Sampling Distribution

DEFINITION

▪ A sampling distribution is a probability distribution of a

statistic that is obtained through repeated sampling of a
specific population.
▪ It describes a range of possible outcomes for a statistic,
such as the mean or mode of some variable, of a
population.
▪ Most data analyzed by researchers are samples, not
populations.
Sampling Distribution
ILLUSTRATION

Sample Distribution of Means

Population
Statistic 𝑋1ҧ A sampling distribution
is a probability distribution
Statistic 𝑋2ҧ
of a statistic that is obtained
Sample
through repeated sampling
Statistic 𝑋3ҧ
of a specific population.

Parameter: 𝜇
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
PROPERTIES
Properties of the Distribution of Sample Means
▪ Population mean ( )is equal to the mean of the sample
means (x ) . That is.
X

▪ Population standard deviation leads to a smaller value, and it

will be equal to the population standard deviation divided
by the square root of the of the sample size n.
That is, X (also called standard error).
n
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
FORMULA
Probability for sampling distribution of the sample means

X Where: X - is the sample mean

z X
- is the population mean
X
X
X
- is the standard error
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
FORMULA
Probability for sampling distribution of the sample means

X Where: X - is the sample mean

z X
X - is the population mean
(mean of the sample means)
n - is the standard deviation
n - is the sample size
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

1. Entrance test for incoming SHS Grade 11 students in a certain

school has a mean of 84 and a standard deviation of 8.8. The
test scores follow a normal distribution. What is the probability
that the mean test score of 25 examinees is above 85?
Solution:
a) Given the population mean = 84; the sample size n = 25
and the population standard deviation = 8.8, this indicates
that x = 84,
8.8 8.8
X 1.76  Standard error
n 25 5
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

Solution: X
b) For sample mean X = 85, we use the formula: z X

Where: X = 85, X = 84, and X = 1.76 X

X 85 84
Therefore, z X
0.57
X
1.76
Hence, using the z-table, P(X 85) P(z 0.57) 0.2843
Therefore, the probability that the average test score of the
random sample of 25 examinees is greater than 85 is
approximately 0.2843 or 28.43%.
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

Solution:
c) The area of the shaded region in the figure below gives the
probability we look for.

P(X 85) P(z 0.57)

0.2843 28.43%

85
84
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
EXAMPLE 1

Scholarship offered in a certain SHS requires a score in the

Entrance test of above 120. If the scores are normally
distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15,
find
a) the probability of getting someone with a score
of above 120.
b) the probability that the mean of 5 randomly selected
examinees is at least 120.
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
SOLUTION 1
a) Given: 100 Step 1: Find z
15 z
X 120 100
1.33
15
Find P(x > 120)
Step 2: Find the area to the right
of z = 1.33
From the z-table,
9.18%.
A(z > 1.33) = 0.0918
Conclusion: The P of getting
100 120
a score above 120 is 9.18%.
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
SOLUTION 1

b) Find P( X > 120) Step 1: Find the standard error

( SE or X )
for n 5
15
Given: 100 X 6.71
n 5
15
Step 2: Find z
X 120 100
z X
2.98
X
6.71
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
SOLUTION 1
Step 3: Find the area to the right
b) Find P( X > 120)
of z = 2.98
for n 5
From the z-table, A(z > 2.98) = 0.0014
Given: 100
15
0.14%.

100 120

Conclusion: The P of getting a

mean score above 120 is 0.14%.
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
EXAMPLE 2

A study shows that the normal time that a customer

occupied a table in a fine dine restaurant is 1.2 hours with a
standard deviation of 30 minutes. A food entrepreneur
wants to find the probability that customers occupying 25
tables would have an average time of less than 1 hour.
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
SOLUTION 2
Given: 1.2 hrs Step 1: Find the standard error
72 mins ( SE or X )
30 mins 30
X
6
n 25
Find P( X < 60),
for n 25 Step 2: Find z
X 60 72
z X
2
X
6
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
SOLUTION 2
Given: 1.2 hrs Step 3: Find the area to the left
of z = -2
72 mins
30 mins From the z-table, A(z < -2) = 0.0228

Find P(x < 60),

for n 25 2.28%.

60 72

Conclusion: The P that the customers occupying 25 tables

on the average of less than 1 hour is 2.28%.
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
EXAMPLE 3

The years spent in training of a girl group in Korea is normally

distributed with an average of 6 years and a standard deviation
of 2.5 years. What is the probability that the average training
years of 8 randomly selected girl group is between 5 to 7 years?
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
SOLUTION 3
Given: 6 years Step 1: Find the standard error
( SE or X )
2.5 years
2.5
X
0.88
Find P(5 < X < 7), n 8
for n 8
Step 2: Find z
X 5 6
z1 X
1.14
X
0.88
X 7 6
z2 X
1.14
X
0.88
Sampling Distributions of Statistics
SOLUTION 3
Step 3:
Given: 6 years
Find the area to the left of z1 = -1.14
2.5 years Find the area to the left of z2 = 1.14
Find P(5 < X < 7), From the z-table, A( z1 < -1.14 ) = 0.1271
for n 8 A( z2 < 1.14 ) = 0.8729
Thus, A(-1.14< z < 1.14 ) = 0.8729 - 0.1271
= 0.7458
Conclusion:
74.58%. The P that the average training
years of an 8-girl group between
5
6
7 5 - 7 yrs. is 74.58%.
The Central Limit Theorem
THEOREM

As the sample size n increases without limit, the

distribution of the sample means approaches a normal
distribution. That is, n 30 , with mean and standard
deviation of .
n
The Central Limit Theorem
THEOREM

The distribution of mean The distribution of mean The distribution of mean

of 2 size sample of 10 size sample of 100 size
The Central Limit Theorem
THEOREM

The distribution of
mean of 1000 size
samples approaches a
normal distribution
The Central Limit Theorem
THEOREM

REMARK:
When the original variable is normally distributed, the
distribution of the sample means will be normally
distributed, for any sample size n.
When the distribution of the original variable is not normal,
a sample size of 30 or more is needed to use a normal
distribution to approximate the distribution of the sample
means. The larger the sample, the better the approximation
will be.
The Central Limit Theorem
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

Chief Executive Officers (CEO) spend the average

working time on weekends of 7.91 hours over 2 days
with a standard deviation of 0.75 hour. If a sample of
30 CEO’s is randomly selected, find the probability
that the mean of the sample is less than 8 hours on
weekends.
The Central Limit Theorem
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
It is not given that the population is normally distributed but
since n 30, then you can assume that the sampling
distribution of the mean is normal according to Central Limit
Theorem.
Thus, given population mean 7.91 ; and the sample size
n 30 ; and the population standard deviation 0.75 ; this
indicates that x 7.91
Therefore, the standard error is:
0.75
x 0.14  Standard error
n 30
The Central Limit Theorem
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Given: 𝝁 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
ഥ < 𝟖 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎
Find 𝑷 𝑿
Step 1: Find the standard error (SE or 𝜎𝑋ത )
𝜎 0.75
𝑆𝐸 = 𝜎𝑋ത = = = 0.14
𝑛 30
Step 2: Find z
ത
𝑋−𝜇 8−7.91
𝑧= = = 0.64
𝜎𝑋
ഥ 0.14
Step 3: Find the area to the left of z = 0.64

Thus, from the z-table A(z < 0.64) = 0.7389

Conclusion: The P the mean of the sample is less than 8 hours on
the weekends 73.89%.
The Central Limit Theorem
EXAMPLE 1

Following safety protocols, Starburst serves its customers with

a mean time of 7.5 minutes which includes the disinfecting of
seats and order preparation with a standard deviation of 3.7
minutes. If a random sample of 32 customers is observed, find
the probability that their mean serving time is at most 6
minutes.
The Central Limit Theorem
SOLUTION 1
Given: 𝝁 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
𝝈 = 𝟑. 𝟕 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
ഥ ≤ 𝟔 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟐
Find 𝑷 𝑿
Step 1: Find the standard error (SE or 𝜎𝑋ത )
𝜎 3.7
𝑆𝐸 = 𝜎𝑋ത = = = 0.65
𝑛 32
Step 2: Find z
ത
𝑋−𝜇 6−7.5
𝑧= = = −2.31
𝜎𝑋
ഥ 0.65
Step 3: Find the area to the left of z = -2.31

Thus, from the z-table A(z ≤ -2.31) = 0.0104

Conclusion: The P of mean serving time for 32 customers is 1.04%.

The Central Limit Theorem
EXAMPLE 2

You want to store 400 pictures on your smart phone. Pictures

have a mean size of 450 KB and a standard deviation of 50 KB.
Estimate the space required to be 99.2% certain that the
pictures will have storage space on the phone.
The Central Limit Theorem
SOLUTION 2
Given: 𝝁 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝑲𝑩; 𝝈 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑲𝑩
ഥ , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Find the 𝑿
Step 1: Find the standard error (SE or 𝜎𝑋ത )
𝜎 50
𝑆𝐸 = 𝜎𝑋ത = = = 2.50
𝑛 400
Step 2: Find z in which the area to left is 0.992.
From the table, z = 2.41
ത
𝑋−𝜇
ത
Step 3: Find the 𝑋, from 𝑧 =
𝜎𝑋
ഥ
ത
𝑋−450
2.41 = 𝑋ത = 456.03 KB
2.50

Conclusion: The space required on the phone

is 456.03(400) = 182,412 KB or 182.412 MB
The Central Limit Theorem
EXAMPLE 3

A particular slot machine has an average chance of winning

each day of ₱80 with a variance of ₱49. If the machine is
played 150 times a day, how much money must be put into the
machine each morning to be 99.8% certain that it will have
enough money to provide winnings for the whole day?
The Central Limit Theorem
SOLUTION 3
Given: 𝝁 = ₱𝟖𝟎
𝝈 = ₱𝟕
ഥ , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎
Find the 𝑿
Step 1: Find the standard error (SE or 𝜎𝑋ത )
𝜎 7
𝑆𝐸 = 𝜎𝑋ത = = = 0.57
𝑛 150
Step 2: Find z in which the area to left is 0.998.
From the table, z = 2.88
ത
𝑋−𝜇
ത
Step 3: Find the 𝑋, from 𝑧 =
𝜎𝑋
ഥ
ത
𝑋−80
2.88 = ഥ = ₱81.64
𝑿
0.57

Conclusion: The amount to put into the machine every

morning is ₱81.64(150) = ₱12,246