Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry

Introduction:-There are two main classes of chemical compounds, inorganic and organic. More than a century
ago, the compounds which were of mineral origin were known as inorganic and those of vegetable or animal
origin were known as organic. For example, table salt, marble and CO2 are inorganic, whereas acetic acid,
alcohol, tartaric acid, sucrose were organic.
It was assumed that the organic compounds could be produced only by living matter, as living matter
was thought to possess a vital force.
In 1828, the German Chemist Friedrich Wohler heated ammonium cyanate, derived from inorganic
substance, and obtained the organic compound urea.

KOCN + NH4Cl  KCl + NH4OCN

Potassium cyanate
O

NH4OCN  NH2  C  NH2

Ammonium cyanate Urea

Thus in 1850, the vital force theory was finally disproved.

Organic chemistry:- Organic chemistry is defined as the study of carbon compounds. However, there are
several exceptions:
Carbon monoxide (CO), carbonates (Na2CO3),Carbon dioxide(CO2), Bicarbonates (NaHCO3),Carbides (CaC2),
carbon disulphide (CS2), etc.

Q#1 What are organic and inorganic compounds of carbon?

Ans. Organic Compounds: are defined as compounds or carbon containing usually hydrogen and one or
more additiona1 elements oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, halogens etc. and the branch or Chemistry which
deals with the study of organic compounds is called organic Chemistry.
Inorganic Compounds: Compounds in which carbon is linked to other atoms such as oxygen,
halogens, metals etc. and do not have C-C-bonds are called inorganic compounds of carbon.

Q#2 Differentiate between Organic and Inorganic Compounds.

Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
1. They are generally covalent in nature. They are ionic compounds.
2. Their reaction is molecular. Their reaction is ionic.
3. They show isomerism. They do not show isomerism.
4. They have low M.P and B.P and they They have high M.P. and B. P. and they do
decompose on heating. not decompose on heating.
5. The usually do not dissolve in water. They dissolve in water.
6. The total number of Organic The total number of inorganic compounds is
Compounds exceeds five million. 50,000 approximately.
7. They have high molecular mass and They have low molecular mass and simple
complex structures. structures.
8. Aqueous solutions of organic Aqueous solutions of Inorganic Compounds
compounds possess low electrical high electrical conductivity.
conductivity.
9. They generally dissolve in organic They generally do not dissolve Inorganic
solvents like ether, alcohol, benzene and solvents.
chloroform.
10. They are highly combustible. They are non-combustible except H2, Co etc.
11. Certain classes possess characteristic They are generally colourless and odourless.
colours and odours.

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
Q#3 How does carbon occur in nature?
Ans. Carbon is widely distributed in nature both in the Free State and in the combined state. In the Free State,
it occurs as diamond Graphite and Buckminister fullerence In the combined state, it occurs in form of:
1. Carbonates i.e., Limestone (CaCO3)
Magnesite (Mg C03), dolomite (CaCO3 MgCO3), malachite [CuCO3. Cu (OH)2], Siderite (FeCO3),
Calamine (ZnCO3)
2. Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
3. Proteins and fats.
4. CO2 in the air.
5. All living things, plants and animals contain organic compounds.

Q#4 What is the position of carbon atom in the periodic table. Give its electronic configuration.
Ans. Carbon is a normal element having four electrons in the outer most shell of its atom. Since carbon has 4
electrons in the outermost shell of its atom, it has been placed in-group IV of the periodic table. Carbon
is the first member of the group IV A of the periodic table, which includes Silicon, Germanium, Tin and
Lead besides Carbon.
The electronic configuration of Carbon is 1S2, 2s2, 2p2 or [He], 2s2, 2p2 or K L
2 4
It is a non metal but as the atomic number of group IV elements increases, they begin to show some
properties of metals. For example Si and Ge are semiconductors whereas Sn and Pb are metals.

Q#5 What is allotropy? Give the allotropic forms of carbon.

Ans. When an element exists in two or more forms having different physical properties but identical
chemical properties, it is called allotropy and the different forms are called allotropes, allotropic forms
or allotropic modifications.
Carbon exists in two allotropic forms: -
i. Crystalline and ii. Amorphous or Microcrystalline forms of carbon iii.Buckminster fullerene
1. Crvstalline allotropic forms of carbon: -
Two naturally occurring allotropes of carbon having well defined crystal structures are: -
i. Diamond and ii. Graphite. Due to different structures they have different properties.
2. Amorphous or Microcrvstalline forms of carbon: -
The various amorphous forms of carbon are coal, coke, charcoal, bone, blood or animal charcoal lamp
black, carbon black, gas carbon and petroleum coke.

Q#6 What is diamond? How diamonds occur? How diamonds are formed in nature? Give the
properties and
uses of diamond.
Ans. Diamond is the purest form of carbon. It is represented by the symbol C. It derives its name from Greek
word diaphane meaning transparent.
Occurance: - They are found chiefly in South Africa, Congo, Angola and Brazil. The famous
'Kohinoor' diamond was found in Wajrakarur. Diamonds are described in terms of carats (l carat =
200mg).

How diamonds are formed: - They are formed from the carbon present in the upper mantle at a depth
of over 150kms inside the Earth, under the conditions of high temperature (1500°c) and high pressure
(70,000 atm). They are brought to the surface of the earth by Kimberlite rock. Diamonds can also se
made artificially. They can be made when graphite is subjected to a high temperature (100000
atmospheres) and a very high temperature (about 37000C)
Properties of Diamond: -
1. It is the purest form of carbon.
2. It is the hardest substance known.
3. It has very high melting point 3843k and high-density 3.5 g/cm3.
4. It is a bad conductor of electricity, but good conductor of heat.
5. It has a very high refractive index (2.5), it can reflect and refract light. Therefore, it is a transparent
2
Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
substance.
6. It is insoluble in all solvents.
7. It is a colourless solid.
8. If heated strongly without excess of air it changes to Graphite.

Uses Of Diamond:
1. It is used in Jewellary as precious stone.
2. It is used for cutting glass.
3. It is used in rock drilling equipments.
4. It is used for making highly accurate thermometers because of sensitivity to heat rays. 5. It is used
for making dies for drawing thin wires from metals.
5. It is used for making dies for drawing thin wires from metals.
6. It is used for grinding hard materials.
7. It is used by eye-surgeon as a tool to remove cataract from eyes.
8. It is used for making protective windows for space satellites.

Q#7 Describe the structure of diamond.

Ans. A diamond crystal is giant molecule of C-atoms. Each carbon atom is linked to four other C-atoms by
strong covalent bonds to form tetrahedral structure.

Q#8 What is graphite? How does it occur? How can it be prepared? Give the properties and uses of
graphite.
Ans. Graphite is black and soft substance, which possess metallic lusture and has a soapy touch. Its symbol is
c. It derives its name from the Greek word Graphein meaning to write.
Occurrence:- It is found in Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, J&K, Sri lanka, Andhra Pradesh,
Karanatka, Canada, Tamil Nadu, and United State of America. Its occurrences is common
because formation does not require extreme conditions like excessive heat and temperature.
Preparation:- It is prepared by Acheson's process by heating powdered Coke mixed with little sand
and ferric Oxide to 3237k in an electric furnace.

Properties of graphite:
1. It is also the purest form of carbon (90-97%) of carbon)
2. It is soft and good lubricant.
3. It is dark grey having a metallic luster.
4. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
5. It density is 2.25gcm-3)
6. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents.
7. It can mark paper.
8. It burns on strong heating (7000C) to form CO2.

Uses of Graphite:
1. It is used as a lubricant in heavy industry.
2. It is used for making electrodes for dry cells.
3. It is used for making cores of lead pencils.
4. It is used for the manufacture of crucibles, which can withstand high temperature.
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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
5. It is used as moderator in atomic reactors.
6. It is used in electrotyping and electroplating.
7. It is used as covering of plaster casts.
8. Its fibres are strong, so it is used to reinforce plastic.

Q#9 Describe the structure of graphite or arrangement of C-atoms in graphite.

Ans. Graphite consists of C-atoms or sheets of C-atoms. Each carbon atom is linked to three other C-atoms
directly In the same plane by covalent bonds to form flat hexagonal rings. These rings constitute huge
sheets or layers of atoms as shown in fig. The C-C bond length in rings is 1.42A0 while different sheets
of C-atoms are held by weak Vander Waal's force at a distance of 3.4 A0

Q#10 What is Buckminster fullerene? What are their uses in future?

Ans. In 1985, scientists created a new allotrope of carbon element by heating graphite to extremely high
temperature. This is called Buckminster fullerene. It is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60
carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules. Its formula is C60. Buckminster fullerene is a
football shaped spherical molecule in which 60 carbon atoms are arranged in interlocking hexagonal
and pentagonal rings of Catoms. There are 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal rings of c-atoms in its
single molecule. The structure of this allotrope resembles the frame work of dome shaped halls
designed by American architect Buckminster fullerene for large international exhibitions.
Buckminster fullerene is a dark solid at room temperature. It is a spherical carbon molecule containing
60 carbon atoms joined together which was discovered in 1985. Other spherical molecules of carbon
made up of 70, 90 and 120 carbon atoms have now been discovered . They are written as C 70 , C90 and
C120 respectively.
The fullerenes have been found to be present in interstellar clouds in outer space. They have also been
found to exist in nature in the meteorite which had fallen in Germany and in ancient rocks which occur
in New Zealand and Russia.
The researches which have been done so far has suggested that in future, fullerenes and their
compounds may prove to be of great use as semiconductors, superconductors, lubricants, catalysts
electric wires and as fibres to reinforce plastic. Some of the compounds of fullerenes appear to be
active against diseases like cancer and AIDS. This can lead to finding cure for cancer and AIDS.

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry

Q#11 What are hydrocarbons? How are they have been classified.
Ans. The simplest organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are of two types
i. Saturated and ii. Unsaturated

Saturated hydrocarbons: are those in which all the carbon atoms are linked to one another by only
single bonds. i.e. the carbon valences are fully satisfied. These compounds contain only C-C and C-H
types of bonds. Since they are relatively inert towards most of the chemical reagents under ordinary
conditions, they are called paraffin’s (Latin parum-little affins-affinity) The IUPAC name for these
compounds is alkanes and they are represented by a general formula CnH2n+2 where
n = 1,2,3,4…

N. Formula Common Name IUPAC Name

1 CH4 Methane Methane
2 C2H6 Ethane Ethane
3 C3H8 Propane Propane
4 C4H10 n- Butane Butane
5 C5H12 n- pentane Pentane
6 C6H14 n-Hexane Hexane
7 C7H16 n-Heptane Heptane
8 C8H18 n-Octane Octane
9 C9H20 n- Nonane Nonane
10 C10H22 n-Decane Decane

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : A hydrocarbon in which the two c-atoms are connected by a “double
bond” or a “triple bond” is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon. These are further classified into two
types.
i. Alkenes or Olefins (containing "double bond")
ii. Alkynes or Acetylenes (“triple bond” )
Alkenes or Olefins: - Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing C=C bond in their molecule are called
alkenes. They are also called olefines (Latin, oleun = oil, ficare = to make) because their lower members
form oily products on treatment with chlorine or bromine.
They are represented by a general formula Cn H2n, where n=2,3,4...........

Names of alkenes:
1. Common name:- Alkane-ane+ylene= Alkylene.
2. IUPAC name: Alkane - ane+ene= alkene
The molecule formula, common name and IUP AC name of first six alkenes are –

Formula Common Name IUPAC Name

N
1 CH2( Unstable) Methylene Methene
2 C2H4 Ethylene Ethene
3 C3H6 Propylene Propene
4 C4H8 Butylene Butene
5 C5H10 Pentylene Pentene
6 C6H12 Hexylene Hexene

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
Alkynes or Acetylene
Unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a Carbon-Carbon triple bond are called alkynes. They are also
called acetylenes after the name of the first member of this series called acetylene, HCCH, and a triple
bond is often referred to as the acetylenic linkage.
They are represented by a general formula CnH2n-2 , where n = 2,3,4 ...

Names of alkynes:
1. Common names: Acetylene and its alkyl derivatives.
2. IUPAC name: Alkane- ane+yne= Alkyne.
The common and IUPAC names of a few simple alkynes are given below :
N Formula Common name IUP AC Name
2 C2H2 Acetylene Ethyne
3 C3H4 Methyl-acetylene Propyne
Or Allylene
4 C4H8 Ethyl Acetylene Butyne
5 C5H8 Propyl acetylene Pentyne
6 C6H10 Butylacetylene Hexyne

Alkyl group :- The group formed by the removal of one H-atom from an alkane molecule is called an
alkyl group. e.g methyl group CH3 and Ethyl group C2H5-. They are formed by the removal of one H-
atom from methane and ethane.
The general formula of alkyl group is Cn H2n + 1. Thus alkane-ane + yl = alkyl
Alkane Alkyl group Common Name
Methane CH4 CH3___ Methyl
Ethane C2H6 C2H5___ Ethyl
Propane C3H8 C3H7____ Propyl
Q#12 Write down the molecular, structural and electronic formula of Mcthane, Ethane, Propane,
Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane.
Name Formula Cn H2n+2 Structural Formula Electronic Formula
H H
Methane CH4  ..
HC H
 H : C : H
H ..
H

H H
H H
.. ..
 
H : C : C: H
Ethane C2H6 HC C  H
.. ..
 
H H
H H

H H H H H H
Propane C3H8    .. .. ..
HC C C  H
   H : C : C: C: H
H H H .. .. ..

H H H
H H H H
Butane C4H10     H H H H
HC C C C  H
.. .. .. ..
   
H H H H
H : C : C: C: C: H
.. .. .. ..

H H H H

6
Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry

H H H H H H H H H H
C5H12      .. .. .. .. ..
Pentane HC C C C C H
     H : C : C: C: C: C: H
H H H H H .. .. .. .. ..

H H H H H

H H H H H H
H H H H H H .. .. .. .. .. ..
     
Hexane C6H12 HC C C C CC H H : C : C: C: C: C: C: H
      .. .. .. .. .. ..
H H H H H H
H H H H H H

1. Combustion (burning): All the alkanes are combustible. They burn in air or oxygen producing
CO2 and H2O and also liberate heat in this process i.e.
CH4+ 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O, ∆ H = 890kj/mole
2. Reactivity: Alkanes are comparatively un-reactive with other chemicals because they are
saturated compounds having only single covalent bonds.
3. Substitution: Alkanes give substitution reactions due to their structural stability. They involve
the replacement of one or more H-atoms by the atoms of other elements like halogens (F,CI, Br, )

Sunlight
CH4 + CL2 CH3Cl + HCl
∆
Methyl chloride
. ∆
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
Methylene Chloride
∆
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
Chloroform
∆
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
Carbon tetra Chloride
Q13. What is homologous series? Write the characteristics of the member of a homologous series?
Ans. A homologous series is series of compounds in which adjacent members differ by a CH2 unit. The
individual members are called homologous. For example the homologous series of alkanes can be
represented as CnH2n + 2 while for alkenes and alkynes are CnH2n and CnH2n - 2.

General Characteristics of a homologous series:

1. All compounds in the series contain the same elements and the functional group.
2. All compounds in the series can be represented by a general formula.
3. All two consecutive members differ in their formula by a common difference of - CH2.
4. All compounds in the series can be prepared by similar methods.
5. All compounds in the series have similar chemical properties.
6. There is a gradual variation in physical properties with increasing molecular weight.
7. The difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologous is 14 a.m.u.

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry

Q#14. a. What do you understand by Isomerism? Illustrate with examples.

b. Write the possible isomerism of butane and pentane.
Ans. There are many organic compounds that have same molecular formulae but differ in their physical and
chemical properties due to the different structural arrangement of atoms in them are called isomers or
isomerides. (Greek iso-equal, moros - parts) while the phenomenon or the process is known as
isomerism.
There two main types of isomerism -:
1. Structural or Constitutional isomerism.
2. Stereo-isomerism or Space Isomerism

Characteristics of Isomerism:
1. They have the same molecule formula.
2. They have different structural formula.
3. They have different physical and chemical properties.

Possible Isomerism of Butane (C4H10). Butane can have two structural formula as
(i) (ii)
H H H H H H H
      
H C  C  C  C H HC C CH
     
H H H H H H
HC H

H

n- butane CH3  CH  CH3


CH3
Iso butane (2 methyl propane)
Possible Isomers in pentane (C5H12)
There are three isomers of pentane named n-pentane, Iso-pentane and neo-pentane.
(i)
H H H H H
    
H C  C  C  C C  H
    
H H H H H

Or CH3  CH2  CH2  CH2  CH3 pentane (n-pentane)

(ii)
H H H H
   
H  C  C  C  C H or CH3  CH  CH2  CH3
   
H H H CH3

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
H C H

H Iso – pentane or 2 – Methyl butane

H

H  C H
H H CH3
  
H  C C CH OR CH3  C  CH3
  
H H CH3

HC H Neo - Pentane

 2,2 dimethyl propane
H
With an increase in the no. of C-atoms in a molecule, the number of possible structural isomers
increases. Thus there are two butanes, three pentanes, five haxanes and 75 docanes and so on.

Q#15 What are addition reactions? Give an example.

Ans. The reaction in which an unsaturated compound reacts with another substance to give a single product is
called an addition reaction. Addition reactions are given by all unsaturated hydrocarbons like alkenes
and alkynes which contain double bond or triple bond. In fact, addition reaction is the characteristic
property of unsaturated hydrocarbons e.g.
Ethene reacts with one molecule of chlorine to form a saturated compound dichlororo ethane.
C2H4 + Cl2 CH2Cl  CH2Cl.
In this addition reaction, one Cl atom adds to each Catom and the double bond is reduced to single
bond.
Q#16 How do Alkenes reacts with hydrogen?
Ans. The Alkenes react with hydrocarbon when heated presence of catalyst like nickel to form saturated
hydrocarbons called Alkanes. For example, ethane reacts with hydrogen when heated in the presence of
nickel catalyst to form ethane.
Ni
C2H4 + H2 C2H6
Heat

This is called hydrogenation. It is used to prepare vegetable ghee (Vanaspati) from vegetable oils.

Q#17 What is meant by functional group? Explain with ann example.

Ans. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms in a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic
chemical properties.
The alcohol group  OH group present in ethanol C2H5OH is an example of a functional group the
functional group is the action group while the hydrocarbon portion remains inert. Some of the
important functional groups present in organic compounds are Halo group, Alcohol group, Aldehyde
group, Ketone group, Carboxylic group, Alkene group, Alkyne group, ether group, ester , amino and
amide group.

Q#18 Write down the IUPAC system of Nomenclature.

Ans. In early days of organic chemistry, each new compound was given an individual name. Such a name
was based on the source, some property or some other common reason.
With the rapid growth of organic chemistry, the number of compounds increased fantastically (about 3
million). It became impossible to give common names to such a large number of compounds.

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
In 1957, the international union of pure and applied chemistry evolved a scheme for giving systematic
names to organic compounds on the basis of their structure. This is known as IUPAC system
(pronounced as eye-you-pack)
One organic compound can have only one IUPAC name. Knowing the IUPAC name of a compound,
we can at once write its structural formula.

Q#19 Write the IUPAC rules for naming Alkanes.

Ans. Rule1:- Select the longest continuous carbon chain.

Rule2:- Name the longest chain.

CH2 CH2  CH  CH3


CH3

The longest chain is butane

Rule3:- Number the longest chain:- The numbering is started from that end which will give
lowest value to substituent.
CH3  CH2  CH  CH3 and not CH3  CH2  CH  CH3
 
CH3 CH3

Rule4:- Identify the substituent:-

Name the substituent and indicate its position by the number of the C-atom to which it is attached.

Rule5:- Perfix the position number and name of the substituent onto the parent name.

CH3  CH2  CH  CH3


CH3

2- methyl butane

Rule6:- Identify the substituent by names and position number. Use prefix di, tri, tetra etc.

CH3 CH3
 
CH3 CH  CH2  CH  CH3 CH3  CH2  C  CH2  CH3
 
CH3 CH3

2,4- dimethyl pentane 3, 3 – dimethyl pentane.

Rule 7:-When two or more different substituents are present. These names are arranged in alphabetic
order

CH3  CH2  CH  CH2  CH  CH2  CH2  CH3

 
CH3 C2H5

5- ethyle-3-methyloctane

IUPAC RULES For Alkene C = C

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
The alkene group is a carbon – carbon double bond. The compounds containing alkene group are known as
alkenes. For example.

CH3

CH3  CH = CH2 CH3  C = CH2

Propene 2-methyl propene

CH3

CH3  CH2  CH = CH2 CH3 C = CH CH2  CH3

1-Butene 2-methyl -2- pentene

CH2 = C =CH2
1,2-propadiene

IUPAC Rules for Alkynes:-

The alkynegroup is a carbon-carbon triple bond. The compounds containing alkyne group are known as
alkynes.
H H
 
HC  CH H C C  C C H
 
H H

Ethyne 2- Butyne

CH3 C C  CH2  CH  CH3


CH3

5- methyl – 2-hexyne

CH  C  C  CH
1,3- Butadiyne

Nomenclature of Haloalkanes or Alkyle halides

Haloalkanes are compounds which contain carbon- halogen bonds. When one hydrogen atom of an alkane is
replaced by a halogen atom, we get haloalkanes. i.e.
-H
CH4 CH3Cl -
+Cl
Methane Chloromethane
(methyl chloride)

The general formula of haloalkanes is CnH2n+1 – X where X represents Cl, Br or I. In the IUPAC method,
haloalkanes are named after the parent alkane by using a prefix to show the presence of the halo group such as
chloro (-Cl), Bromo(-Br) and Iodo (-I) group.
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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
H

The IUPAC name of (CH3Cl) is chloromethane CH3Cl or CH3 Cl or H  C  Cl

H
The common name of CH3Cl is methyl chloride. The IUPAC name of (C2H5Cl) is chloroethane

C2H5Cl or CH3 CH2  Cl or

H H
 
H  C  C  Cl
 
H H
The common name of C2H5Cl is ethyle chloride.

Br CH3
 
CH3 CH  CH3 CH3  CH2  CH  CH2 Cl

2- Bromo propane 1- chloro – 2-methyl butane

Nomenclature of Alcohols:- Alcohols are compounds in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bonded to a
saturated carbon. When one hydrogen atom of an alkane is replaced by a hydroxyl group, we get alcohol.

-H
CH4 CH3OH or ROH
+OH
Methane Methyl alcohol (or methanol) Where R is the alkyl group.

The general formula of alcohols is CnH2n+1 – OH

In the IUPAC method, the last ‘e’ of the parent alkane is replaced by ‘ol’ to indicate the presence of OH group.

i.e. Alkane-e +ol Alkanol

The IUPAC name of CH3OH is methanol while as the common name is methyl alcohol. Similarly the IUPAC
name of C3H7OH is propanol and the common name is propyl alcohol.

OH CH3
 
CH3  CH CH3 CH3  CH  CH2  CH2 OH

2-propanol 3- methyl – 1- butanol

Nomenclature of aldehyde:- Aldehydes are carbon compounds in which an aldehyde group (-CHO) group is
attached to a carbon atom. The general formula of aldehyde is CnH2nO, when n=1,2,3…….
In the IUPAC method, the last ‘e’ of the parent alkane is replaced by ‘al’ to indicate the presence of aldehyde
group.
i.e. Alkane – e + al = Alkanal.
O

The IUPAC name of HCHO is methanal HCHO or H  CHO or H  C  H
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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry

The common name of methanal is formaldehyde. The IUPAC name of CH3CHO is ethanal whereas its
common name is acetaldehyde. Similarly, the IUPACname of C2H5CHO is propanal and its common name is
propionaldehyde.
H H O
  
CH3CH2 CHO or CH3  CH2 CHO or H  C  C  C  H
 
H H

Nomenclature of ketones:-
Ketones are compounds in which the carboxyl group (C=O) is bonded to two organic groups. A ketone must
contain at least 3-carbon atoms in its molecule. The simplest ketone is CH3COCH3 (propanone) the general
formula of ketone is CnH2nO.
Where n= 3, 4, 5………
In the IUPAC method, the last ‘e’ of the parent alkane is replaced by ‘one’ to indicate the presence of a ketone
group.

The IUPAC name of CH3COCH3 is propanone and its common name is Acetone (dimethyl ketone)

O H O H
   
CH3COCH3 or CH3 C  CH3 or H  C  C C  H
 
H H

The IUPAC name of CH3 CO C2H5 is butanone and its common name is Ethyl methyl ketone. Similarly, for
CH3COC3H7, the IUPAC name is pentanone and the common name is methyl propyle ketone.

Nomenclature of carboxylic acids:-

Carboxylic acids are compounds which contain the carboxylic acids are compounds which contain the carboxyl
group(-COOH). They are also called organic acids.

They occur in fatty acids, butter, ghee etc. the general formula of organic acid is Cn H 2n+1 COOH or
RCOOH. Where R is an alkyl group. The name carboxyl is derived from carboxyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (-OH)

In the IUPAC system, the carboxylic acids are named as alkanoic acids. The IUPAC name of an
organic acid is obtained by replacing the last electron of the parent alkane by ‘oic’ and adding the word ‘acid’
to the name.

The IUPAC name of HCOOH is methanoic acid and its common name is formic acid.

The first five organic acids are given below:

Formula Common name IUPAC

n=0 HCOOH Formic acid Methanoic acid

n=1 CH3COOH Acetic acid Ethanoic acid

n=2 C2H5COOH Propanoic acid Propanoic acid

n=3 C3H7COOH Butyric acid Butanoic acid

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
n=4 C4H9COOH Valeric or Camroic acid Pentanoic acid.

Chemical properties of carbon compounds

Combustion:- The process of burning of a carbon compound in air to give carbon dioxide, water heat and light
is known as combustion.

All the alkanes are combustile. When they are ignited in the presence of excess oxygen, they burn to
form CO2 and H2O with the liberation of large amount of heat energy.

CH4 + 2O2 Heat CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + light

When alkanes are burnt in insufficient supply of oxygen, they form carbon monoxide and carbon. For example:

2CH4 + 3O2 2CO + 4H2O

CH4 + O2 C + 2H2O

The unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes and alkynes) do not undergo complete combustion and hence burn with
luminous, yellow sooty flame and produce carbon monoxide and water because they contain higher parentage
of carbon which does not get oxidized completely in the insufficient oxygen present in air.

However, if unsaturated hydrocarbons are burned in pure oxygen, then they will burn completely and
produce extremely high temperature. For example, when acetylene burn in pure oxygen, it produces extremely
high temperature (30000C) which is used for welding and cutting of metals.

Substitution reaction:- Alkanes are comparatively uncreative due to their structural stability. They however,
undergo substitution reaction. In the substitution reaction, one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are
replaced by the atoms of other elements like halogens (F , Cl , Br, I)

For example methane reacts with chlorine to give methyl chloride and HCl in presence of ultraviolet light or
diffused sunlight or at a temperature of 300 – 4000C.
Sunlight
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

Methyl chloride

(Chloro methane)

CH3Cl + Cl2  CH2Cl2 + HCl

Methylene chloride

(Di chloro methane)

CH2Cl2 +Cl2  CHCl3 + HCl

Chloroform

(Trichloro methane)

CHCl3 + Cl2  CCl4 + HCl

Carbon tetrachloride

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
(Tetra chloro methane)

Addition reaction:- The reaction in which an unsaturated compound reacts with another substance to give a
single product is called an addition reaction. Addition reactions are given by all unsaturated hydrocarbons like
alkenes and alkynes which contain double bond or triple bond. In fact, addition reaction is the characteristic
property of unsaturated hydrocarbons-. For example,

Ethene reacts with one molecule of chlorine to form a saturated compound dichloroethane

C2H4 + Cl2 CH3 Cl  CH3 Cl

1,2 dichloro ethane

In this addition reaction, one Cl atom adds to each C-atom and the double bond is reduced to single bond.

Addition reaction of ethene with hydrogen:- Ethene reacts with hydrogen, when heated under pressure and
in the presence of Ni , Pt , or Pd as catalyst to produce saturated hydrocarbons. A hydrogenation reaction
carried in this process is called catalytic hydrogenation.

CH2 = CH2 + H2 Ni
CH3  CH3

Ethene  Ethane

The process of hydrogenation is used to prepare vegetable ghee (vanaspati) from vegetable oils.

Hydrogenation of oils:- Hydrogenation reaction is used in the manufacture of vanaspati ghee from vegetable
oils. The vegetable oils such as groundnut oil, cotton seed oil and mustard oil contain double bonds in their
molecules. When reacted with hydrogen in the presence of nickel as catalyst, they are converted into vanaspati
ghee which is solid at room temperature like butter or ghee.

Vegetable oil + H2 Ni Vegetable ghee

(Unsaturated hydrocarbon) Vanspati ghee or

(Saturated hydrocarbon)

Oxidation reaction:- When alkenes react with cold dilute alkaline solution of potassium permanganate
(KMNO4), ethyle glycol is formed.

i.e. C2H4 KmnO4

CH2  CH2

Ethane H2O
 

OH OH

Ethylene glycol.

Since the bright purple colour of Kmno4 disappears during the reaction. It is used as a test for the presence of a
double bond.

Q#20 Give the preparation, properties and uses of ethanoic acid (Acetic acid).

Ans. Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is well known in the form of vinegar. Vinegar contains about 5-8 % of
ethanoic acid. It is present in biological fluids and plant extracts.

Preparation:- Ethanoic acid can be prepared by several methods.

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
i) By enzymatic oxidation of ethanol:- It can be obtained by the oxidation of ethanol by air in the
presence of acetobactor enzyme.
acetobactor
CH3 CH2OH (l) + 2[O] CH3COOH (aq) + H2O(l)

Ethanol From air Ethanoic acid

( 5 – 8%)

ii) It can be prepared by the hydrolysis of alkyl cyanide

CH3CN + 2H2O CH3COOH + NH3

iii) Methanol when reated with carbon monoxide in the presence of iodine-rhodium catalyst gives ethanoic
acid.
I2 –Rh
CH3OH(l) + CO(g) CH3COOH

Methanol Carbon monoxide Ethanoic acid

Physical properties:- Some common physical properties of ethanoic acid are described below:-

1). At ordinary temp, ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid with a strong pungent smell and sour taste.

2). On cooling below 16.50C it forms ice-like crystals that is why, it is named as glacial acetic acid.

3). It has a corrosive action on the skin and causes blisters.

4). It is miscible with water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

5). It dissolves sulphur, iodine and many other organic compounds.

Chemical properties:- The main chemical reactions given by ethanoic acid are described below:

1) With water:- In aqeous solutions it ionizes to produce H3O+ and CH3COO- ions.
CH3COOH(l) + H2O (l) CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
Ethanoic acid Ethanoate ion Hydronium ion

2) Action on ltmus:- Ethanoic acid is acidic in nature being acidic in nature, ethanoic acid terms blue
litmus solution red.

3) With sodium hydroxide:- It reacts with strong alkali such as NaOH giving sodium ethanoate and
water.

CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O (l)

Ethanoic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium ethanoate Water

4) With metals:- Ethanoic acid reacts with active metals to form metal ethanoates and H- gas.

2CH3COOH(aq) + 2Na(s) 2CH3COONa (aq) + H2(g)

Ethanoic acid Sodium Sodium ethanoate Hydrogen gas

5) With sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate:-

Ethanoic acid decomposes sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate with a rapid evolution of CO2 gas.
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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
Na2CO3 (aq) + 2CH3COOH(aq) 2CH3COONa(aq) + H2O (l) +CO2 (g)

Sodium carbonate Ethanoic acid Sodium ethanoate Water Carbon dioxide

6) Reaction with alcohols:- Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of dehydrating agents e.g.
concentrated H2SO4 to form ester.

CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate.

The reaction of carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester is called esterification.

Tests for carboxylic acids:-

1) Sodium bicarbonate test:- The organic compound to be tested is put in a test tube and a little amount
of sodium bicarbonate is added to it. Evolution of CO2 gas shows that the given compound is
carboxylic acid.

2) Ester test for acids:- The organic compound is warmed with some ethanol and few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid. A sweet smelling ester shows that the organic compound is a
carboxylic acid.

Uses of ethanoic acid:-

1) Ethanoic acid is used in the manufacture of various dyes, perfumes and a rayons.

2) Salts of ethanoic acid are used in paints and also in certain medicines.

3) It is used for making synthetic vinegar which is used in pickles etc.

4) It is used as a solvent.

5) It is used for coagulating the latex.

6) It is used for making white lead.

7) It is used for making cellulose acetate.

8) It is used for making acetone.

Q.21 Give the preparation, properties and uses of ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
Ans. Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is the second number of the homologous series of alcohols. Ethyl alcohol is
the alcohol of wine, bear, whisky and similar beverages. Ethyl alcohol is also known as grain alcohol,
since it can be prepared from starchy grains.

Preparation:- It is prepared on a large scale by the fermentation of sugars present in molasses (cheap
source of glucose, fructose and sucrose) in the presence of yeast. The enzymes invertase and zymase
present in the yeast act as catalyst in converting sugar into ethanol and C02.

Invetase
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O12
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
(in molasses)
zymase
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (g)
Glucose/Fructose Ethyl alcohol

1. It is obtained by reacting ethene with water in the presence of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at a
17
Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
0
temperature of 300 C and 60 -70atm.

H3PO4
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
0
Eyhene water 300 c, 60-70 atm Ethanol

Physical properties:-
1. It is a colourless, volatile liquid with a characteristic pleasant odour and
burning taste.
2. It boils at 78°C and freezes at -1180C.
3. Its specific gravity is 0.789
4. It is soluble in water as well as in all organic and inorganic solvents.
5. It is a neutral compound and has no effect on the colour of litmus.
6. It is lighter than water.
7. It is poisonous in nature.
8. It is a covalent compound and hence does not conduct electricity.

Chemical Properties of Ethanol:

1. Reaction with Na or K :- Ethyl alcohol reacts with sodium to form the corresponding
ethoxides and H - gas.

2 C2 H5OH + 2 Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 (g)

Sodium Ethoxide

2. Reaction with Phosphorus halide:- It reacts with phosphorus halide to give ethyl halide.

C2H5OH + PCl5 C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl

Ethyl chloride phosphorous oxychloride

3. Combustion:-It burns in air with a blue flame to form CO2 and water vapour.
Combustion
C2 H5 OH + 3O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Heat + light

4. Oxidation:- Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified dichromate

solution oxidizes ethanol to ethanoic acid ( acetic acid)
CH3CH2OH + 2[O] Alkaline KmnO4 CH3COOH + H2O
Or acidified K2Cr2O7 Ethanoic acid.

5.reaction with ethanoic acid (Esterification reaction):- Ethanol when

heated with ethanoic acid in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 to form a
sweet smelling ester (ethyl ethanoate).

CH3COOH + C2H5OH Conc.H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate Water
In this reaction, conc. H2SO4 acts as a catalyst as well as a dehydrating
agent.
6.Dehydration:- When ethanol is heated with excess of conc. Sulphuric
acid at 1700 C, it gets dehydrated to form ethane.

CH3 CH2OH Conc H2SO4 CH2 =CH2 +H2O

Ethanol 1700 C Ethene Water

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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry
Tests for an alcohol
1. Sodium metal test:- Add a small piece of sodium metal to the organic
liquid , taken in a dry test tube. If bubbles of hydrogen gas are
produced , it indicates that the given organic liquid is an alcohol.
2. Ester tests for alcohol:- The organic compound is warmed with some
ethanoic acid and a few drops of conc. Sulphuric acid. A sweet smell
indicates that the given organic compound is an alcohol.
Uses:
1. It is used in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks, like whisky, wine, bear etc.
2. It is used in the manufacture of drugs and perfumes.
3. It is used in thermometers and spirit lamps.
4. It is used as a preservative for biological specimens.
5. It is used in the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, ethyl chloride and ethyl acetate.
6. It is used as an industrial solvent.
7. It is used in hospitals as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds and syringes.
8. It is used in varnishes.
9. It is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.
10. It is used as a substitute of petrol in scooters and cars.
11. It is used as antifreeze for automobile radiators.

Q.22 What are soaps? How will you manufacture the soap?
Ans. Soaps are the substances that are used for cleaning and washing actions. They are sodium or potassium
salts of fatty acids like oleic acid. stearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid and myristic acid. Ordinary
soaps are the products of hydrolysis of oils and fats with sodium hydroxide.

1. Sodium Stearate (CI7H35COONa): It is the sodium salt of fatty acids (saturated acids called
stearic acid CI7H35COOH). A higher portion of saturated salts gives hard soaps.
2. Sodium Palnitate (CI5H31COONa): It is the sodium salt of long chain saturated fatty acids called
Palmitic acid C15H34COOH.
3. Sodium Oleate (CI7H33COONa): It is a sodium salt of a long chain unsaturated fatty acids called
Oleic acid CI7H33COOH. Higher proportion of this salt yields soft soaps.

Preparation of Soaps:- Soap is prepared by heating fats or oils with sodium or potassium hydroxide
solution (Lye). The process of making soaps by the alkaline hydrolysis of oils and fats is called
sapnofication.
Heat
Oil or fat + Alkali Soap + Glycerol

C3H5(COOC17H35)3 + 3NaOH 3C17H35COONa (Soap) + C3H5(OH)3 (Glycerine)

During heating and boiling the mixture should be constantly stirred. A punch of NaCl and few
flower petals should be added, the mixture is heated until thick paste is obtained. The soap separates
out from the solution and thus the crust of soap is removed and allows to set and harden. The harden
mass is then cut into desired shapes and sizes and are thus packed for marketing.

Preparation of soap at home or in the laboratory: Add 10ml of a 40% NaOH solution to 10ml of
cotton seed oil in a beaker. Boil the mixture with continuous stirring till a thick paste is obtained.
Add some hardening agent i.e. Na2CO3 to harden the soap.

Heat
Oil (fat) + Base Soap + Glycerol

When the reaction is complete, both the products are in the form of aqueous solution. To precipitate
out the soap, add some NaCl, the soap thus obtained is dried and cut into bars and cakes.
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Class: 10th Carbon And Its Compounds Chemistry

Cleansing action of soap or how soap works: Cleansing soap function by acting amulsifying agents
which means that oil and grease to be removed from the surface of skin or fabric are broken into smaller
droplets. Each one of the small droplets is surrounded by a film of soap which is washed away with
water.
The soap consists of two parts i.e., the long hydro carbon part (C17H35) of the soap that is oil
soluble (liphopholic) and the other charged end (COONa) is water soluble (hydrophilic). As soap water
is poured over the skin or a dirty garment, the hydro-carbon tails of the soap molecules per into the oil,
while the negative head is held in water. The grease layer is then separated from skin by rubbing or
from garment by tumbling and stirring.

Advantages of Soap:
1. Soap is an excellent cleansing agent having 100% bio degradability.
2. Micro –organisms present in sewage water easily oxidize soap to CO2 and water and hence
there can be no pollution problem.

Disadvantages of soap:
1. It can be used in soft water but not in hard water, because a large amount of soap is wasted
in reacting with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water to form a scum.
2. It cannot be applied in acetic medium as it sticks to the fabrics and hence causes problem
during dyeing and drying.

Q.23 What are synthetic detergents and write advantages of synthetic detergents over soaps?
Ans. Soaps are good cleansing agents yet they become ineffective if the water is hard. Scientists have
developed synthetic cleansing agents and which are not prepared from vegetable oil. These cleansing
agents are called detergents.
Synthetic detergent ions of the sodium salt of a long chain benzene sulphonic acid or the sodium
salt of a long chain alkyl hydrogen Sulphate.
Sodium Lauryl sulphate (C12H25OSO3Na) is an example of synthetic detergent. It does not form
Scum with the ions Ca2+ or Mg2+ and hence washes well even in hard water.

Advantages of detergents over Soaps:

1. Synthetic detergents are used even with hard water whereas soaps are not suitable for use with hard
water.
2. Synthetic detergent is prepared from hydrocarbons of petroleum so they help us save vegetable oils
for human consumption.
3. Detergents can be used in acidic solutions whereas soaps cannot be used in the acidic medium
4. Detergents have more cleaning action than soaps.
5. Detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.
6. Detergents may be used for cotton as well as woolen clothes.

Q24. Give the differences between soap and synthetic detergents.

Soaps Detergents
1. Soaps are the salts of the long chain fatty 1. They are the sodium salts of long chain
acids and the ionic group is COO - Na+. benzene sulphonic acids and ionic
group in a detergent is SO3Na+
2. Soaps are not suitable for washing with 2. They can be used both in hard and soft
hard water. water.
3. They are prepared from animal fats or 3. They are prepared from the
vegetable oils. hydrocarbons of petroleum.
4. Soaps are biodegradable. 4. They are non-biodegradable.


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