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Fluid Mechanics

Fluids are non-solid materials that cannot resist shear forces and will continuously deform under applied shear. Solids can resist shear forces through static deformation. There are two types of fluids - liquids and gases. Liquids have relatively close-packed molecules and can form free surfaces, while gases lack a definite volume and form atmospheres without confinement. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, with more viscous fluids having greater resistance to shear forces.

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Oluwatomi Oluwafemi
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10 views

Fluid Mechanics

Fluids are non-solid materials that cannot resist shear forces and will continuously deform under applied shear. Solids can resist shear forces through static deformation. There are two types of fluids - liquids and gases. Liquids have relatively close-packed molecules and can form free surfaces, while gases lack a definite volume and form atmospheres without confinement. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, with more viscous fluids having greater resistance to shear forces.

Uploaded by

Oluwatomi Oluwafemi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID MECHANICS I – AN INTRODUCTION

What’s a fluid?
- From the point of view of fluid mechanics, all matter consists of two states, fluid and solid.
- Hence, a fluid is a non-solid material.
- The technical distinction lies with the reaction of the two to an applied shear or tangential stress. A
solid can resist a shear stress by a static deflection, and a fluid can not.
- When shear force is applied to solids, they undergo static deformation.
- Static deformation has a point of equilibrium where nothing will be moving, and θ remains constant.
- When shear force is applied to liquids, they undergo continuous deformation, i.e. θ will continue to
increase.
- When under compressive force, there is no difference between a liquid and a solid.
- Both will experience static deformation to resist compressive force.

Fluids continuously deform under shear.


A solid at rest can resist shear.
Solid : F shear =f (θ ) Fluid : F shear =f ( dθdt )
- Shear stress amounts to the amount of
force applied over the area.
- Shear Strain rate would be the change in
the angle over time.
- Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship
between shear stress and shear strain rate.
- Dilatant fluids are shear thickening fluids.
Often a result of high powder concentration
slurries
- Conversely pseudoplastics are shear
thinning fluids. Some examples include
grease, paint, and mayonnaise.
- For this class, we are mostly going to be
dealing with newtonian fluids.
Two Kinds of Fluids
- A fluid can either be liquid or gas.
- Gases lack definite volume, and without confinement they form an atmosphere.
- Conversely, liquids composed of relatively close-packed molecules with strong cohesive forces.
- Gases, unlike liquids, can not form a free surface.

Units and dimensions


- A unit is a particular way of attaching a number to the quantitative dimension.
- A dimension is the measure by which a physical variable is expressed quantitatively.
- Length is a dimension associated with such variables as distance, displacement, width, deflection, and
height, while centimeters or inches are both numerical units for expressing length.

Primary Dimension SI Unit BG Unit Conversion Factor

Mass (M) Kilogram (kg) Slug 1 slug = 14.5939 kg

Length (L) Meter (m) Foot (ft) 1ft = 0.3048 m

Time (T) Seconds (s) Second (s) 1s=1s

Temperature (T) Kelvin (K) Rankine (°R) 1 K = 1.8°R

Fluid Mechanics Subdivision


Velocity Field Properties
- Velocity field properties are one of the two types of fluid properties.
- Velocity is a vector function of position and time and thus has three components 𝑢, 𝑣, and 𝑤, each a
scalar field.
- The acceleration field is the time derivative of the velocity field.

- ^ ( x , y , z , t ) ^j+ w ( x , y , z , t ) ^k
V ( x , y , z , t )=u ( x , y , z , t ) i+v
dV ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
a= = +u +v +w
dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

- Derivation:

-
Thermodynamic Properties
- Pressure, p
o Pressure is the (compression) stress at a point in a static fluid.
o Differences or gradients in pressure often drive a fluid flow, especially in ducts.
o −1
p=F ∙ A ; F is force ,∧A is the area
- Density, ρ
o It’s the mass per unit volume.
o Density is highly variable in gases and increases nearly proportionally to the pressure level.
o Compressibility is a measure of the instantaneous relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a
response to a pressure (or mean stress) change.
- Temperature, T
o Related to the internal energy level of a fluid.
o Minor importance in this class and usually constant.
- Specific weight, γ
o Weight per unit volume
o −3 −2 −2 −2 −2
γ = ρg=N ∙m =kg ∙ m ∙ s =slug ∙ ft ∙ s
- Specific gravity, S.G
o Ratio of fluid density to the density of a reference substance
o Given it’s a ratio, this is a dimensionless property.
o For liquids, use water at 20°C which is 998 kg ∙ m−3

ρgas ρliquid
S Ggas = S Ggas =
ρair ρwater

- Viscosity
o Viscosity is a quantitative measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
o The fluid strain rate that is generated by a given applied shear stress.
o A higher viscosity amounts to higher resistance to flow.
o Dynamic Viscosity , μ
 Dynamic viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to shearing or flow when subjected to
an applied force.
 It is the ratio of the shear stress to the shear rate in a fluid.
 Units: Pa·s (Pascal-second) or N·s ∙ m−2 (Newton-second per square meter)
o Kinetic Viscosity ,V → ( μ∙ ρ−1)
 Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the fluid density.
 It represents the fluid's resistance to flow under the influence of gravity.
 Units: m 2 ∙ s−1 (square meters per second) or St (Stokes)

Viscosity
- Assume two plates as shown below, separated by a fluid.
- Assume no-slip. No-slip means the fluid in contact with plates more with the same velocity as the plate.

dθ
dθ → Strain → Strain Rate τ → Shearing Stress
dt

1. du=dx /dt du isthe velocity of the plate


2. tan ⁡(dθ)=dx /dy dθ=tan ⁡(dθ)for very small deflections
dx=dy ∙ dθ
3. dx=du ∙ dt=dy ∙ dθ
dθ du
=
dt dy
4. τ ∝ dθ/dt → τ ∝ du/dy
du
τ =μ ∙ constant of proportionality , μ , is viscosity
dy

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