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Lecture - 1

The document discusses feedback amplifiers. It defines feedback as a system where a signal proportional to the output is combined with the input signal. There are two types of feedback: negative feedback, which subtracts part of the output from the input, and positive feedback, which adds part of the output to the input. Negative feedback is commonly used and has advantages like reducing gain sensitivity and noise. Feedback amplifiers have four main configurations: series-shunt, shunt-series, series-series, and shunt-shunt. The document also discusses applications of feedback amplifiers in audio systems, medical devices, and power supplies.

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11 views

Lecture - 1

The document discusses feedback amplifiers. It defines feedback as a system where a signal proportional to the output is combined with the input signal. There are two types of feedback: negative feedback, which subtracts part of the output from the input, and positive feedback, which adds part of the output to the input. Negative feedback is commonly used and has advantages like reducing gain sensitivity and noise. Feedback amplifiers have four main configurations: series-shunt, shunt-series, series-series, and shunt-shunt. The document also discusses applications of feedback amplifiers in audio systems, medical devices, and power supplies.

Uploaded by

lelisagetachew90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture - 1

Feedback Amplifiers
Outline
▪ Introduction to the feedback systems

▪ Basic feedback concept (negative and


positive feedback systems)

▪ Loop gain and stability of feedback circuits

▪ Ideal feedback topologies


Feedback - Definition
▪ Invented in 1982 by Harold Black

– Engineer at Western Electric Company


▪ A f e e d b a c k s y s t e m is a system where a signal proportional to the
output is combined with the input signal to produce the desired system
response.

▪ Feedback is used in virtually all amplifier systems.


Components of Feedback Amplifier

Resistors Capacitors Transistors

The role of resistors in setting Explore the use of capacitors in Discover how transistors are
the gain and determining the feedback amplifiers for frequency employed in feedback amplifiers
feedback configuration in compensation and stabilization. for amplification, buffering, and
amplifier circuits. control.
Introduction to the feedback systems
▪ Feedback can be either negative or positive.

▪ negative feedback, a portion of the output signal is


subtracted from the input signal.

▪ positive feedback, a portion of the output signal is


added to the input signal.
Source signal + feedback Signal Source signal - feedback Signal
→ Output signal → Output signal
Negative Feedback System

Positive Feedback System


Introduction to the feedback systems
▪ Positive Feedback is used in the design of oscillators and
other applications.

▪ The use of Negative feedback reduces the gain.

▪ E.g. negative feedback – Speed control (car)


Negative feedback disadvantages
✓gain sensitivity

✓bandwidth extension

✓Noise sensitivity

✓Reduction of nonlinear distortion

✓Control of impedance levels


Fig 1. basic configuration of a feedback amplifier

In fig. 1 the output signal is S o = A S ε … ( 1 . 1 )


where A is the amplification factor, Sε is an error.
Idea closed loop signal gain
and the feedback signal is 𝑆 f 𝑏 = β 𝑠 𝑜 ………..…(1.2)

where β in this case is the feedback transfer function.1 At the

summing node, we have S ε = 𝑆 𝑖 − 𝑆 𝑓 𝑏 ……..(1.3)

where 𝑆𝑖 is the input signal. Equation (1.1) then becomes

So = A( 𝑆 𝑖 − βSo) = A 𝑆 𝑖 − βA 𝑆 𝑜 …… (1.4)
Idea closed loop signal gain
Equation (1.4) can be rearranged to yield the closed-loop transfer

𝑆𝑜 𝐴
function, or gain, which is 𝐴𝑓 = = …..(1.5)
𝑆𝑖 (1+A β )

Signals 𝑆𝑖 , 𝑆𝑜 , 𝑆f𝑏 , and Sε can be either currents or voltages; but,


they do not need to be all voltages or all currents in a given

feedback amplifier.
Idea closed loop signal gain
𝐴 𝐴
𝐴𝑓 = = …….(1.6) where T = β A is the loop gain
1+𝐴𝛽 1+𝑇

𝑆𝑓𝑏
T= Aβ = ……………..(1.7) Combining Equations (1.1) and (1.2)
𝑆ε

Normally, the error signal is small, so the expected loop gain is large. If
the loop gain is large so that β A < 1, then, from Equation (1.6), we have

…………………………(1.8)
Example. 1.1
Calculate the feedback transfer function β, given A and Af.
Assume that the open-loop gain of a system is A = 105 and the
closed-loop gain is Af = 50.
Solution: From Equation (1.5), the closed-loop gain is
Homework
1) The open-loop gain of an amplifier is A = 5 × 104 and the
closed-loop gain is Af = 50.

(i) What is the feedback transfer function?

(ii) What is the ratio of Af to 1/β?

2) Repeat part (1) for A = 100 and Af = 20.


assuming a large loop gain, the output signal, from Equation (1.5),
becomes

……………………………..(1.9)

…………………..(1.10)
Loop gain and stability of feedback circuits
Gain Sensitivity:
if the loop gain T = β A is very large, the overall gain of the feedback amplifier
is essentially a function of the feedback network only.
If the feedback transfer function β is a constant, then taking the derivative of
Af (closed-loop transfer function) with respect to A, from Equation (1.5),
produces

…………………..(1.11(a))

…………………….(1.11(b))
Dividing both sides of Equation (12.11(b)) by the closed-loop
gain yields:

…………………Equation (1.12)

Equation (1.12) shows that the percent change in the closed-loop gain Af is
less than the corresponding percent change in the open-loop gain A by the
factor (1 + β A). The change in open-loop gain may result from variations in
individual transistor parameters in the basic amplifier.
Example 1.2
Calculate the percent change in the closed-loop gain Af, given a
change in the open-loop gain A. Using the same parameter values as
in Example 1.1, we have A = 105, Af = 50, and β = 0.01999. Assume
that the change in the open-loop gain is d A = 104 (a 10 percent
change).
Solution from eq. 1.12
Ideal feedback Topologies
There four basic feedback topologies.

The four connections are:


✓series–shunt (voltage amplifier)
✓ shunt–series (current amplifier)
✓ series–series (transconductance amplifier)
✓ and shunt–shunt (transresistance amplifier)
Figure 1.5 Basic feedback connections
Feedback Amplifier
Homework -1

try to see the Ideal feedback Topologies


examples in the text book
The advantages of feedback amplifier
✓The amplifier’s gain can be stabilized by the negative feedback
✓The particular feedback configurations can be increased by the input
resistance.
✓Output resistance will be decreased for particular feedback
configurations.
✓The operating point is stabilized.
✓The disadvantage of this amplifier is a gain reduction.
Applications of Feedback Amplifiers

Audio Amplification Medical Devices Power Supply


Discover how feedback amplifiers Explore the crucial role feedback Learn how feedback amplifiers
are used in audio amplification amplifiers play in medical devices are utilized in power supply
systems to enhance sound quality such as EC G monitors, circuits to regulate voltages and
and prevent overloading. ultrasound machines, and maintain stability.
invasive blood pressure monitors.

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