18th-19th C: Revival

Periods in Continental Europe:

1850 to 1870 AD
• Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
• Renaissance and Gothic revival
• Structural use of iron

1870 to 1914 AD
• Use of metals was intensified, especially in
exhibitions
• Antique forms instead of Renaissance

ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)

• Derived from the “Arts and Crafts Movement” in
Britain
• An art free of any historical style

The Votivkirche, Vienna

• Neo-Gothic by Heinrich von Ferstel
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC • Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
RENAISSANCE buildings and interiors, handmade objects and furniture
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
20TH C MODERN • Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
ISLAMIC
Versions:
INDIAN • France – Le Modern Style
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Germany – Jugendstil
FILIPINO • Austria – Sezessione
• Italy – Stile Liberty The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
• Spain - Modernismo • Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadie
 18th-19th C: Revival

The Schauspielhaus, Berlin

• Greek-revival style by KF von Schinkel

The Opera House, Paris

• Neo-Baroque by Charles Garnier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
GREEK • Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE • Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Others:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin – Paul Wallot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest – Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
ISLAMIC
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
INDIAN
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
CHINESE & JAPANESE The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
FILIPINO The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
• Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
 18th-19th C: Revival
Art Noveau Architects:
• Victor Horta in Brussels
• Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
• Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
• Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow

The Palau Guell, Barcelona

• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
PRE-HISTORIC • Seems to presage Art Noveau in its forms
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Designed by Gustav Eiffel and maurice koechlin
BYZANTINE • Extensive use of iron, 300m high
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Casa Mila, Barcelona
• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
• By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, • Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
architect
 18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in America: The White House, Washington DC
• President’s official residence
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) • Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
• Neo-Classic elements • English Palladian style

FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)

• Greek-revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian styles

SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)

1st Stream:
• Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
• Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
• HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright

2nd Stream:
• Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
Roman, late Gothic inspiration • Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American
• Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes president
• Palladian style
PRE-HISTORIC • Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
history of architecture

NEAR EAST construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators

EGYPTIAN • Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
GREEK contribution to architecture
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
Robie House, Chicago
INDIAN • Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)
• First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright

Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin

• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 18th-19th C: Revival

Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
• by Frank Lloyd Wright • Designed by Thomas Jefferson
• First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
• Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
ISLAMIC • First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
INDIAN
lines
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO • Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
• One of the world's best known buildings • Designed by Henry Bacon
• Greek Doric style
 18th-19th C: Revival
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
• Designed by William Strickland
• Greek-revival

The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois

• Designed by HH Richardson

The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois

• Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
• Neo-Byzantine interior

The Reliance Building, Chicago

• Designed by Burnham and Root

The Monadnock Building, Chicago

• Designed by Daniel Burnham

The Second Leiter Building, Chicago

• Metal-framed building

PRE-HISTORIC The Gace Building, Chicago

history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Designed by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche

EGYPTIAN
GREEK The Schlesinger-Mayer Store
ROMAN • Designed by Louis Sullivan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Suggestion of Art Noveau style
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY
GOTHIC • Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Woolworth Building, NY
20TH C MODERN • Designed by Cass Gilbert
• Gothic style
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Adler and Sullivan
FILIPINO
Empire State Building
• Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
• 85 storeys
 20th C: Modern

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 20th C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS

Marcel Breuer
• Architect and designer
• Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily
Chair
• Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the
school's furniture department in 1924
• Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art

UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Eero Saarinen
HISTORY
ROMAN Works include:
EARLY CHRISTIAN
More innovations: - Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
BYZANTINE • Curtain wall - The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
ROMANESQUE • Steel and plate-glass
GOTHIC • Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
RENAISSANCE • Flat slab by Robert Maillart
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Laminated timber
20TH C MODERN
• Functionalism in design
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
• Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement
of high speed flight
• Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving “gull
 20th C: Modern
Oscar Niemeyer Frank Lloyd Wright
• Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just Johnson Wax Co. Building
four years
• Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
• Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and
the presidential palace

Parliament Building, Brasilia

Falling Water, Pennsylvania

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Eric Mendelsohn
GREEK • Dynamic, sculptural quality
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Einstein Tower, Potsdam
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo – he played a decisive role in the
renewal of Japanese architecture
 20th C: Modern
le Corbusier Buckminster Fuller
• Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated • Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for
European scene for nearly half-a-century living” - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
• He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - plastics
the program for building a house should be set out with • Designed all necessary mechanical systems and
the same precision as that for building a machine devices in the center of the building, with living spaces
around it, open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
2. Free-standing façade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house Walter Gropius
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the • Created prototype of modern architecture: free-
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls standing glass sheath suspended on a structural
subdividing the space framework - aka curtain wall
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises • First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
elevating the mass off the ground 1918
• Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the
PRE-HISTORIC practical needs of modern life
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Villa Savoye at Poissy

• Realization of his 'five points‘ of new architecture
 20th C: Modern
Frei Otto FAMOUS WORKS
• The seminal figure in the development of tensile
architecture
• Veered away from the simple geometric solutions and
built organic free forms that could respond to complex
planning and structural requirements

Munich Stadium for 1972 Olympic Games

Palazzetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics

• Designed by Pierre Luigi Nervi and Vitellozzi

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Other Personalities:
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Otto Wagner, Austria
BYZANTINE • Richard Neutra, Austria
ROMANESQUE • Rudolf Schindler, Austria
GOTHIC • Peter Behrens, Germany
RENAISSANCE • August Perret, France
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
20TH C MODERN • JJP Oud, The Netherlands
• Victor Horta, Belgium
ISLAMIC • Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
INDIAN • CFA Voysey, UK
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Louis Sullivan, USA
FILIPINO • Adolf Meyer Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
• Tony Garnier • Designed by Kenzo Tange
• Max Berg
• Mies van der Rohe
 20th C: Modern

Sydney Opera House

• Designed by Jorn Utzon of Denmark
• He won the project in a competition for the design of a
performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia

World Trade Center

PRE-HISTORIC • Originally designed by Minoru Yamasaki
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Structural steel framing

EGYPTIAN • Destroyed by the September 11 terrorist attacks
GREEK • Redesigned by Daniel Libeskind - 541 m tall
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Chrysler Building, NY
• Designed by William van Alen
• Art Deco style
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
 Islamic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Islamic
• Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
• Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to
spread Islam
• North into Central Asia
• Westward to Africa
• Along trade routes into India
• Among the Turks and Mongols

• Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest

and racial movements
• Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with
annual pilgrimage to Mecca

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN • The religion of Islam began in Arabia
EARLY CHRISTIAN • 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an SOCIETY
BYZANTINE
angel • Tribal groups
ROMANESQUE • Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols • Public life was reserved for men (women had a
GOTHIC and to accept the will of god “Islam” secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
RENAISSANCE • Arabs of Mecca rejected this message • Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL the freedom of worship and self-government
20TH C MODERN • 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina
and converted the people into Islam • Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
ISLAMIC
• Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military learning
INDIAN •
organization tasked with spreading the faith was Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
CHINESE & JAPANESE from Greek, Persian and Indian
established
FILIPINO
• Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed • Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
all its idols and converted it to Islam astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and
science
 Islamic
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
• Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION
• One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet • Countries already rich in building tradition
• Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation • Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by
a people with no architectural tradition
• Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life • Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
• Personal humility different circumstances
• Abhorrence of image worship
Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:
• No essential difference in techniques between
religious and non-religious buildings
• Important architectural endeavor is normally
expended on buildings having a direct social or
community purpose
• Decorations tend toward the abstract, using
geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs, with a
preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than
a focal element
• Basic conservatism discourages innovations and
PRE-HISTORIC favors established forms
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect

EGYPTIAN creation)
GREEK • Centered upon God
ROMAN • Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards
EARLY CHRISTIAN Mecca
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Koran
RENAISSANCE • Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL brought him messages from Allah
20TH C MODERN • After his death, these accounts were compiled into a
holy book
ISLAMIC • Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to
INDIAN
praise him
CHINESE & JAPANESE DECORATION
FILIPINO • 5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, • in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
Fasting, Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction,
• Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar geometric interlacement, mouldings and friezes,
to spread the faith and defend it from attack carvings in bas relief, stone inlay and mosaic,
patterned brickwork, ceramic and glass mosaic,
 Islamic
EXAMPLES PARTS OF A MOSQUE

MOSQUE
• The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor
Allah in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam
had spread

• Principal place of worship

• Building used for Friday prayer

• Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer

• Could also be used as a school, place for
transactions, storage for treasures, place for hearing
PRE-HISTORIC official notices
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Masjid - small prayer house • Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a
EGYPTIAN • Madrassah - religious college and mosque fundamental feature
GREEK • Fawwara - fountain
ROMAN • Inward-looking building • Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, • Dikka - reading desk
BYZANTINE prayer chambers and porches • Maqsura - screen
ROMANESQUE • No positive object of attention or adoration • Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial
GOTHIC • Conceived around an axis towards Mecca announcements
RENAISSANCE • In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche • Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL cut into it, showing the direction of Mecca • Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made
20TH C MODERN • Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca
ISLAMIC
Personalities:
INDIAN • Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer
FILIPINO • Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial,
or spiritual leader of Islam
• Sufi - holy man
 Islamic

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)

• 688 to 692 AD
• Most important Islamic structure
• Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah
(from where the prophet is believed to have made his
ride to heaven)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST The Great Mosque, Damascus

EGYPTIAN • Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD
GREEK • Stood in a walled temenos
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba
• 876 to 879 AD • 785 AD
 Islamic
SARAY or SERAI TOMBS
• Palace with courtyard

The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

• Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal
PRE-HISTORIC • Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work on it
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing

EGYPTIAN colors of the sun
GREEK • Sits in a well-landscaped garden
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
• Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in
gardens Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
• One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic • 1565 AD
palaces
 Indian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC Indian

INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
• 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
• Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Mauryan Empire • Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
under King Ashoka
other kingdoms
• Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under
King Ashoka

Links:
• Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
• Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
• Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via
Baluchistan)

• Successive military and economic incursions brought

art and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman,
Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, English

RELIGION

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN Hinduism
GREEK
HISTORY • Main religion of India
ROMAN • Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile river valley • Along with Judaism, the worlds oldest surviving
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and religion
BYZANTINE
Northwest India • From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders
ROMANESQUE • Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa • Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
GOTHIC • Each city was ruled by priest-kings, citadels atop the • Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a
RENAISSANCE city different body
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Lasted only 800 years • Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers
20TH C MODERN and traders, laborers and servants, untouchables
ISLAMIC
Buddhism
INDIAN • Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided
CHINESE & JAPANESE people into castes
FILIPINO • Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 BC, gave up his
princely life to search for wisdom
• After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment
through a deep thinking process called meditation
• Overcome human weakness including greed and
 Indian
MANDIRA
• Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana
• Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower – sikhara
• Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music

STAMBHAS or LATHS
• Monumental pillars standing free without any
structural function
• Circular or octagonal shafts
• Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
STUPAS
• Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic
of Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a
sacred spot
• Regarded as symbols of the universe
• Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus

• Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform

• With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning
umbrella called a chattri

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK VIHARAS
ROMAN • Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
BYZANTINE verandah
ROMANESQUE • Small sleeping cells on the sides
GOTHIC • In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CHAITYAS
• Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
• Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
 Chinese

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC

• 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became

the first emperor of China
• Ruled with armies and officials
• Organized huge number of laborers to work for him
• Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern
enemies
• Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and
chariots was buried with the emperor
• Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was
replaced by Han and western Jin dynasties

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN SOCIETY
GREEK
HISTORY • Foreign trade by land and sea
ROMAN • Theorists, schools of philosophy Confucius, Lao-Tzu
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Writing, calendar and money
BYZANTINE • Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC RELIGION
RENAISSANCE Religious and ethical influences:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Confucianism, code of social conduct and philosophy
20TH C MODERN of life, family and ancestor worship
• Only ancient civilization that has continued to this day • Taoism, universal love as solution to social disorder
ISLAMIC • Buddhism
INDIAN
• Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring
CHINESE & JAPANESE GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
states
FILIPINO
• 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches • Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of
of the Yellow River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty the world
• Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller • Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains
kingdoms and deserts, excellent harbors
• Metals, trees, bamboo, clay
 Chinese
EXAMPLES PAI-LOUS
• Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
PAGODAS structure in Chinese architecture
• Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of • Erected as memorials to eminent persons
religious significance • Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
• Later gained a secular nature: monuments to victory • Related to the Indian torana and Japanese torii
or a memorial to hold relics
• Based on the Indian stupa and stambha • Trabeated form, in stone or wood
• Bold projecting roofs
• Octagonal in plan • 1, 3 or 5 openings
• Odd number of stories, 9 or 13
• Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, turned
up eaves
• Slopes inwards to the top

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS

The Great Wall of China

• Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
• by Shi Huangdi

PRE-HISTORIC • Chief feature was the roof

history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Supported on timber uprights and independent of • 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert
EGYPTIAN walls
GREEK • A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other • Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever
ROMAN • Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque materials were available in the locality
EARLY CHRISTIAN ornaments • 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
BYZANTINE • Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
ROMANESQUE • Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each • Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
GOTHIC • Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, • 25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow
RENAISSANCE refectories, sleeping cells for priests shots apart)
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN PALACES & HOUSES
• Imperial places and official residences
ISLAMIC • Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Governed by building regulations limiting the
FILIPINO dimensions and number of columns
• emperor - 9 bays
• prince - 7
• mandarin - 5
• ordinary citizen - 3
 Japanese
• In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Extent of Chinese Empire Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
in 1760 AD • The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Japan Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world until 19th century
• Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence

RELIGION
• Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
• Buddhism

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

• Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland
• Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north
and south
• Earthquakes & volcanoes
• Hilly and forested country
• Stone, timber, bamboo

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN • Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
EARLY CHRISTIAN
present emperor
BYZANTINE • 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a
ROMANESQUE ruler
GOTHIC • Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and
RENAISSANCE nobles, military, people
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords,
20TH C MODERN each fighting with each other
ISLAMIC
• In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa,
INDIAN
Japan was united and brought to peace
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
FILIPINO
 Japanese
EXAMPLES PAGODAS

TEMPLES

• Derived from the Chinese pagoda

• Square plan
• Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height
• Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable
PRE-HISTORIC against earthquake shocks)
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved

EGYPTIAN • Shinto temples and Buddhist temples
GREEK DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES
ROMAN • No other architecture reveals the structural and
EARLY CHRISTIAN aesthetic qualities of wood
BYZANTINE • Unpainted wood without any surface treatment
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Typical 1-storey rectangular plan:
RENAISSANCE • Vestibule
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Veranda, engawa
20TH C MODERN • Living and dining
• Guest rooms
ISLAMIC •
Featured the torii gateways Recess for flowers and art
INDIAN • •
Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto Rooms for host and hostess
CHINESE & JAPANESE shrine • No distinction between living and sleeping apartments
FILIPINO • Derived from the Chinese pai-lou
• Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more • Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ½
horizontal beams, usually curving upward ken (1.8 x 0.9 m)
• Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be
effective
 Filipino
Route of Magellan’s Voyage
In 1519
The Philippines

• Indians in 4th and 5th century BC

• Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
• Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD
• Trade center of the Orient – Sulu was frequented by
ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India,
Arabia

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE HISTORY Spanish Rule:
GOTHIC • 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
RENAISSANCE Pre-Colonial: • 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 • Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part
20TH C MODERN years ago, and later, sea-vessels of the country
• Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and • Introduced European institution and thought
ISLAMIC •
hunters Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest
INDIAN
• 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from of the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
FILIPINO
• laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and • Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
behavior attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
• elaborate animistic religion • Spanish colony until 1900's
• Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful
revolt by Aguinaldo
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION

Building Capability:
• Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw
American Rule: no need for large megalithic structures, etc
• Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of • Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
Spanish war with USA prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
• Continued fighting
• Democracy was introduced - allowed a self- Settlements
government called the Commonwealth Era • big villages along key trade centers
• near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams – for
Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
• December 1941
• Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture:
• Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 • shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
• Independence in 1946 around it
• two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or
• 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world following the generally accepted form and structural
PRE-HISTORIC • Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia patterns; and 2) chance or “playing it by ear”, allowing
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American minor modifications for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN
GREEK RELIGION • Tropical architecture
ROMAN • Islam • Light
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Roman Catholicism • Open and transparent
BYZANTINE • Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
RENAISSANCE • Archipelago of 7100 islands – mountainous and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented
20TH C MODERN • 3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
• Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in
ISLAMIC
the path of Far East trade
INDIAN • major earthquake and volcanic belt
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO
CLIMATE
• Dry and wet season
• Typhoons and tropical storms
 Filipino
EXAMPLES • usually with steep thatch roof
• varies across regional and ethnic lines
CAVE DWELLINGS
• earliest human habitation Cordillera Region
• Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
• caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs

TREE HOUSES
• perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet
above the ground
• ISNEG
prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA
• by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
• Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
• Moros of Lake Lanao KANKANAI

LEAN-TOS
• winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at IFUGAO
building BONTOC
• served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering
PRE-HISTORIC journey Mindanao & Sulu Region
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough
EGYPTIAN to withstand a strom
GREEK • Negritos of Zambales
ROMAN • Agtas of Palanan, Isabela BADJAO SAMAL
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
ROMANESQUE • “balai” and spanish “cubo” or cube – cube-shaped
GOTHIC house, from its boxy appearance
RENAISSANCE • primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL BC, with the coming of iron tools
• YAKAN MARANAO
20TH C MODERN well- adapted to tropical climate
• of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon
ISLAMIC
and nipa
INDIAN
Panay Region
CHINESE & JAPANESE Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
FILIPINO • protection from the moist ground and flood
• protection from vermin and other animals
• enclosed area as sleeping quarters
• silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal
enclosures, or burial ground
 Filipino
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO FIRST FLOOR:
• Zaguan, for caroza
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house • Quadra, horse stable
• Steep, hip roof • Bodega, storeroom
• Post and lintel construction
• Elevated living quarters SECOND FLOOR:
• Economy of materials • Stairway
• Space flowing from one room to next • Caida, ante-sala from stairs
• Light and airy structure • Sala, living room
• Comedor, dining room
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence: • Cocina, kitchen
• grandeur and solidity • Dispensa, pantry
• Ornamentation • Letrina or Comun, toilet
• Baño, bath
Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses • Azotea, open terrace
• Aljibe, water cistern
• Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
• Entresuelo, vault
• Balcon, balcony
• Patio, courtyard
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas
• by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Calasiao, Pangasinan • biggest church
• 2nd best bell tower
• by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Sta. Ana Church, Manila
• by Fr. Vicente Ingles
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte • restored by Juan Nakpil
• by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
• sinking belltower Sto. Domingo Church, QC
• by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Pinas Church
• by Fr. Diego Cera Sto. Nino, Cebu
• by Diego de Herrera
Loboc, Bohol
• biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
• San Agustin, Intramuros
Manila Cathedral • Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
• by Bishop Domingo Salazar • San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
• Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
PRE-HISTORIC • by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Morong Church, Rizal
GREEK • exquisite Spanish Baroque style
ROMAN • by Fr. Blas dela Madre
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Panay Church
ROMANESQUE • largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
GOTHIC townspeople
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Quiapo Church
20TH C MODERN • restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa
ISLAMIC
San Agustin Church
INDIAN • by Fr. Juan Macias
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO San Sebastian
• one of first steel buildings
• steel from Belgium by Eiffel
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

SCHOOLS

Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila

• 1890
• taught maestros de obras

Liceo de Manila
• MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”
• MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”

Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura

• Closed after one year

Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)

• 1st school of Architecture

Adamson University
• 2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST UST College of Architecture (1930)

EGYPTIAN • 3rd school of architecture
GREEK
ROMAN ORGANIZATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Philippine Architects Society
BYZANTINE • Philippine Institute of Architects
ROMANESQUE • League of Philippine Architects
GOTHIC • Association of Phil. Government Architects
RENAISSANCE • In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Philippines
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD

Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio

William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo Manila Hotel
Carlos Barredo • 1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator
• Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in
Masonic Temple, Escolta 1975
• 1st concrete building in Escolta

Philippine Normal School

• Phil. Normal University

University of the Philippines

• Padre Faura

National Museum Philippine General Hospital

PRE-HISTORIC • 1st was the Legislative Building • by William Parsons
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Intendencia Building
GREEK • adjacent to Manila Cathedral
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Luneta Hotel
BYZANTINE • 2nd hotel in Asia
ROMANESQUE • French Baroque style
GOTHIC UST Main Building
RENAISSANCE Army and Navy Club • by Roque Rueno
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • rest and recreation for American soldiers
20TH C MODERN
De La Salle College
ISLAMIC • by Tomas Mapua
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Rizal Monument
FILIPINO • obelisk

Sta. Isabel College Post Office Building

• by Juan Arellano
 Filipino
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch.

Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch.
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Barreto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Building
Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch. • by Pablo Antonio

Agriculture & Finance Building

Crystal Arcade, Escolta

Quezon Institute
• By Juan Nakpil

Lyric Theater, Escolta Metropolitan Theater

• By Juan Nakpil • by Juan Arellano

PRE-HISTORIC Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal

history of architecture

NEAR EAST • by Pablo Antonio

EGYPTIAN
GREEK Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001
ROMAN • Art Deco, streamline style
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Ambassador Hotel
ROMANESQUE • by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys) College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman
GOTHIC • by Cesar Concio
RENAISSANCE Syquia Apartments, Malate
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • by Pablo Antonio
20TH C MODERN
Natividad Building, Escolta
ISLAMIC • by Andres Luna y San Pedro
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Regina Building, Escolta
FILIPINO • by Andres Luna y San Pedro

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio

 Filipino

The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals

• by Carlos Santos Viola

The Quezon Monument

• by Federico Ilustre

The Meralco Building

• by Jose Zaragoza

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Central Bank of the Philippines
ROMANESQUE Philippine Heart Center • by Gabriel Formoso
GOTHIC • by Jorge Ramos
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Quiapo Mosque Asian Institute of Management

• by Jorge Ramos • by Gabriel Formoso
 Filipino
by Leandro Locsin:

The New Istana, Brunei

SM Megamall
• by Antonio Sindiong

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST The Cultural Center of the Philippines

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Robinson’s Galleria
• by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5.
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. 1.
3.
4. Types of Domes 2.
5. 1.
2.
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Types of Crosses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. Periods of Renaissance
1. Types of roofs
Gateways 2. 1.
1. Egyptian – 3. 2.
2. Greek – 4. 3.
3. Indian – 4.
4. Chinese – 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5.
history of architecture

5. Japanese – 1. 6.
2. 7.
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3.
1. 4. 5 Points of New Architecture
5. 1.
2. 6.
7. 2.
3. 8. 3.
9. 4.
10. 5.
11.
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12.
Art Noveau Styles
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France –
1st Phase - 2. Germany –
2nd Phase - 3. Austria –
4. Italy –
5. Spain -
 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault
2. Wagon with Intersecting Vault
1. Pyramids at Giza
2. The Acropolis, Athens
1. St. Peter’s, Rome
2. Seville Cathedral
3. Cross Vault 3. Pisa Cathedral 3. Milan Cathedral
4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola 4. St. Peter’s, Rome 4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Paul’s, London
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Doric Belfry - attached to church Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. Ionic Campanile - detached from church 1. Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese
3. Corinthian - square
4. Tuscan Types of Domes 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
5. Composite 1. Simple Japanese - 5 storeys
2. Compound
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Types of Crosses
1. Clerestory shape 1. Latin cross
2. Skylight 2. Greek cross
3. Temple door Periods of Renaissance
1. Early Renaissance Types of roofs
Gateways 2. High Renaissance 1. Gable
1. Egyptian - Pylon 3. Baroque 2. Hip
2. Greek - Propylaeum 4. Rococo 3. Hipped gable
3. Indian - Torana 4. Mansart
4. Chinese - Pai-lou 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5. Gambrel
history of architecture

5. Japanese – Torii 1. Donato Bramante 6. Butterfly

2. Giuliano da Sangallo 7. Rainbow
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3. Fra Giocondo
1. Pyramids have sloping faces; 4. Raphael 5 Points of New Architecture
ziggurats have diminishing faces 5. Baldassare Peruzzi 1. Framework structurally independent
2. Pyramids used stone as building 6. Antonio da Sangallo of walls
material, ziggurats used mud-bricks 7. Michelangelo 2. Free-standing façade
3. Pyramids have sides facing the 8. Giacomo della Porta 3. Roof garden
cardinal points, ziggurats have 9. Domenico Fontana 4. Open planning
corners facing the cardinal points 10. Vignola 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or
11. Carlo Maderna columns
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12. Bernini
Hellenic - religious architecture Art Noveau Styles
Hellenistic - civic architecture Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France – Le Modern Style
1st Phase - Inigo Jones 2. Germany – Jugendstil
2nd Phase - Christopher Wren 3. Austria – Sezessione
4. Italy – Stile Liberty
5. Spain - Modernismo