WEEK 1 to 2

COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : IT
TITLE : Introduction to C Programming 2
TARGET POPULATION : All BS Information Technology Students
INSTRUCTOR : MR. PINK FLOYD B. JANEO

Overview:

C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the
UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978,
Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R
standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX application programs have been written
in C.

Objectives:
 Define a function in C.
 Learn how to write a function.
 Understand the importance of function in programming
 Learn where to place the function in a program.
 Explain where functions are placed in a program.

Content
 Function
 Function Arguments

Instruction to the Learner

Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson involving the use of Flowchart and its purpose. The units are
characterized by continuity, and are arranged in such a manner that the present unit is related to the next unit. For
this reason, you are advised to read this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be given. Submission of task
given will be every Monday during your scheduled class hour.
FUNCTIONS

A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is
main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions.

You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code among different functions is up to
you, but logically the division is such that each function performs a specific task.

A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition
provides the actual body of the function.

The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call. For example, strcat() to
concatenate two strings, memcpy() to copy one memory location to another location, and many more functions. A
function can also be referred as a method or a sub-routine or a procedure, etc.

Defining a Function

The general form of a function definition in C programming language is as follows:

return_type function_name( parameter list )

body of the function

A function definition in C programming consists of a function header and a function body. Here are all the parts of a
function:

 Return Type: A function may return a value. The return_type is the data type of the value the function returns. Some
functions perform the desired operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the keyword void.

 Function Name: This is the actual name of the function. The function name and the parameter list together constitute
the function signature.

 Parameters: A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This
value is referred to as actual parameter or argument. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the
parameters of a function. Parameters are optional; that is, a function may contain no parameters.

 Function Body: The function body contains a collection of statements that define what the function does

Example

Given below is the source code for a function called max(). This function takes two parameters num1 and num2 and
returns the maximum value between the two:

/* function returning the max between two numbers */

int max(int num1, int num2)

/* local variable declaration */

int result;

if (num1 > num2) {

result = num1;

} else {

result = num2; }

return result; }
Function Declarations

A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the function. The actual body of the
function can be defined separately.

A function declaration has the following parts:

return_type function_name( parameter list );

For the above defined function max(),the function declaration is as follows:

int max(int num1, int num2);

Parameter names are not important in function declaration, only their type is required, so the following is also a valid
declaration:

int max(int, int);

Function declaration is required when you define a function in one source file and you call that function in another
file. In such case, you should declare the function at the top of the file calling the function.

Calling a Function

While creating a C function, you give a definition of what the function has to do. To use a function, you will have to call
that function to perform the defined task.

When a program calls a function, the program control is transferred to the called function. A called function performs
a defined task and when its return statement is executed or when its function-ending closing brace is reached, it
returns the program control back to the main program.

To call a function, you simply need to pass the required parameters along with the function name, and if the function
returns a value, then you can store the returned value. For example:

#include<stdio.h>

/* function declaration */

int max(int num1, int num2);

int main ()

/* local variable definition */

int a = 100;

int b = 200;

int ret;

/* calling a function to get max value */

ret = max(a, b);

printf( "Max value is : %d\n", ret );

return 0;

/* function returning the max between two numbers */

int max(int num1, int num2)

/* local variable declaration */

int result;

if (num1 > num2) {

result = num1;

}else {
 result = num2; }

return result;

We have kept max()along with main() and compiled the source code. While running the final executable, it would
produce the following result:

Max value is : 200

Function Arguments

If a function is to use arguments, it must declare variables that accept the values of the arguments. These variables
are called the formal parameters of the function.

Formal parameters behave like other local variables inside the function and are created upon entry into the function
and destroyed upon exit.

While calling a function, there are two ways in which arguments can be passed to a function:

Call Type Description

Call by value This method copies the actual value of an argument into
the formal parameter of the function. In this case,
changes made to the parameter inside the function have
no effect on the argument.
Call by reference This method copies the address of an argument into the
formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is
used to access the actual argument used in the call. This
means that changes made to the parameter affect the
argument.

Call by Value

The call by value method of passing arguments to a function copies the actual value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the
argument.

By default, C programming uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, it means the code within a function cannot
alter the arguments used to call the function. Consider the function swap() definition as follows.

/* function definition to swap the values */

void swap(int x, int y)

int temp;

temp = x;

/* save the value of x */

x = y;

/* put y into x */

y = temp;

/* put temp into y */

return;

Now, let us call the function swap() by passing actual values as in the following example:

#include<stdio.h>

/* function declaration */

void swap(int x, int y);

int main ()
{

/* local variable definition */

int a = 100;

int b = 200;

printf("Before swap, value of a : %d\n", a );

printf("Before swap, value of b : %d\n", b );

/* calling a function to swap the values */

swap(a, b);

printf("After swap, value of a : %d\n", a );

printf("After swap, value of b : %d\n", b );

return 0;

Let us put the above code in a single C file, compile and execute it, it will produce the following result:

Before swap, value of a :100

Before swap, value of b :200

After swap, value of a :100

After swap, value of b :200

It shows that there are no changes in the values, though they had been changed inside the function.

Call by Reference

The call by reference method of passing arguments to a function copies the address of an argument into the formal
parameter. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. It means the changes
made to the parameter affect the passed argument.

To pass a value by reference, argument pointers are passed to the functions just like any other value. So accordingly,
you need to declare the function parameters as pointer types as in the following function swap(), which exchanges the
values of the two integer variables pointed to, by their arguments.

/* function definition to swap the values */

void swap(int *x, int *y)

int temp; temp = *x;

/* save the value at address x */

*x = *y;

/* put y into x */

*y = temp;

/* put temp into y */

return;

Let us now call the function swap() by passing values by reference as in the following example:

#include<stdio.h>

/* function declaration */

void swap(int *x, int *y);

int main ()
{

/* local variable definition */

int a = 100;

int b = 200;

printf("Before swap, value of a : %d\n", a );

printf("Before swap, value of b : %d\n", b );

/* calling a function to swap the values. *

&a indicates pointer to a i.e. address of variable a and *

&b indicates pointer to b i.e. address of variable b. */

swap(&a, &b);

printf("After swap, value of a : %d\n", a );

printf("After swap, value of b : %d\n", b );

return 0;

Let us put the above code in a single C file, compile and execute it, to produce the following result:

Before swap, value of a :100

Before swap, value of b :200

After swap, value of a :200

After swap, value of b :100

It shows that the change has reflected outside the function as well, unlike call by value where the changes do not
reflect outside the function.

By default, C uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, it means the code within a function cannot alter the
arguments used to call the function.