrid power
management and controls round out the picture of the complexity of EVSE connectivity. The local
systems are equipped with a server that has real-time communication with the EVs that belong to the
local systems (such as employees and residents). This further complexity demands an optimization
algorithm to utilize EV mobility to achieve V2G services. Any graduate student reading this knows
professors don’t like their time to be wasted. SAE J1939; Standards Collection—Hybrid and Electric
Vehicle Communications. The only chance of securing EVSE systems is to respond to the evolving
threat landscape with continuously improving defensive postures. This is a regression problem as the
duration, which is an output, is a continuous value. In these theoretical studies, the researchers
identified potential areas where vulnerabilities could result in consequences of concern such as data
loss, spoofing, and denial of service. In Figure 1, there are four numbered boxes that represent attack
vectors for adversaries seeking to affect EVSE operations. It takes a considerable amount of research,
studying and writing. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques
or approaches, provides an outlook for.
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Case 2 considers only
charging optimisation with DP. The following subsections provide recommendations and research
efforts to harden EVSE equipment, sorted into the four attack vector categories. Security and
Privacy in the Current E-Mobility Charging Infrastructure. If your supervisor says that your work is
not ready, then it is probably unwise to submit it. Charging stations could allow bi-directional power
flow, and, finally, utility companies could define the battery energy selling price. Alternative Fuels
Data Center: Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Definition. BEV, Battery Electric Vehicle; OEMs,
Original Equipment Manufacturers. Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI): Tsukuba, Japan,
1993. CHAdeMO 1.0.1; Technical Specifications of Quick Charger for the Electric Vehicle.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. It is also helpful
to note at this point that V2G as a term has been used synonymously with that of VGI to mean the
flow of electricity in both directions (both from and to the grid). Feature papers represent the most
advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. The driver
identity, home and work addresses and vehicle type are not collected to ensure driver’s privacy.
These oscillations are not acceptable for both the electrical grid and the BEV, that is why the power
profile needs to be filtered. Based on the data stored, algorithms, such as route prediction, BEV
range prediction and charging optimisation, have been developed. Previous Article in Special Issue
Iron Loss Modelling of Electrical Traction Motors for Improved Prediction of Higher Harmonic
Losses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). In addition, it
also suggests a global need for awareness regarding the environmental and economic advantages that
this technology offers over conventionally available ones. A topology of BSS, along with a battery
sharing network, is suggested to interact with each other using internet-of-things (IoT), thereby
acting as an aggregator and providing services as a whole to the grid, such as enhancing grid
stability and reliability in the process. Performance of a bidirectional V2G charger under Extreme
Temperature Conditions. The electricity costs have been explained in Section 2, and they are linked
to tariff names in the table. “Standard” refers to the one-rate tariff when buying. “Eco7” is the two-
rate tariff when buying. “V2G 1 ” is the one-rate tariff when selling. “V2G 2 ” is the two-rate tariff
when selling. In home and enterprise environments, these services should be shielded by a firewall
from the wider internet, but these vulnerabilities may expose home and corporate networks to a
breach via the EVSE. The next step is to check if the criteria are met for other points inside the
formed cluster; meaning that if we consider. In other cases, USB serial ports, JTAG headers, or other
physical ports are available for EVSE vendors to debug the equipment; however, these ports are
often left open in production equipment which may allow adversaries to monitor or disrupt
equipment operations. In addition, time-sensitive energy pricing can be adopted to manage uni-
directional charging. Intermittent renewable energy production sources are particularly challenging
because they disrupt the conventional methods for planning the daily operation of the electric grid.
CCS communications do not provide mutual authentication, so there is a risk of MITM attacks; this
presents risks to billing data privacy and, by stealing MAC addresses, creates a possible avenue for
user tracking. Increasing the degradation weighting factor acts as a deterrent to selling electricity to
the grid, decreasing in the process the revenue from selling electricity to the grid; therefore, the
degradation cost decreases, and the life of the battery is extended ( Figure 16 ). On the other hand, a
finer discretisation grid will increase the number of computations required and will consequently take
longer to complete. Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
The project aims to study the economic and technical feasibility of a specific V2G application. An
exponential trendline is drawn to model the trade-off between battery degradation and electricity
cost based on the simulation points. Recent research shows that V2G, if used without proper
management, may lead to significant battery life reduction, which will be the case when, for
example, peak shaving services are used daily. The state variable chosen for this optimisation problem
is the battery SOC, whereas the charger power acts as the control variable. Journal of Functional
Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Finally, now that all locations have been clustered into
potential destinations, a Markovian approach is used for the destination prediction problem.
Vulnerability research is a critical tool in demonstrating the state-of-the-art and profound need for
EVSE security. It reflects our global mindset and our commitment to quality education, research, and
consulting. Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. These must be carefully considered
by standards development organizations and EVSE vendors and network operators to improve the
security of EVSE assets. Furthermore, the integration of EVs with the grid seems to offer various
cost-wise and environment-wise benefits while assisting the grid by tapping into the idle energy of
parked EVs during peak hours. A V2G Strategy for Cost-Competitive Primary Frequency Regulation
Considering EV Battery Degradation. By Mark Kane Aug 8 2020 0 Charging How Does Vehicle To
Grid (V2G) Work. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP).
According to the calculations developed in this study, the most efficient and sustainable way for
using batteries for storing energy is using them as distributed sources of energy through Battery
Electric Vehicles with a Vehicle to Grid configuration. The route prediction problem in this paper is
equivalent to a destination prediction problem. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and
security features of the website, anonymously. Google Scholar. Available online: (accessed on 6
December 2021). This database is additionally enriched with secondary information, constituting
electricity cost and charger information, both of which come from external sources (e.g., Google
Application Programming Interface (API), HERE API). In many cases, ethernet switches are located
within the enclosure and access to the internal network can be achieved by simply connecting to this
switch. New efforts to address security gaps have recently started too. Utilization of Electric
Vehicles for Vehicle-to-Grid Services: Progress and Perspectives. Optimal Strategies for Bidding
V2G Services Using Stochastic Programming. This mode would allow the configuration of some
parameters in order to compensate for unexpected and rare trips. Available online: (accessed on 17
August 2021). Arfeen, Z.A.; Khairuddin, A.B.; Munir, A.; Azam, M.K.; Faisal, M.; Arif, M.S.B. En
Route of Electric Vehicles with the Vehicle to Grid Technique in Distribution Networks: Status and
Technological Review. The easiest way to remember the difference is that your findings simply
present the data, whereas your discussion tells the story of this data. As V2G compatible chargers are
not available at commercial scale, it is assumed that all chargers are reversible and allow V2G. EV
Operator New privacy-preserving authentication solutions for EVs and EV operators. The Vehicle-to-
grid (V2G) technique turns out to be effective for the integration of EVs with the grid. Three cases
have been studied: Case 1: V2G with DP, Case 2: no V2G with DP and Case 3: no V2G without DP.