nd

Lab manual # 2 (2 part)

SQL DML Commands

SELECT,SELECT DISTINCT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,ORDER BY,AND/OR

SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and
the Data Definition Language (DDL).
The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL:
• SELECT - extracts data from a database
• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. It also define
indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose constraints between tables.

The most important DDL statements in SQL are:

• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a table
• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
• DROP INDEX - deletes an index

SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new record or row in a table.

SQL INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be inserted,
only their values:

INSERT INTO table_name

 VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

SQL INSERT INTO Example

We have the following "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:

INSERT INTO Persons

VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

 3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

Insert Data Only in Specified Columns

It is also possible to only add data in specific columns.
The following SQL statement will add a new row, but only add data in the "P_Id",
"LastName" and the "FirstName" columns:
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob

SQL UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.

SQL UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
 Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies
which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all
records will be updated!

SQL UPDATE Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob

Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:

UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

 3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

SQL UPDATE Warning

Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause in the
example above, like this:

UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'

The "Persons" table would have looked like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Nissestien 67 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Nissestien 67 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Nissestien 67 Sandnes

4 Nilsen Johan Nissestien 67 Sandnes

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

SQL DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column=some_value
 Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies
which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all
records will be deleted!

SQL DELETE Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:

DELETE FROM Persons

WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

 3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

Delete All Rows

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that
the table structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:

DELETE FROM table_name or

DELETE * FROM table_name

Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!

SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.The result is stored in
a result table, called the result-set.
The syntax used for SELECT query is:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

and
SELECT * FROM table_name

Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select.

Example
The "Persons" table:
 P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and
"FirstName" from the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:

LastName FirstName

Hansen Christ

Svendson Tove

Pettersen Michael

SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons

Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns!

The result-set will look like this:
 P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

In a table, some of the columns may contain duplicate values. This is not a problem,
however, sometimes you will want to list only the different (distinct) values in a table.
The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values. Its
Syntax is:
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from
the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:

 City
Sandnes
Stavanger

The WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.
The syntax of the command is:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value

Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERECity='Sandnes'

The result-set will look like this:

 P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

Quotes Around Text Fields

SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept double
quotes).
Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.

For text values:

This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove

For numeric values:

This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
Year=1965 This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965'

Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause

With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:
 Operator Description

= Equal

<> Not equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

BETWEEN Between an inclusive range

LIKE Search for a pattern

IN If you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns

Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=

The AND & OR Operators

The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.
The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition and the second condition is
true.
The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition or the second condition
is true.

AND Operator Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" AND the last
name equal to "Svendson":
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'

The result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

OR Operator Example
Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" OR the
first name equal to "Christ":
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE FirstName='Tove'
OR FirstName='Christ'

The result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

 Combining AND & OR

You can also combine AND and OR (use parenthesis to form complex expressions).
Now we want to select only the persons with the last name equal to "Svendson" AND the
first name equal to "Tove" OR to "Christ":
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE

LastName='Svendson'
AND (FirstName='Tove' OR
FirstName='Christ')

The result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

The ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a specified column.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default.
If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.
Its syntax is:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

Example
The "Persons" table:
 P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger

Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort
the persons by their last name.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons

ORDER BY LastName

The result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

ORDER BY DESC Example

Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the

persons descending by their last name.

 We use the following SELECT statement:.

SELECT * FROM Persons

ORDER BY LastName DESC

The result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

Additional Commands:
ALTER DATABASE <name>
SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE

Practice all SQL commands described above for any table…!!!

TASK 1:
Create the following table using SQL and using the INSERT INTO command, insert the following values in
the table created.
Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By

Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A

 Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H

Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Ikram 09 DIP

Hassan 10

TASK 2:
Using the UPDATE statement, update the above table for the following values:
Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By

Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H

Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Ikram 09 DIP 1001 Mr. A

 Hassan 10 DSP 1005 Mr. Z

TASK 3:
Using the DELETE statement, delete the record for the student having name Akram and
Ahsan in the above table. Also delete the record for the course having course code=1001.

TASK 4:
Select distinct values from the above table for the last three columns.

TASK 5:
Sort the above table in descending order by their name.

TASK 6:
Create and delete any database while multiple users are using it with
ROLLBACK command.

TASK 7:
For the table in task 2, generate a query for updating the table with fully qualified
names and update the following values:

Ali 01 SE 1001 Mr. Z

Basit 02 CG 1002 Mr. X