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MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering: Department of
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

ABE 130 – AB Power Engineering

Laboratory Exercise #6
Farm Tractor Drive Train
(Two-wheel and Four-wheel Tractor)

Group Names: Kailah Angela V. Bayangos Date Performed: 11-24-2023

Kaye Anne Allado Date Report Submitted: 12-11-2023
James Philip V. Ruiz
Loreine Yaminah Balanay
Patrick John Mamuad

I. Introduction
The drive train of a farm tractor is the engine that powers the adaptable vehicles
across fields so they may carry out a variety of agricultural jobs. This system, which
consists of multiple parts, converts engine power to the wheels so the tractor may
plow, seed, till, and carry out a host of other crucial farming tasks. Basically, the
engine, transmission, clutch, differential, axles, and wheels make up the drive train.
The tractor's engine acts as its central component, producing power that is transferred
through the transmission to enable direction and speed adjustments.

The tractor's wheels can turn at different speeds because of the differential and
axles, which distribute power to the wheels. Stability and maneuverability in a variety
of terrains are guaranteed by this vital device. Furthermore, modern tractors
frequently have cutting-edge drive train features like all-wheel drive (AWD) or four-
wheel drive (4WD), which improve traction and performance in difficult situations.
Farmers and technicians must be familiar with the complexities of the farm tractor
drive train because it directly affects the machine's performance, (hitches, stability,
operation, fuel consumption and drive performance) power delivery, and general
usefulness in agricultural activities.

II. Objectives
At the end of the exercise, the students should be able to:
1. Identify a tractor;
2. Differentiate between two and four-wheel tractors;
 3. Identify the clutch, transmission, differential, steering, power take-off (PTO),
control and final drive of the tractor; and
4. Explain hitches and stability.

Theory
The farm tractor's drive train orchestrates the intricate transfer of power from the
engine to the wheels, enabling the entire system to function seamlessly. At its core,
the engine generates power through combustion, which is then transmitted to the
transmission system. This transmission system, be it manual or automatic, operates
through various gears, effectively managing different speeds and torque outputs,
thereby controlling the tractor's speed and direction with precision.

The clutch system is a pivotal component within this intricate setup, serving as the
bridge between the engine and the transmission. Engaging the clutch allows the
power to flow from the engine to the transmission, facilitating movement.
Conversely, disengaging the clutch momentarily interrupts this flow, enabling smooth
gear changes or bringing the tractor to a halt without the need to shut down the
engine, enhancing operational flexibility.

In addition to the clutch and transmission, the drive train integrates the differential
and final drive mechanisms. The differential plays a key role in distributing power
from the transmission to the wheels, enabling them to rotate at varying speeds during
turns, ensuring smooth maneuverability. Meanwhile, the final drive transfers the
power from the transmission to the wheels, providing the necessary torque and force
essential for the tractor's movement. Together, these elements harmonize to optimize
the tractor's performance and productivity on the farm, ensuring it efficiently handles
diverse tasks.

III. Procedures for Laboratory Work

1. We began reading sources from the given material about the different role of tractor
in agriculture, the different types of tractor and their importance. We even tried the
actual familiarization of the tractor’s parts.
2. We proceeded with the inspection of the two wheel and four-wheel tractor then
after that, we discussed to our desired group the two and four-wheel tractors
distinguished features using the PNS and the actual observation, which are the uses
and unique parts of every type of tractor.
3. In the machinery circulation, we identify and locate the clutch, transmission,
differential and steering. We weren't able to perform the final drive and inspect the
clutch performance, PTO and the control function loads.
IV. Results and Discussions (Observations, tables figures, interpretation of results
and discuss possible sources of error)
Tractors play a vital role in modern agriculture, revolutionizing farming practices
and significantly increasing productivity. They are versatile machines designed to
perform various tasks, such as plowing, tilling, planting, harvesting, and transporting
goods. Tractors provide the necessary power and traction to perform these tasks
efficiently, saving time and labor in the agricultural industry.
Different Types of Tractors:
1. Utility Tractors: These tractors are versatile and commonly used in a wide
range of tasks on farms of all sizes. They are typically compact and maneuverable,
making them suitable for general-purpose applications like mowing, landscaping, and
material handling.
2. Row Crop Tractors: Specifically designed for row-crop farming, these tractors
feature narrow profiles to navigate between crop rows. They often have adjustable
wheel spacing to accommodate different row widths. Row crop tractors are used for
tasks like planting, cultivating, and spraying in row-crop fields.
3. Orchard Tractors: Orchards and vineyards require specialized tractors that
can maneuver through narrow rows without damaging the crops. Orchard tractors
have compact designs, low profiles, and narrow wheelbases to operate effectively in
these environments. They are used for tasks like pruning, spraying, and harvesting in
fruit orchards.
4. Sub-Compact Tractors: These smaller tractors are suitable for small-scale or
hobby farms, landscaping, and grounds maintenance. They are maneuverable,
lightweight, and often equipped with attachments like loaders and mowers.
5. Specialty Tractors: There are various types of specialty tractors designed for
specific agricultural tasks. For example, high-clearance tractors are used in crops with
tall vegetation, such as cotton or sugar cane. Articulated tractors offer enhanced
maneuverability and stability for heavy-duty applications like large-scale tillage or
hauling.
Importance of Tractors in Agriculture:
1. Increased Efficiency and Productivity: Tractors provide significant power
and traction, allowing farmers to complete tasks more quickly and efficiently. They
can cover larger areas in less time, leading to increased productivity and improved
farm management.
2. Versatility: Tractors are highly versatile machines that can be equipped with
various implements and attachments, enabling farmers to perform a wide range of
tasks with a single machine. This versatility reduces the need for multiple specialized
equipment, saving costs and storage space.
3. Labor Savings: Tractors reduce the manual labor required for many
agricultural tasks. They can perform tasks that would otherwise require significant
human effort, such as plowing, tilling, and hauling heavy loads. This frees up labor
for other farm activities.
4. Precision and Accuracy: Modern tractors often come with advanced
technology and precision systems. GPS guidance, auto-steering, and implement
control systems allow for precise operations, leading to more accurate planting,
spraying, and harvesting. This precision helps optimize crop yields and reduce waste.
5. Increased Scale and Farm Size: Tractors have enabled farms to increase in
size and scale. With the ability to cover larger areas and handle more substantial
workloads, tractors have facilitated the expansion of farms, leading to improved
economies of scale and increased agricultural production.

Identification and Differentiation

FOUR-WHEEL TWO-WHEEL
TRACTOR TRACTOR
DESIGN A four-wheel tractor has As the name suggests, a
four wheels and a more two-wheel tractor has only
complex design. It two wheels. It consists of
includes a cabin for the an engine, handlebars for
operator, a powerful steering, and a hitch at the
engine, a transmission back to attach various
system, a three-point hitch implements. And in the
at the rear, and additional case of the one that we
features like power take- observe it also has a PTO.
off (PTO) and hydraulic
systems.
STABILITY AND wheel tractors offer greater Two-wheel tractors are
MANEUVERABILITY stability and traction due to lighter and more
their four-wheel drive maneuverable than their
system. They can navigate four-wheel counterparts.
uneven terrain more They are designed for
effectively and are capable working in smaller fields
of pulling heavy loads. or areas with limited space.
Their larger size and However, they may lack
weight make them more the stability to handle
suitable for larger farms heavy loads or steep
and heavy-duty tasks. terrains.
POWER AND Four-wheel tractors are Two-wheel tractors usually
PERFORMANCE available in a wide range have lower power ratings
of power ratings, from compared to four-wheel
small utility tractors to tractors. They are equipped
 large, high-horsepower with smaller engines and
machines. They are are designed for lighter-
designed to handle more duty tasks such as tilling,
demanding tasks such as mowing, and operating
plowing, harrowing, small implements like
planting, hauling, and seeders or sprayers.
operating a variety of
implements and
attachments.
VERSATILITY The Four-wheel tractor is The Two-wheel tractor is
highly versatile machines. generally less versatile
It is equipped with a wide than four-wheel tractors. It
range of implements and is used for soil preparation
attachments, such as and light farming
plows, harrows, seeders, operations. However, they
balers, loaders, and more. can be versatile within
This versatility allows their limitations and are
farmers to perform often compatible with
multiple tasks various attachments for
different tasks.

THREE-POINT LINKAGE OF THE FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR

 HITCHES AND STABILITY
Hitches and stability are important concepts in the design and operation of farm
tractors.

A hitch is a mechanical device that connects a tractor to an implement, such as a

plow, seeder, or trailer. It is designed to transfer power from the tractor to the
implement and to allow for the articulation of the implement relative to the tractor.
On the other hand, Stability is the ability of a tractor to resist overturning.

Hitches can play a significant role in the stability of a tractor. There are factors
that can affect the stability of a tractor. For instance, a hitch that is too high or too low
can raise the center of gravity of the tractor and a hitch that is not properly aligned
can cause the tractor to pull to one side, making it more likely to overturn. This also
includes the weight distribution and height of the center of gravity of the tractor and
implement; the track width and speed of the tractor; and the slope of the ground.

However, there are also factors that can improve the stability of a tractor. This
includes, selecting a hitch that is appropriate for the tractor and implement. This help
to ensure that the tractor can safely transfer the power to the implement and resist
overturning. Also, properly adjusting the hitch height and alignment, ensuring that the
tractor and implement are properly loaded and operating the tractor at a safe speed,
especially on slopes.

It is important for stability to be maintained in order to operate the tractor safely

and efficiently. Overall, hitches and stability are important for the safe and efficient
operation of farm tractors.

V. Conclusion
In conclusion, the farm tractor drive train plays a pivotal role in the efficiency and
productivity of agricultural operations. The drive train serves as the mechanical heart
of these machines, translating power from the engine to the wheels and enabling a
wide range of tasks essential to modern farming.

Two-wheel and four-wheel tractors exhibit distinct characteristics, each catering

to specific farming needs. Two-wheel tractors are known for their agility and
versatility, making them suitable for smaller farms and specialized tasks. On the other
hand, four-wheel tractors offer enhanced stability and power, making them
indispensable for larger-scale and more demanding agricultural operations. The
evolution of drive train technology has seen advancements in transmission systems,
power delivery mechanisms, and fuel efficiency. These improvements contribute not
only to increased performance but also to reduced environmental impact and labor
 costs. Precision farming techniques, facilitated by sophisticated drive train systems,
allow for better control and optimization of resources, contributing to sustainable
agriculture practices.

For the next years, it is evident that the farm tractor drive train will continue to
undergo innovation and refinement. Integration with digital technologies, automation,
and data analytics are expected to further enhance the capabilities of these machines,
steering in a new era of smart and efficient farming. The farm tractor drive train is a
critical component that defines the modern agricultural landscape. With its continuous
evolution, it is essential to meet the growing demands of global food production,
ensuring sustainability, and empowering farmers with the tools they need to navigate
the challenges of the future.

VI. Answers to Questions

1. How has technology influenced the design and functionality of modern farm
tractors? Make a comparison among the different generations of farm
tractors.
Technology has greatly influenced the design and functionality of modern
farm tractors. Compared to older generations, modern tractors are equipped with
advanced features such as GPS guidance systems, on-board computers, and
sophisticated sensors. These technologies have improved accuracy, precision, and
efficiency in farming practices. Modern tractors are also designed with more
powerful engines, larger and more durable tires, improved suspension systems,
and better hydraulic systems, among other features. These upgrades increase the
tractors' capacity to handle heavier workloads, plow fields faster, and maneuver
more efficiently.

2. Explain the importance of a tractor's power take-off (PTO) system in

implementing various agricultural tools and machinery.
A tractor's power take-off (PTO) system is critical in implementing
various agricultural tools and machinery. PTO is a mechanical device that
connects the tractor's engine to the farming equipment, enabling the transfer of
power from the engine to the equipment. This feature allows implements such as
plows, cultivators, and mowers to be connected to the tractor and powered by its
engine. The PTO system enables farmers to operate multiple implements with one
tractor, which saves both time and money.
3. Are there specific tractor models designed for specialized farming practices,
and if so, how do they differ from general-purpose tractors?
Yes, there are specific tractor models designed for specialized farming
practices. For example, orchard tractors are designed with narrow dimensions and
flexible steering capabilities to maneuver through rows of trees and vines.
Similarly, vineyard tractors have a low profile, narrow width, and high ground
clearance to navigate between rows of vineyards. Tractors for dairy farms must
have comfortable seating, easy handling, and low noise levels to ensure the
comfort of the cows. Specialized tractors are designed to perform specific tasks
more efficiently than general-purpose tractors, and they are typically more
expensive than standard models.