MCU-BASED MULTI FUNCTIONS AUTOMATED CORN PLANTING

ROVER

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
Information and Communications Technology Program
STI College Munoz-EDSA

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Jan Philip M. Bolocon

Cevin John A. Cayanan
John Nino Y. Morales
Anthony Claire A. Torres

January 3, 2023

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 ENDORSEMENT FORM FOR ORAL DEFENSE

TITLE OF RESEARCH:
MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover

NAME OF PROPONENTS: Jan Philip M. Bolocon

Cevin John A. Cayanan
John Nino Y. Morales
Anthony Claire A. Torres

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
has been examined and is recommended for Oral Defense.

ENDORSED BY:

Mr. Jayrold H. Baliwagan

Thesis Adviser

APPROVED FOR PROPOSAL DEFENSE:

ENGR. Ramil N. Madriaga

Thesis Coordinator

NOTED BY:

Ms. Analiza L. Baisa

Program Head

January 3, 2023

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis titled: MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover
prepared and submitted by Jan Philip M. Bolocon; Cevin John A. Cayanan; John Nino
Y. Morales; and Anthony Claire A. Torres, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, has been examined and is
recommended for acceptance an approval.

Mr. Jayrold H. Baliwagan

Thesis Adviser

Accepted and approved by the Thesis Review Panel

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Ms. Analiza L. Baisa Mr. Anthony Molacruz

Panel Member Panel Member

ENGR. Devie C. Ontolan-Patricio

Lead Panelist

Noted:
ENGR. Ramil N. Madriaga Ms. Analiza L. Baisa
Thesis Coordinator Program Head

January 3, 2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to thank the following:

Thesis Coordinator, ENGR. Ramil N. Madriaga for the regular reminders, advises, and
always guide all of the groups on how to improve our project, as well as the supervision
that assisted us in completing it

Thesis adviser, Mr. Jayrold H. Baliwagan, for sharing their knowledge and skills in our
research study, for checking and monitoring our research, always give an

Thesis Review Panel, <state their contributions to your research>;

Parents and/ or Guardian, <state their contributions to your research>;

Friends and inspirations, <state his/her contributions to your research>; and

Others <state his/her contributions to your research>;

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 ABSTRACT

Title of research: MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover

Researchers: Jan Philip M. Bolocon

Cevin John A. Cayanan
John Nino Y. Morales
Anthony Claire A. Torres

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Date of Completion: 2024

Key words: Rover, Corn Seed, Microcontroller, Arduino, Agriculture

Agriculture is a vital sector for the survival of humanity, as it provides the food needed to
sustain the growing population. However, farming can be a labor-intensive and time-
consuming process, especially when it comes to planting crops. To address this challenge,
researchers and engineers have developed a new type of farming robot called a rover.
Rovers are autonomous vehicles that are designed to perform various tasks in agriculture,
including planting, watering, fertilizing, and harvesting crops. These robots are equipped
with a range of sensors and cameras that allow them to navigate through fields and perform
tasks accurately and efficiently. One of the major benefits of rovers is their ability to work
continuously without the need for human intervention. This not only reduces the time and
labor required for farming tasks, but it also allows farmers to focus on other aspects of their
operations. Rovers are also highly efficient and cost-effective, as they can operate in a
variety of soil types and terrains, and they are powered by renewable energy sources. In
addition to their practical applications, rovers also have the potential to significantly reduce
the environmental impact of agriculture. By using precision farming techniques, rovers can
minimize the use of pesticides and fertilizers, leading to healthier crops and soil. Rovers
are a promising tool for the future of agriculture. With their ability to perform various tasks
efficiently and cost-effectively, they have the potential to greatly improve crop yields and
help meet the increasing demand for food.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Endorsement Form for Proposal Defense ii

Approval Sheet iii

Acknowledgements iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Appendices ix

Introduction 10

Background of the problem 12

General and Specific Problem 14

Overview of the current state of technology 15

Objectives of the study 17

Scope and limitations of the study 18

Literature Review 21

Review of related literature, studies or systems 21

Synthesis 38

MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover 40

Results and Discussions 61

Conclusions and Recommendations 62

References 63

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 Appendices

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 IPO Diagram 55

2 Cost of the Project 58

3 Transcript of the Survey 72

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Methodology 41

2 System Design and Specification 43

3 Block Diagram 52

4 State Transition Diagram 53

5 Flowchart 54

6 System Architecture Design 67

7 Schematic Diagram 70

8 Transcript of the Survey 77

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 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A. List of revisions during proposal defense and demonstration

B. User’s Manual

C. User’s Acceptance Training

D. Curriculum Vitae of Researchers

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 INTRODUCTION

Technology is evolving so fast because of a phenomenon known as accelerating

change. Each technological improvement can create the next stronger generations of
technology at a faster rate. As each generation of technology is better than the last, it builds
new technology faster. Since the invention of computers, technology has been advancing
rapidly. Every technological innovation opens the door to a variety of others that will build
on it, creating exponential growth. There are things that are required in the form of
equipment to support work in agriculture. There are two categories of agricultural
equipment: traditional agricultural equipment and modern agricultural equipment. The
manual operation of traditional agricultural equipment still necessitates human work.
Meanwhile, the task has been performed by machines using advanced agricultural
equipment. The usage of old agricultural equipment is still a favorite for certain farmers
even if there are distinctions between it and current agricultural equipment. This can be as
a result of their familiarity with the equipment. So perhaps the work may seem challenging
to others. But since they do it every day, for them, this task is routine (Alexander 2021).
Technology has become a part of everyday life for the majority of the globe in the
form of the internet, smartphones, and other smart devices. And when it comes to
agricultural purposes, technology nowadays has a huge impact in this specific field, so that
is why we, the researchers, innovate the use of normal simple rovers into a useful
agricultural aided one. MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover can
be a major help in the agricultural field. By using this prototype, the farmers can have better
farming conveniency, efficiency and have much less time in the field. The art and science
of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising livestock is known as agriculture. It
involves preparing plant and animal items for human consumption and distributing them
to marketplaces. Most of the food and textiles in the world are produced by agriculture.
Agriculture produces leather, wool, and cotton. Agriculture also produces paper and timber
for construction. These goods, as well as the agricultural practices employed, may differ
from region to region (The Art and Science of Agriculture | National Geographic Society.
(n.d.).

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 Various technologies and types of equipment which have been designed for farming
have made the farmers’ life quite easier. The farming business as a whole is struggling with
issues like increased supply costs, a workforce shortage, and shifting consumer
preferences. One of the oldest and most important trades is farming. Tractors and other
new equipment, together with modern engineering, have transformed agriculture into one
of the most productive industries. Contrary to earlier times, farming is now a big industry
that spans thousands of hectares and is produced on a large scale.
The MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover is a state-of-the-
art agricultural machine designed to streamline the process of planting crops. Equipped
with a range of advanced features and capabilities, this rover is able to perform a variety
of tasks with a high degree of efficiency and accuracy. One of the key features of the MCU-
Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover is its ability to navigate through
fields with ease, thanks to its advanced onboard navigation system. This system utilizes a
combination of tools and other sensors to accurately check the location of the seeds,
digging the soil, drop the seed, plow and soil, and watering the soil.
The MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover is also equipped
with a range of tools and equipment to assist with the planting process. For example, it can
be fitted with a variety of different seed drills and planting tools, depending on the specific
needs of the farmer. Another feature of the MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn
Planting Rover is ability to monitor and track the progress of the crops as they grow. This
is achieved through the use of sensors and other monitoring equipment, which can provide
real-time data on the health and growth of the plants. This information can then be used to
make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and other important factors that can
impact the success of the crop. Overall, the MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn
Planting Rover is a highly advanced and sophisticated piece of machinery that has the
potential to revolutionize the way crops are planted and nurtured. Its many features and
capabilities make it an invaluable tool for farmers looking to increase efficiency, reduce
labor costs, and improve the overall yield of their crops.

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Background of the problem

Technology has a major use for almost anything in everyday life, it gives everything
much more convenience and more accuracy. Modern farms and agricultural operations
work far differently than those a few decades ago, primarily because of advancements in
technology, including sensors, devices, machines, and information technology. Today’s
agriculture routinely uses sophisticated technologies such as robots, temperature and
moisture sensors, aerial images, and GPS technology. These advanced devices and
precision agriculture and robotic systems allow businesses to be more profitable, efficient,
safer, and more environmentally friendly. Advances in agricultural science, agronomy, and
agricultural engineering have led to applied developments in agricultural technology.
These days, many people rave over the latest tech trends because they use them as a status
symbol. But technology can do so much more than that. Apart from being used as a status
marker, people can also use it to make their lives easier and safer. Take a closer look at
how it can benefit us more. Meanwhile, when in terms of agriculture, changes in the climate
and global economy and new regulations, and evolving consumer needs bring new
challenges to farmers and formulators today. Alongside traditional solutions for growth
control, new alternatives are emerging, giving customers the flexibility and confidence to
tailor their formulations to their conditions and needs which deliver quick and efficient
control of many undesirable plants. Agriculture's expansion over the years has aided in the
development of civilizations.
Prior to the widespread adoption of agriculture, humans devoted the majority of
their time to gathering wild plants and animals for food. People began to develop their
knowledge of growing grain and root crops around 11,500 years ago, and they eventually
adapted to a life based on farming. A large portion of Earth's population was reliant on
agriculture by 2,000 years ago. Although researchers are unsure of the exact cause, climate
change may have played a role. When humans started cultivating crops, they also started
domesticating and breeding wild animals. Domestication is the process of modifying wild
plants and animals for human consumption. It's likely that rice or corn was the first
domesticated plant. The advancement of agriculture was extremely gradual for thousands
of years. Fire was one of the first tools used in agriculture. Native Americans employed

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fire to regulate the growth of berry-producing plants since they were aware that these plants
expanded rapidly following a wildfire. Axes were used to remove trees from tiny areas of
land, while digging tools were used to break up and till the soil. Improved farming
implements made of bone, stone, bronze, and iron were created over time and new storage
techniques emerged (The Art and Science of Agriculture | National Geographic Society.
(n.d.)).
The development of automated rovers has been an active area of research for many
years, with a focus on designing machines that are able to perform a variety of tasks with
a high degree of efficiency and accuracy. This has been especially important in industries
such as agriculture, construction, and scientific research, where the ability to perform tasks
quickly and accurately can have a significant impact on productivity and efficiency. One
of the key challenges in the development of automated rovers has been the need to balance
the capabilities and performance of the machine with its cost and complexity. In many
cases, highly advanced and sophisticated rovers may be cost-prohibitive or too complex to
be practical for many applications.
The MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover represents a
significant step forward in this area, combining a range of advanced features and
capabilities with a relatively low cost and simple design. By utilizing a microcontroller unit
(MCU) as the central processing unit, the rover is able to perform a wide range of tasks
with a high degree of accuracy and efficiency, while still being relatively simple and cost-
effective. One of the key advantages of the MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn
Planting Rover is its ability to adapt to changing conditions and environments. For
example, it may be equipped with sensors and algorithms that allow it to adapt to different
weather conditions or to identify and avoid obstacles.
This makes the rover highly versatile and well-suited for a wide range of
applications. The MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Rover represents a significant
advance in the field of automated rovers, offering a high degree of capabilities and
performance at a relatively low cost and complexity. Its many features and capabilities
make it an invaluable tool for a wide range of industries and applications.

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General Problem

How to design and develop MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Crop Planting
Rover?
Based on the articles and studies that have been researched and gathered when it comes to
farming farmers tend to do manual labor which is an exhausting task, they prepare a lot of
things from the seeds that is needed to be planted up to making the soil fertile so that the
plant will be able to grow healthily. The automated rover is aimed to reduce the manual
labor that a farmer will usually do during those times which in turn would give the farmer
more time to work on other important tasks rather than doing basic tasks manually. This
product will have different types of functions for the basic tasks in farming which will be
a reliable item for planting crops. The researchers gathered information from different
articles that would help them in addressing the different disadvantages of existing farming
machines.

Specific Problem

How to develop a prototype that can detect obstacles that are scattered in the field?
As we all know, one of the main problems that a rover can encounter in a field is the stones
scattered around the field or the equipment that was left by the farmer or it could also be a
tree branch that fell. The researchers intend to use an Ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles
that are near the rover which can cause collisions or disrupt the work of the rover.

How to add a feature to the rover that will eliminate the workload of planting of seeds
and watering the seeds for the farmers?
Planting the seeds is one of the main workloads for the farmer. When planting a crop, a
farmer will usually take a few hours to spread seeds evenly in a huge plot of land. After
doing that they will also need to water the seeds one by one, which would take a couple
more hours. Now by eliminating these types of workloads, it will give the farmer more
time to do other types of work for the farm.

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How to add a micro controller module that will be used to add the commands that are
needed for the different modules used?
Since the rover has many functions that are needed to accomplish it would also need a main
controller that will be able to control most of the functions that will be used by the rover, a
microcontroller will be used to control and give the command to most of the functions of
the rover.

How to add a feature to the rover that will dig a hole where it will drop the corn seed?
When planting a seed some seeds needs to be under the ground at a specific depth for it to
grow, some plants don’t grow when it is just above ground, and it will most likely be swept
away by the wind or be eaten by bird that are passing by from time to time. The researchers
intend to add a feature where the rover will be able to dig a hole and return the soil that
was dug by the rover back in its place after dropping and watering the seed.

Overview of the current state of the technology

Sweet corn, table corn, or sugar corn, is one of the sweetest, most important staple
crops next to rice. Scientifically, sweet corn is called Zea mays rugosa, a cultivar of field
corn (Zea mays L.). Production of special types of corn such as popcorn, waxy (or
glutinous) corn, high lysine/tryptophan corn, and sweet corn was found to be very
promising as livelihood for farmers. This is because sweet corn is simpler to grow, labor-
saving, less prone to insect pest infestation, and is oftentimes more profitable than growing
corn for grain. As the plants are wind pollinated, they should be grown in blocks rather
than rows, 45cm (18in) apart. Sweet corn can also cross-pollinate with other types of corn.
If sweet corn is planted downwind of popcorn or field corn, kernels will be starchy instead
of sweet. Cross-pollination between white and yellow cultivars will change the colors of
the kernels. Extra-sweet and standard cultivars also should not be planted near each other
or at the same time. To prevent cross-pollination problems, sweet corn should be separated
from different types of corn by at least 400 yards, different types or cultivars of corn should
be planted at least 1 month apart, or cultivars with different maturity dates should be
planted. In the land preparation, use Plowing and Tilling. Prepare the land properly for the

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ideal growth of the sweet corn seed that you will plant. Good plowing and tilling of the
land will help avoid early growth of weeds in your corn farm. For light soil, it is
recommended that you plow the land once and till it also once. For clay or heavy soil, it is
recommended that you plow the land once and you till it twice with 7-10 days interval for
the tilling. Furrowing. On the day of sowing, build furrows with a 70-centimeter distance
from each other and a depth of 8 centimeters for wet season or 10 centimeters for dry
season (Scribbr, n.d.).
Technology when it comes to farming is all about improving yield, efficiency, and
profitability. Agricultural technology can be products, services or applications derived
from agriculture that improve various input/output processes. The implementation of
various digital sensors by technological advances gave these manual crop monitoring
techniques a boost. Today, technology plays a crucial role in our lives, and few people can
imagine doing without it. With the aid of technology, we have accomplished a lot. It
influences the future and can work to make it environmentally friendly. It can aid in the
development of sustainable energy, low-emission transportation options, and resource-
conserving low-energy homes.
Technology is about making sensible decisions for the future of technology, not
just about technology itself, increasing efficiency, and finding new techniques and
processes. Technology should not be developed for its own sake, but rather for the sake of
society and to make life easier for people especially in the field of agriculture. The proposed
system will be using fast, low-cost and time saving. In planting corn seeds, it will help the
farmers in cost cutting. The traditional planting uses more man power to plant the seeds
manually. Every person has to dig and dropped the seeds so it means that the more people,
the more expenses and they separately watered by irrigation. The proposed system will dig,
drop the seeds and water the seeds one at a time si it will be more convenient to the farmers.

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Objectives of the study

General Objective

To design and develop MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Crop Planting Rover.
The primary objective of the project is to create a rover that can dig a hole for the seeds,
drop the seeds, water the seeds, flatten the land where the seed was dug, and to continue
doing all of those in an automated manner without the help of the farmer. The prototype
intends to reduce the workload of the farmer by 100% during preparation for planting
seeds.

Specific Objectives

To develop a prototype that can detect obstacles that are scattered in the field.
The researchers will add a sensor module that will detect any obstacles that are in the way
of the rover, they will be using an Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 which will detect stones
and other types of obstacles that can hinder the rover from doing its job. It will also be used
to detect if the rover is at the end of the plot since most plots have a barrier at each side
which will then be used as an obstacle that will be detected by the sensor to stop the rover
and notify the farmer.

To add a feature to the rover that will eliminate the workload of planting of seeds for the
farmers.
The researchers will be creating a seed dropping module which uses a small metal that will
block the opening where the seeds will be dropped, it will open for 1 second and will close
after it has done the command and for the distribution of the water the researchers will use
a sprinkler system that will drop a certain amount of water on the seed after the seed has
been dropped by the rover. It will automatically distribute the seeds and the water using a
line of command that will be programmed into the rover. The researchers will be making
an improvised seed dropping storage which will store the seeds and will drop the seeds as
well.

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To add a micro controller module that will be used to add the commands that are needed
for the different modules used.
The researchers will be adding a micro controller module that will act as the brain
of the rover since it is where all the programmed commands are, the microcontroller will
distribute these commands in a sequence starting from one command to another. The
researchers will be using an Arduino Mega 2560 since it is programmable using the C++
program language it also has more pins compared to other microcontrollers.

To add a feature to the rover that will dig a hole where it will drop the corn seed.
The researchers will be adding a digging and soil holder module which uses a Post Hole
Digger so that the rover will be able to drop the seed inside the hole instead of dropping it
above the ground. Post hole digger is usually used in manual farming since it can be used
easily to dig and hold a small amount of soil which is usually the desired depth that would
be used for planting seeds.

Scope and Limitations of the study

Scope
This research study will benefit many farmers that planting corn seeds in some areas of
Pangasinan. To lessen their expenses and to their planting, in this way they could gain more
profit. This study covers the following:

Digging and Soil Holder Module

The proponents will use a “Post Hole Digger” to dig the soil. This tool will use to make a
hole for the seeds to be dropped and after that it will drop the soil back that was holding.
This digging and holding tool is very effective and important because the function is very
efficient and have an all in one function.

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Seed Dropping Module
The proponents will use a tube pipe that handle the way of seeds thru and near the post
hole digger and the proponents will create an improvised seed dropping storage. For the
dropping seeds, it handles for the distance of plant/seed, the row spacing of every
plant/seed is 2 ½ to 3 feet and the plant spacing is between 8 to 10 inches. If it is the part
of hill, the alternative arrangement of plant is 2 or 3 feet apart with 3 to 4 plants per hill.
And the depth of the seed in the soil is 1 to 3 inches. Once the rover digs the soil, drop the
seeds by the distance of this is 8 to 10 inches, and watering, the seeds cannot ramble in soil
and it is accurate the distance of every plant/seed.

Sensor Module
This proponent will use Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 to detect object or obstacle that
hindrances the way of the rover. If the rover once detects this, the rover will stop but not
off the system. This sensor is one of the applications for our prototype.

Motor Module
The proponents will use a DC motor which is used for the wheels of the prototype. DC are
the ones that will use in giving power to the wheels of the rover, to run, and to move front
and back. The DC motor are the one of the important in our prototype.

Microcontroller Module
The proponents will use the Arduino Mega 2560. This microprocessor will be used to
control all the sensors and all the types of equipment tools such “digging and dropping the
soil”, dropping seeds, watering the seeds and detecting the objects or obstacles. This
microcontroller is programmable that uses C++ program language. This Arduino Mega
2560 has more pins rather than Arduino which connects multiple wires and connected to
the different sensor and equipment.

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Water Sprinkler Module
The proponents will use a water sprinkler to watering the seeds and has a tank to store the
water. The capacity of the water tank is 3 liters of water and depends on the size of the
housing of the rover. But the range storage for the water tank 3 liters only.

Limitations
Types of Land (Mountains and Hills)
There are types of lands mountains, hills and plains. The rover is limited only to use in
plain. Land and cannot be use in the farm land in mountain and hills. This limit the
capability of the rover.

Land is already cultivated

If the land where the seeds were to be planted was plowed twice. Already harrowed and
ready for planting

Maintenance and Cleaning

If there is too much mud, it should be clean immediately to continue the process because
if cannot clean the prototype, cannot function properly the rover.

Season Changes
If there is a heavy rain, the rover cannot function efficiently. It should be stopping the
process. The rover can be use only if the weather is good.

One Direction Only

Our prototype is one straight direction or one-way movement only. So, if the rover finished
the end of the land, we cannot change in another line of soil to still functions the rover.
Need to change manually and carry the whole prototype towards the other line of land.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Review of Related Literature, Studies or Systems

The proponents used different sources related to the study such as books, journals and other
scholastic articles to further understand the knowledge and processes required for this
study. These serve as a guide for the developers in getting ideas to achieve their target
objectives and make possible improvements to their study.

Foreign Studies

A GPS controlled automated soil testing rover

According to Kovelan (2020), this study proposes A GPS controlled Automated Soil testing
Rover to test the soil for agricultural purposes. The contribution of computer science to
agriculture is essential for the sustainability of human beings in the world by keeping food
production up to a satisfactory level. The automation technology is a suitable and efficient
solution to overcome difficulties in agriculture. This technique will increase the
productivity and reduces the hardness of human effort in the field. The traditional soil
testing mechanism has many difficulties and drawbacks such as time-consuming, poor
knowledge of sample collection and variation in laboratory results compared to field
results. The proposed GPS controlled Automated Soil testing Rover will be a solid solution
to overcome the problems of the traditional soil testing mechanism. The device has a
temperature, moisture and pH sensors to measure the soil parameters such as temperature,
moisture, electro conductivity, and pH. The GPS controlled Automated Soil testing Rover
will be able to navigate in the given area of the field with the guidance of GPS and it is
capable of avoiding obstacles in the field. The data sensed will be sent to a website to get
visualized and will be stored in a database. Also, the data is used to select the suitable crop
based on the parameters sensed.

This research gives the proponents an idea that the rover has a big help in our agriculture
in terms to the functions and the other technology put in their rover. For the similarities of

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this research, the idea of the automated rover which is the same of our research, and the
productivity that reduces human effort and low-cost labor. The differences of this research
in the MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover is the seed dropping,
digging and watering the soil. We use different equipment to fully functions the prototype.

Implementation of rover tank firefighting robot for closed areas based on Arduino
microcontroller

According to Murad et.al in Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer

Science (2021), communication via the wireless systems become promising, since the
wireless communication system provides several benefits such as the disposal of the wire
usage, provides long-distances communication, and the disposal of periodic maintenance
of data transmission lines. In robotic science, the wireless system unit is the main part of
the mobile robot. Whereas, only wireless communication module responsible for
transmitting commands from the transmitter (e.g. mobile or PC) to the receiver (i.e. robot
brain) and vice versa. With the increase in population growth and the construction of the
urban, fires have become widely spread. It is worth mentioning here that the lives of
firefighters are in permanent danger where they may be exposed to the combustion or
inhalation of toxic gasses associated with the combustion process. Therefore, become
necessary to find effective ways to reduce these risks. In this paper, a rover tank robot is
implemented for fire extinguishing in closed areas based on the Arduino microcontroller,
flame sensor, and motion sensor. The robot has a small water pump installed on a servo
motor to pump water, the first flame sensor placed on the right of the robot's front and the
second to the left of the robot's front. When a fire is explored through a flame sensor, the
water pump sprays water to the location of the fire. The robot is driven wirelessly utilizing
the Bluetooth HC-06 module and the Wi-Fi camera utilized for driving purposes. Besides,
a passive infrared (PIR) sensor is used to detect the presence of any living organism inside
the fire site to alert the robot driver that an organism requires a rescue.

This research gives the proponents an idea about the of rover that uses in every kinds of
technology, agriculture etc. This research that the rover will use in firefighting for fire
extinguishing and a small pump to spray the fire. In our research it uses the agriculture

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based that the corn farmers are to reduce the low cost, the labor and at the same time to
reduce to produce a production of corn.

Development of IoT Controlled Agri-Rover for Automatic Seeding Private Colleges

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

According to Sengodan et.al in College of Engineering and Information (2017), The field
of robotics can be modified with the combination of number of approaches such as,
mechanical approach, software technology and electronic control system approach
together. In the period of current globalization, scientists are trying to apprise
advancements based on robotics which operates and performs tasks very effectively,
efficiently and in lesser time. These progressions can be utilized to improve Indian
traditional approach of farming. Since in Indian scenario, near about 70% population is
reliant on agriculture. So, the agricultural field in India should be improved to increase the
yield. Agree rover is the best solution to meet the rising demand on quantity and quality of
agriculture products and declining labor availability in rural farming areas. The main aim
of the designed system is efficient utilization of resources and to reduce a laborious work.
The seed sowing operation is performed by the system using servomotor mechanism
controlled by ARDUINO controller and robot motion is controlled by Internet of Things
(IoT). The necessities for small scale seeding machines are, the system should be suitable
for small field, simple in design and technology and ease of handling. Findings: The
developed Agri-Rover satisfies all those parameters also reduce the human interference.
Also increased speed of seed sowing, seed placement precisions made it usable.
Improvement: Agri-Rover made of tough yet less cost material which made it low-cost for
the small-scale farmers.

This research gives the proponents an idea about the rover for seed dropping. This research
uses an IoT that controlled in the rover to function to the agriculture. This research same
in our MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover but the differences is
having a digger tool to dig the soil, and put the corn in the soil and at the same time
watering.

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IMU Aided GPS Based Navigation of Ackermann Steered Rover

According to Muhammad et.al in National University of Sciences and Technology (2022),

GPS signal loss is a major issue when the navigation system of rovers is based solely on
GPS for outdoor navigation rendering the rover stuck in the mid of the road in case of
signal loss. In this study, a low-cost IMU aided GPS-based navigation system for
Ackermann Steered mobile robots is presented and tested to cater to the issue of GPS signal
loss along. GPS path is selected and fed using the android application which provides real-
time location tracking of the rover on the map embedded into the application. System
utilizes Arduino along with the node MCU, compass, IMU, Rotary encoders, and an
Ackermann steered rover. Controller processes the path file, compares its current position
with the path coordinates and navigates using inertial sensor aided navigation algorithm,
avoiding obstacles to reach its destination. IMU measures the distance traveled from each
path point, and in case of signal loss, it makes the rover move for the remaining distance
in the direction of destination point. Rover faced a sinusoidal motion due to the steering,
so PID was implemented. The system was successfully tested in the IST premises and finds
its application in the delivery trolley, institutional delivery carts, and related applications.

This research the rover is based for the GPS for the case problem about the signal loss of
the GPS navigation system. Where our prototype cannot base the GPS but it controls the
microcontroller that controls the sensor, motor etc. With this prototype, the corn farmers
reduce the cost, labor and the same time can handle many plat areas of land.

Intelligent IoT-Based Monitoring Rover for Smart Agriculture Farming in Rural

Areas

According to Prabhakar et.al (2022), For generations, since the first agricultural
revolution in prehistoric times, human beings have depended on agricultural produces for
their sustenance and survival. In the present era, man-made and natural disasters, global
warming, heavy industrialization and deforestation have severely affected the quantity and
quality of agricultural crop produces. As the population increases every year by millions,
stable crop produce is essential for maintaining the very livelihood of these people. To

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improve agricultural production, a real-time monitoring system that continuously monitors
crop health till the harvest season is necessary. The Arduino system proposed in this paper
performs three major functions that include an area monitoring function where the system
detects the presence of pests, trespassers and fire using sensors and wards off the pests or
extinguishes the fire, a weather monitoring function that collects the climatic conditions
during the analysis interval and updates the farmer via SMS and, a soil monitoring function
that collects information regarding soil parameters and controls any soil parameter
fluctuation using a microcontroller. It also provides a sprinkler system that sprays the
required amount of water, insecticides, pesticides or other nutrients required to maintain
crop health. The system is self-sustainable and self-maintainable as it runs on solar energy
and the crop locations are pre-programmed into the system microcontroller using a method
called geotagging. The system also guarantees controlled irrigation thus saving water.
This research gives the proponents an idea the rover uses to monitor the farming in rural
areas.
This research uses IoT to control and navigate the rover. In our research uses
different types of sensor to dig the soil, drop the seeds, and watering the soil. More on
planting base of our prototype rover.

A remote-controlled global navigation satellite system-based rover for accurate

video-assisted cadastral surveys

According to Luceri et.al in International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

(2022), One of the main tasks of a cadastral surveyor is to accurately determine property
boundaries by measuring control points and calculating their coordinates. This paper
proposes the development of a remotely-controlled tracking system to perform cadastral
measurements. A Bluetooth-controlled rover was developed, including a Raspberry Pi Zero
W module that acquires position data from a VBOX 3iSR global navigation satellite system
(GNSS) receiver, equipped with a specific modem to download real-time kinematic (RTK)
corrections from the internet. Besides, the Raspberry board measures the rover speed with
a hall sensor mounted on a track, adjusting the acquisition rate to collect data at a fixed
distance. Position and inertial data are shared with a cloud platform, enabling their remote

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monitoring and storing. Besides, the power supply section was designed to power the
different components included in the acquisition section, ensuring 2 hours of energy
autonomy. Finally, a mobile application was developed to drive the rover and real-time
monitor the travelled path. The tests indicated a good agreement between rover
measurements and those obtained by a Trimble R10 GNSS receiver (+0.25% mean error)
and proved the superiority of the presented system over a traditional metric wheel.

This prototype is accurately determining property borders by measuring control points and
computing their coordinates is one of a cadastral surveyor's key responsibilities. While the
MCU Based Multi-Functions has also the same operation without the active controls and
the rover comes with the miniature design.

IOT Based Seed Planting and Watering Rover

According to Nagarjuna et.al in Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering (2022), Exploring Mars and other planets aids scientists in their understanding
of severe climate swings that have potential to drastically affect the planets. Humans
devised a strategy for colonizing Mars. As a result, before humans set foot on Mars, it's a
good idea to grow some plants on Mars and monitor them. This Automated Rover takes on
the role of a human by planting and watering the plants on its own. This paper is focused
on automated seed planting and monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT). Rover is a
movable device that is powered by ESP8266 Node MCU controlled DC motors. Rover is
equipped with a DHT11 sensor and a Wi-Fi module that continuously monitors and uploads
data to Thing speak. This rover is equipped with a plough that can be adjusted, a seed
dropper, and automated water pouring equipment. An Arduino Nano can be used to control
all of the actions. It estimates the distance between each seed after dropping the seed, so
that it can water the seeds automatically after 12 or 24 hours. Depending on availability,
the rover uses both DC battery and solar energy to power the entire setup. All the rover's
actions are fully automated, and no human intervention is required.
This Automated Rover adopts a human persona by independently aerating and
hydrating the plants and crops. The main functions are to setup the process when it comes
to planting, and just like the MCU Based Multi-Functions rover, it can operate multiple

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planting ways. The only difference of this is the other one generates from the internet of
things, and the other one is generated through MCU.

Wireless Operated War Field Land Rover That Alerts on Sensing Planted Land
Mines

According to Babu et.al (2021), Land mine detection is most crucial during ware fare to
deploy armed vehicle drive in the enemy territory. These armed vehicle or Main battle tanks
are used to follow the path of pilot tank operated manually to avoid damage/distraction of
the battle tank and defense causalities of defense crews. In addition, post ware fare the
mines planted during war can be detected and diffused by deploying a mine detection robot,
which can save civilian life to avoid human causalities. This research work proposed to
have a proto type model of a land-mine detection robot (LDR), which can be operated
remotely using Wi-fi. technology. The safety of humans was addressed and designed robot
with special range sensors employed to avoid obstacles. Fabrication of this project
prototype was done using lightweight temperature resistant metal. A Global Positioning
System (GPS) sensor is employed, which identifies and broadcasts the present location of
the robot. Path planning, obstacle detection and avoidance algorithms were used to control
accurately and to navigation of the proposed path by avoiding obstacles. Arduino
microcontroller is employed in this robot. The robot system is embedded with metal
detector capable of sensing the landmine and buzzer from producing a warning alarm to
the nearby personnel in that area. The locomotion of the robot is carried out by the DC
motor. The robot is interfaced with the PC by deploying a ZigBee device. In this paper, a
Metal Detection System with GSM technology has been presented. The system senses or
detects a metallic object and sends an alert message in form of an SMS text to an embedded
security GSM number for further actions.

The prototype for this project was made from a lightweight, temperature-resistant metal.
The robot's current location is determined and communicated using a GPS sensor.
Algorithms for path planning, obstacle detection, and avoidance were employed to
precisely control and navigate the suggested path while avoiding impediments. The MCU
Based Agriculture Rover and This Operated Landmine has the same sensing function that

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operates throughout the field.

Concept Study for the FASTER Micro Scout Rover

According to Sonsalla et.al in DFKI Robotics Innovation Center (2013), In contrast to the
present Mars exploration missions future mission concepts ask for a fast and save traverse
through vast and varied expanses of terrain. The goal of the FASTER1 project is to improve
the mission safety and the effective traverse speed for planetary rover exploration by
determining the travers ability of the terrain and lowering the risk to enter hazardous areas.
In order to achieve this goal, a small scout rover will be used for soil and terrain sensing
ahead of the main rover. In the present paper the problem of defining a highly mobile, all-
terrain micro scout rover that can be used for soil and terrain sensing and collaborate with
a primary rover is addressed by means of a concept study. Alternative concepts for the scout
rover mission architecture and system bus design are treated. Based on trade-offs, a single
scout rover is proposed using the primary rover as communication relay and for energy
transfer while the scout rover can co-operate autonomously with the primary rover. Based
on the chosen concept a terrestrial scout rover testbed has been derived, which will be used
for further tests to prove the choice of the concept.

A tiny scout rover will be employed in advance of the larger rover to sense the soil and
terrain in order to accomplish this goal. In the current work, a concept study is employed
to solve the issue of defining a highly mobile, all-terrain micro scout rover that can be used
for soil and terrain sensing and collaborate with a primary rover. This prototype and the
planting prototype have also the same censoring operation and has the same goal when it
comes to obstacles.

Smart Autonomous Gardening Rover with Plant Recognition Using Neural Networks

According to Sebastin et.al (2016), Modernization of our environment (pruning trees for
constructing tall buildings) results in climatic changes and ecological imbalance. To
mitigate the effect, gardening (to plant trees and shrubs) becomes more and more important
than just a hobby. Besides, maintenance of a garden is a tedious process and also time-

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consuming. Often the gardener lacks in knowledge about the requirements of plant
(nutrient and the amount of water to be sprayed) to enhance its growth. In this regard, it is
necessary to build an autonomous gardening robotic vehicle which automatically identifies
and classifies the plant species using feature extraction algorithms (Scale Invariant Feature
Transform (SIFT), Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF), Oriented FAST and Rotated
BRIEF (ORB)) and neural networks, respectively. It also measures the key parameters for
gardening such as temperature, humidity, heat level, wind speed, wind direction and soil
moisture. The data acquired from the on-board sensors of the gardening rover are sent to
the cloud storage platform on a regular basis. Based on the acquired data and history, future
predictions are made to maintain the garden more effectively and efficiently. A website and
an android application are developed for monitoring and controlling the rover from a
remote area. This system is a combination of new technologies involving an
interdisciplinary approach to carry out precision gardening using Internet of Things (IoT).

It all revolves around an autonomous gardening robotic vehicle that uses the feature
extraction methods Scale Invariant Feature Transform, Speeded-Up Robust Features,
Oriented FAST and Rotated, and neural networks, respectively, to automatically identify
and classify the plant species. Additionally, it gauges important horticultural variables
including temperature, humidity, heat index, wind speed, wind direction, and soil moisture.
It is also same as MCU Based Multi-Function Corn Planting Rover that operates
throughout the agricultural field, same functions but different overall built-in model.

Local Studies

Alternative land elevation assessment through mobile GPS-based rover for small-
scale rice farm field preparation

According to Abante et.al in Electronics Engineering Department in UST (2022),

One of the many factors that influence rice crop productivity is the field preparation, which
includes proper land elevation. Uneven paddy fields cause an uneven distribution of
resources, such as irrigation water and fertilizers, lowering crop yields. To remedy the
problem, land leveling methods are used to level the crop fields. They involve the use of

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tools and equipment created specifically for this purpose. These methods are used to
determine the difference in field elevations and where the soil should be cut and filled.
Small-scale farms, on the other hand, do not employ the specified land leveling method
due to a lack of funding and essential equipment, the practicality of usage in large-scale
areas, and the time-consuming and labor-intensive operation. This study describes a GPS-
based system that is integrated into a rover and controlled remotely to calculate the high
and low areas of the ground to determine where to cut and fill the field. The Arduino
Microcontroller, Radio Frequency Modules, and Global Positioning System (GPS) module
will be the main components of the GPS-based system. The GPS module is utilized to
provide the prototype rover’s exact location, including latitude, longitude, and altitude.
These coordinates are used to derive the rover’s elevation data in its current location. This
knowledge is used to decide where to cut or fill in the ground of small-scale farms. In
comparison to Laser Topographic Surveying, the GPS-based system developed provided
reasonable vertical precision with elevation errors of 0 to 10 cm. The findings suggest that
a GPS-based system is adequate for land-level assessment tasks and that it may be utilized
as a substitute for Cut-and-Fill mapping.
The core elements of the GPS-based system will be the Arduino Microcontroller,
Radio Frequency Modules, and GPS Module. The exact location of the prototype rover,
including latitude, longitude, and altitude, is provided by the GPS module. The elevation
data for the rover at this time is calculated using these coordinates. Small-scale farms utilize
this information to choose where to cut or fill in the earth. The compared prototype has
also the function of moving the soil and making room for the crops the be processed.

Surveillance Rover for Remote Areas

According to Kuruba et.al (2018), Loss of soldier's life is one of a customary

problem faced in all countries. Here is a technology that can save lives. We have developed
a rover that is unique in design, having surveillance capability at remote area that has
extensive control range. The main attribute is that this rover can be controlled from any
part of the world (global communication). This uses elementary modules like Dual Tone
Multi-Frequency (DTMF), Global system for Mobile (GSM) technology that has been

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effectively utilized and modified as a control system. So instead of a soldier going into a
terrorist territory, our bot can be sent smartly and can decide what must be done next.
A rover with an original design has been created, equipped with remote surveillance
capabilities and a wide control range. The primary feature of this rover is that it can be
operated from anywhere in the world thanks to global communication. Efficaciously used
and adjusted as a control system, this makes use of basic modules like Dual Tone Multi-
Frequency and Global System for Mobile. So, instead of sending a military into a terrorist
stronghold, our bot can be dispatched instead, and it can intelligently determine what needs
to be done next. This prototype is also rover model and has a mini censoring like
surveillance system.

Design, Development and Control of a Planetary Rover using ROS

According to Sharma et.al (2021), Robotic rovers are mobile robots developed to
perform challenging tasks such as astronaut assistance, autonomous traversal and sample
retrieval in extra-terrestrial environments. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in
space exploration programs. Many developed and developing countries worldwide have
succeeded in inter-planetary rover missions, including India's space agency ISRO.
Planetary rover plays an essential and definitive role in every space exploration mission.
Consequently, high technology rovers are necessary and the need of the hour. The authors
took up this project to participate in the International Rover Challenge 2020. In this paper,
a six-wheeled rover with a modified rocker-bogie suspension was developed with mobility
in rough terrain as the primary goal. The rover consists of a 5 DoF robotic arm assembly
which can provide enhanced capabilities. The rover consists of a space-frame aluminum
chassis which provides rigidity. The electrical and electronic sub-system consists of off-
the-shelf motor drivers, DC brushed motors, and linear actuators (for robotic arm). Two
10Ah Lithium Polymer batteries were used to power the complete system. The
communication system provides wireless control of the rover up to 1 km from the base
station. Nvidia Jetson Nano is at the heart of the rover, which is essential to run a SLAM-
based autonomous algorithm at the edge with low latency. The autonomous algorithm uses

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the wheel and visual odometry data collected from IMU, GPS, Lidar, and cameras to
calculate the rover's optimum path.
With mobility in difficult terrain as its main objective, this prototype is a six-
wheeled rover with a modified rocker-bogie suspension. The robotic arm assembly of the
rover's five pieces can offer improved capabilities. The chassis of the rover is made of an
aluminum space-frame, which gives it stiffness. DC brushed motors, linear actuators, and
off-the-shelf motor drivers make up the electrical and electronic sub-system. The system
was powered by two 10Ah Lithium Polymer batteries. The wireless rover control is made
possible by the communication system up to 1 kilometer away from the base station. This
prototype is also modeled as mobility rover that can be controlled manually through a
remote.

Design and Development of IoT controlled Smart Surveillance cum Waste Cleaning
Rover

According to Patel et.al (2021), The rapid increase in utilization of technology and
advancement made in robotics, provides a powerful driving force for rapid development of
service robot. In sectors like shopping mall, flew market, lawns, enterprise premises, etc.
where mob of people gather, it is essential to sustain healthy public environment and
security. Lot of man-power is used for scrutiny and cleaning of such areas. This paper
focuses on Internet of Things based wireless cleaning rover developed on raspberry pi
platform with control ability by web application from any distance. For cleaning operation
vacuum system with necessary filter and air suction is used. The proposed is integration of
sensors, camera and processing unit.
The wireless cleaning rover built on the Raspberry Pi platform and powered by the
Internet of Things is the subject of this research. It can be remotely controlled by a web
application. Vacuum systems with the required filters and air suction are utilized for
cleaning operations. Integration of sensors, a camera, and a processing unit is suggested.
This has significant similarities with the MCU Based corn rover, with the same model type
mobility.

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Instant Fire Detection and Toxic Fumes Monitoring in Forests with a Remote
Integrated Rover

According to Gopikrishana et.al (2022), The progress of boreal forest elements and
the global carbon cycle are both influenced by fires. Only the detection of fire and gas
using satellite-based methods improves the existing technology, and remote sensing
methods have yet to be deployed. It can easily monitor a small area of woodland in a modest
manner. In the woodland zone, cloud cover, such as smoke and fog, is a serious issue. Only
remote sensing technologies (such as sensor-based systems) can provide appropriate early
detection because large areas must be monitored. This research proposes an integrated
system for early forest fire detection that includes an ideal mix of different detection
systems based on wildfire risk, area size, and human presence, as well as enough logistical
infrastructure and new extinguishing strategies. A remote-controlled sensing technique
with Gas Sensors, Flame Sensors, and IR Sensors is coupled to it to reduce false alarms.
The Rover can also be used as a firefighter’s scout. After successful fire detection in a
forest region, the location of the impacted area is relayed to the forest officer using satellite
information (GPS) together with the date and time using the GSM module. On the base of
indoor and outdoor tests, our proposed work investigates a forest fire detection system. In
our proposed study, we use a commercially available highly sensitive aspirating flame
sensor, Gas Sensors (MQ7), and an infrared sensor. The findings of the estimation suggest
a 1% increase in detection response time over the previous year.
To minimize false alarms, a remote-controlled sensing approach using IR, Gas, and
Flame Sensors is attached to it. The Rover can also serve as a scout for firefighters. After
a forest region has successfully detected a fire, the forest officer is informed of the location
of the affected area using satellite information GPS and the date and time using the GSM
module. This rover prototype has the same mobility and sensor just like the MCU Based
Multi-Function Corn Rover.

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Automated Vermicomposting System (of Proper Waste Ratio + MCU
Vermicomposting Bed)

According to Embalzado et.al (2020), Various projects have been made to automate
agricultural methods being used today, each of them having their own drawbacks. In
relation to this, a project focusing on organic wastes entitled Automated Vermicomposting
System (of Proper Waste Ratio + MCU Vermicomposting Bed) has been developed. For
the Research and Development, the group chose to study about agriculture, specifically,
organic wastes to remove the manual process of the past systems and to make it a stand-
alone harvester. In detail, the purpose of this prototype is to prove that the past project
entitled MCU Vermicomposting can still be improved with the use of additional research
as well as Waste Ratio Determinant Prototype's data as the input. As aforementioned, the
group implemented Waste Ratio as an Input, Microcontroller for the worm bin
environment, and the Trommel for the automated harvesting. It was then proved that
vermicomposting at home can be done hands-free, not only lessening the organic wastes
but as another method to produce organic fertilizers for households. With the results of the
study written in this document, future researchers, academe, and the community will
benefit in understanding various technologies involved, basis for future systems, and also
to widen the knowledge of the community regarding Vermicomposting as a good
alternative in lessening garbage and producing quality fertilizers.
This project, Automated Vermicomposting System of Proper Waste Ratio with
MCU Vermicomposting Bed, focuses on organic wastes. In order to eliminate the manual
procedure of earlier systems and create a stand-alone harvester, the crew decided to
research agriculture, specifically organic wastes. This prototype and MCU Based Rover
have both main microcontroller-based system or MCU based, but this prototype does not
operate in the field of agriculture.

MCU-Based Solar Powered Chicken Feeder

According to Reyes et.al (2015), Poultry is a great potential industry particularly in

Batangas Province. The method of feeding chicken needs to be considered as chicken must
be fed regularly to be more productive. The conventional method of feeding chicken is the
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need to continuously provide the food, be alert and conscious on the food remaining in
cages and to feed the chickens in a correct period of time to avoid the decline of the
production. Growers also find it difficult to manage their businesses effectively because
they need to be around the cages every now and then to monitor the poultry. Timing and
exactness are the key to provide a uniform time in feeding the chickens. This will benefit
the owner of the business in terms of time and effort. Another advantage of this project is
in terms of savings to the owner of the poultry business. This technology was designed to
automatically feed chickens at a given period of time and to give alarm when the feeds are
running out of supply. The power to be supplied to this prototype will be drawn from the
sun by means of solar panels and will be stored in typical car battery. The feeds will be
stored in a container and evenly distributed by using a conveyor to the feeding basin of the
poultry. It will be more efficient than manual conventional way of feeding because less
effort will be needed in feeding the chickens and less feeds will be wasted. In addition to
that, the stored power can also be used for lighting purposes for the growers to save energy
and energy bills.
MCU Based Solar Powered Chicken Feeder operates with the base system of MCU,
it gathers solar powered energy and process its functions to feed the chickens. Just like the
MCU Based Multi-Function Corn Rover, it both operates in a MCU Based systems but the
only exceptions are the other on is not using the conversion of energy from sunlight intro
electricity or solar powered system.

Sun Sensor Navigation for Planetary Rovers: Theory and Field Testing

According to Enright et.al (2012), In this paper, we present an experimental study

of sun sensing as a rover navigational aid. Algorithms are outlined to determine rover
heading in an absolute reference frame. The sensor suite consists of a sun sensor,
inclinometer, and clock (as well as ephemeris data). We describe a technique to determine
ground-truth orientation in the field (without using a compass) and present a large number
of experimental results (both in Toronto and on Devon Island) showing our ability to
determine absolute rover heading to within a few degrees. Sun sensing as a rover
navigational assistance is the subject of this experimental investigation. The algorithms for

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determining the rover's direction in an absolute reference frame are described. The solar
sensor, inclinometer, and clock make up the sensor suite. In order to determine absolute
rover heading to within a few degrees, this article presents a method for doing so in the
field without the aid of a compass. It also describes a large number of experimental
findings.
The similarities and differences of this prototype and the MCU Based Multi-
Function Rover is both rover and functions in a navigation style sensing but different field
operation.

Biomechatronic Embedded System Design of Sensorized Glove with Soft Robotic

Hand Exoskeleton Used for Rover Rescue Missions on Mars

According to Cornejo et.al (2021), For many years, a manned mission to Mars has
been a challenge for humanity. However, the recent technological advances in human
factors and space systems engineering may overcome these limitations. Thus, there are
some strategies to face various medical emergencies autonomously due to long distances
and hostile conditions in order to develop healthcare monitoring and ensuring the safety of
the astronauts. For this reason, an innovative research has been conducted from 2020 to
2021 under the supervision of the Bioastronautics & Space Mechatronics Research Group,
resulting in this proposed project, which is a sensorized glove for medical emergencies
controlling the rover developed by the Team “Tharsis” from the Universidad Nacional de
Ingeniería, winner of the Technology Challenge Award for Wheel Design and Fabrication
at the 7th Annual NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge. In addition, the glove has
a soft robotic hand exoskeleton with the purpose of fracture stabilization and to prevent
future complications. This study presents a mechatronics conceptual design based on
biomechanical fundamentals of the hand, where Fusion 360 was used for 3D mechanical
systems development and Eagle for electrical and electronic circuit technical schematics,
besides telecommunications and telerobotic protocols are analyzed. The “BIOX-GLOVE”
is pretended to be applied on the Martian surface during extravehicular activities-EVA and
also, on Earth in a Mars environment analogue and rehabilitation hospitals. In conclusion,
favorable results were achieved; consequently, the next step of this project is to start the

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detailed engineering design in July 2021, and it is proposed to develop the prototype and
perform the first test in a Martian analog.
This study offers a mechatronics conceptual design based on biomechanical
principles of the hand, using Eagle for technical schematics of electrical and electronic
circuits and Fusion 360 for the construction of 3D mechanical systems.
Telecommunications and telerobotic protocols are also examined. It is also the same
function and operation but this prototype is completely robotic rover with multiple function
and biomechatronic.

Smart Agriculture Monitoring Rover for Small-Scale Farms in Rural Areas using IoT

According to Menon and Prabhakar (2021), Agriculture has been one of the
ultimate factors contributing to the survival and development of human civilizations for
generations across the globe. Due to extreme climatic changes, destruction of forest cover
and industrial advancements the production rates and quality of crops grown in agricultural
farms have been drastically affected. This has affected the very livelihood of human beings.
Thus, there is a need for a real-time monitoring device to continuously monitor the crops
and ensure that it remains healthy until harvest. The system proposed in this paper is based
on Internet of Things technology with the Arduino Mega Development board. The system
performs monitoring of Weather, Soil Parameters and detects fire, insects or pests
surrounding the area. It provides a sprinkler system for spraying water, organic pesticides,
and insecticides according to the monitored data analyzed by the microcontroller. The
system is automated as it is powered by solar energy and all functions and geographic
coordinates of each crop are pre-programmed into the microcontroller. This system will
also aid in water conservation through controlled irrigation and increases production rate.
The system suggested in this study is built using the Arduino Mega Development
Board and Internet of Things technologies. The system monitors the weather, soil
parameters, and looks for nearby fires, insects, or pests. According to the observed data
analyzed by the microcontroller, it offers a sprinkler system for spraying water, natural
pesticides, and insecticides. These prototypes are both in the agricultural field and operates
both rover types but built differently and different function.

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Synthesis

The advancement of technology, along with science, has helped humans to become
self-reliant in all spheres of life. With the innovation of a particular technology, it becomes
part of society and integral to human lives after a point in time. Modern autonomous robots,
like Rover, move in response to commands from a controller or operator. The use of
robotics and automation in agriculture has gained significant attention in recent years as a
means of improving efficiency, reducing labor costs, and increasing crop yields. One
example of such a system is a microcontroller unit (MCU)-based multi-function automated
corn planting rover.
There are several potential benefits to using an MCU-based corn planting rover.
One of the most significant is the potential for increased efficiency and productivity. By
automating the process of planting corn, a rover system can potentially plant seeds more
quickly and accurately than a human worker. This can lead to higher crop yields and
potentially lower costs. Another potential benefit is the reduced need for manual labor.
Planting corn is a labor-intensive process, and the use of a corn planting rover can
potentially reduce the number of workers needed for the task. This can lead to cost savings
for farmers and may also reduce the risk of injury for workers. There are also environmental
benefits to using a corn planting rover. Automating the planting process can potentially
reduce the use of fossil fuels, as the rover can be powered by electricity or another
renewable energy source. In addition, the use of a corn planting rover can potentially reduce
soil erosion and water use, as the system can be programmed to optimize these factors.
However, there are also potential challenges to the development and implementation of an
MCU-based corn-planting rover. One of the main challenges is the cost and technical
expertise required to develop and maintain such a system.
The development of the system may require a significant investment in research
and development, as well as the hiring of skilled engineers and technicians. In addition, the
system may need to be regularly maintained and updated to ensure its continued operation.
Another challenge is the potential impact on employment. While the use of a corn planting
rover can potentially reduce the need for manual labor, it may also lead to job loss for
workers who are replaced by the system. This could have significant social and economic

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implications, particularly in communities that rely heavily on agriculture for employment.
An MCU-based multi-function automated corn planting rover has the potential to increase
efficiency, productivity, and crop yields, while also reducing labor costs and environmental
impacts.
However, the development and implementation of such a system will likely require
a significant investment of time, resources, and technical expertise, and may also have
potential impacts on employment. It is important for farmers, policymakers, and other
stakeholders to carefully consider these issues when evaluating the use of such a system. It
can be used to carry out a variety of agricultural operations, including digging, seeding,
and obstacle sensing. There is a similar automated robotics rover, with the same model but
different functions and operations in the field, some are used on waste, agriculture, and
surveillance. There are also automated and manually controlled, some are battery-powered,
fuel-powered, or solar-powered. But all of it has one goal, to aid at a certain field of human
work.

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MCU-BASED MULTI FUNCTIONS AUTOMATED CORN PLANTING ROVER

Overview of the project

The MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover is a cutting-edge piece
of agricultural machinery designed to help farmers plant and cultivate corn fields more
efficiently and effectively. Equipped with a variety of sensors and controllers this
automated rover is capable of digging the soil, seed dropping, planting seeds and watering.
Also, our research equipped with a variety of other functions to help farmers with their
work and its ability to work around the clock, seven days a week. This allows farmers to
plant and cultivate their fields faster and more efficiently, reducing the need for labor and
increasing overall productivity.

It also helps to reduce the risk of crop failure due to poor planting conditions or other issues,
as the rover is able to adapt and respond to changing conditions in real-time. In terms of
maintenance and upkeep, the MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting
Rover is relatively low maintenance. It is equipped with a range of diagnostic and
maintenance tools that allow farmers to monitor its performance and identify any issues
that may arise. It is also built to withstand the rough terrain and harsh weather conditions
often encountered in farming environments, making it a durable and reliable tool for
farmers.

This research is a highly advanced and versatile piece of agricultural machinery that is
revolutionizing the way farmers plant and cultivate their fields. It is helping to increase
productivity, reduce labor costs, and improve crop yields, making it an invaluable tool for
farmers around the world. So, it is a very useful and important machine for the agriculture
sector. By the microcontroller of Arduino Mega 2560, it controls the algorithm of every
components that we use in our prototype.

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Methodology

This chapter depicts the methods of data gathering that the developers employed and the
details of the schedule of activities. This will discuss the system design specifications; the
hardware and software components. The proponents will be using Prototyping Model, State
Transition Diagram and Block Diagram for the development of the system. To make this
device work properly, the developers considered some steps in gathering data, namely
searching the web, survey and interview. This would be focus in the significance of the
research used by developers to complete the objectives of the project study.

Figure 1.0: Prototyping Model

Requirement Gathering and Analysis

Data gathering is one of the most concern for the capstone design proposal. The proponents
gathered information from the online platform as well as the relevant to the proposal
project. The proponents conducted a survey how to improve or to give us the idea what the
functions that we add in our prototype rover and conducted a researched on the current
technological trends and compared various concepts from existing technologies, in order
to support this capstone design proposal.
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 Data Collection

A. Survey

The proponents conducted an online survey (Google Form) to gather

information and how to add features or suggestions about the prototype rover.
This information helps our prototype to more features, more idea and at the
same time more functions of our prototype rover.

B. Interviews

The proponents will visualize the problem of the corn farmers about the cost of
labor, workload and cannot measure the seeds in the soil, so our beneficiaries
we help us to have solution their problems and to have more product and more
income the corn farmers.

Internet Research

The proponents will research on the internet to search for relevant information or
ideas about the prototype rover and some materials that we used to build our
prototype. Some of the websites have different ideas about the types of rovers that
used in agriculture or to use in firefighting etc. which helps us to have more
knowledge about our rover.

Planning and Brainstorming

The proponents will use this technique to find the specific problem and gather
information, and ideas to build our prototype. Our ideas and knowledge about
building a prototype combine which helps our research and build our prototype
rover.

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Quick Design

The proponents will use quick design to meet the requirements of the corn farmers. The
quick design is based on what the beneficiary needs, a Block Diagram and State Transition
Diagram, which will help the corn farmers to understand how the prototype operates.

System design specification

This project is composing of different hardware’s and a software component. Both

components have significance to the development, to run and function properly of the
project. The software components are programmed in the different Arduino by using
Arduino IDE.

Hardware

This hardware has a different functions and classification to function and run the project.

Figure 2.1: Arduino Mega 2560

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54
digital input/output pins (of which 15 can use as PWM output), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs
(hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with AC-
to-DC adapter or battery to get started, The Mega 2560 board is compatible with most
shields design for the Uno and the former boards Duemilanove or Diecimila. The

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proponents will used Arduino Mega 2560 to program the project and execute the code and
algorithm of our project and this board is our main components.

Figure 2.2: Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are simply wiring that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be
used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically used
with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a circuit
as needed. Fairly simple. In fact, it doesn’t get much more basic than jumper wires. The
proponents will used jumper wires to connect all the hardware components of our
prototype.

Figure 2.3: Acrylic Glass

Acrylic glass. Poly (methyl methacrylate) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a

lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. Although it is not technically a type of
glass, the substance has sometimes historically been called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is

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the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The proponents will use acrylic glass as the
side and front of the rover so they can see the inside of the rover while it is operating.

Figure 2.4: 12 volts Battery

We all use batteries in typical day-to-day life. Whether it be in our remote control, watch,
car, or RV, batteries are a part of our lives. Twelve-volt batteries are commonly used in RV,
boat, and other automobile systems. From a technical perspective, a battery uses one or
more cells to allow a chemical reaction creating the flow of electrons in a circuit. Batteries
do not create energy or power on their own. Batteries simply store energy for you to use
when you need it. The proponents will used 12v battery that will be the main source of
energy for the rover. It will generate enough electricity for the rover to operate on its own.

Figure 2.5: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

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It is an ultrasonic sensor, also known as an ultrasonic transducer that is based on a
transmitter and receiver and mainly used to determine the distance from the target object.
The amount of time it takes to send and receive waves will determine how far the object is
placed from the sensor. It mainly depends on the sound waves working on “non-contact”
technology. The required distance of the target object is measured without any damage,
giving you accurate and precise details. This sensor comes with a range between 2cm to
400cm and is used in a wide range of applications including speed and direction
measurement, wireless charging, humidifiers, medical ultrasonography, sonar, burglar
alarms, and non-destructive testing. In this post, I'll try to cover basic details related to HC-
SR04, so you get an idea what is this about and how it can be used in the major applications
as per your needs and requirements. Let's jump right in and get down to the details on this
ultrasonic sensor. The proponents will used HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor to detect the
obstacle and the rover reach the end of the plant land area.

Figure 2.6: Post Hole Digger

A post hole clam-shell digger, also called post hole pincer or simply post hole digger, is a
tool consisting of two articulated shovel -like blades, forming an incomplete hollow
cylinder about a foot long and a few inches wide, with two long handles that can put the
blades in an "open" (parallel) position or a "closed" (convergent) position. The proponents
will used post hole digger to dig the soil and we make a DIY for our prototype rover.

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 Figure 2.7: PVC Pipe
PVC is a lightweight thermoplastic and synthetic material available at low prices, whereas
stainless steel is a weighty alloy of metals where the cost will vary on grade and
composition. The proponents will used PVC pipe to support the wheels, it will be attached
to the square metal bars which is the base of the prototype.

Figure 2.8: Square Metal Bars

Square bars (or ‘squares’) are solid square steel sections. Sizes range from 10mm upwards.
Applications include door frames, ornamental architecture and balustrades. The proponents
will used metal bars to make the base of the prototype, it will carry most of the components
of the prototype ranging from the battery, MCU, Water storage, and the Seed Storage.

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 Figure 2.9: Toggle Switch

A toggle switch or tumbler switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually
actuated by a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism. Toggle switches are
available in many different styles and sizes, and are used in numerous applications. The
proponents will used toggle switch to turn the prototype on or off.

Figure 2.10: DC Motor

A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In a DC motor, the input electrical energy is the direct current which is transformed into
the mechanical rotation. In this session, let us know what is a DC motor, types of DC motor
and their applications. The proponents will use DC motor to have a movement of the rover.
This dc motor is important to run the prototype.

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 Figure 2.11: Rubber Wheels

Rubber is a natural material sourced from the rubber tree. It is the highest quality wheel
material, with superb grip, durability and softness. Rubber wheels feel incredibly smooth
to push and work well at any temperature. The proponents will used rubber wheels to
support the wheels, it will be attached to the square metal bars which is the base of the
prototype.

Figure 2.12: Metal Funnel

A funnel is a tube or pipe that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding
liquid or powder into a small opening. Funnels are usually made of stainless steel,
aluminum, glass, or plastic. The material used in its construction should be sturdy enough
to withstand the weight of the substance being transferred, and it should not react with the
substance. For this reason, stainless steel or glass are useful in transferring diesel, while
plastic funnels are useful in the kitchen. Sometimes disposable paper funnels are used in
cases where it would be difficult to adequately clean the funnel. The proponents will used

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metal funnel to put seeds inside the seed storage of the rover.

Figure 2.13: Container

An object that can be used to hold or transport something. The proponents will be used
container for the water storage and the seed storage of the rover.

Figure 2.14: Water Nozzle

A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow

(specially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe. A nozzle
is often a pipe or tube of varying cross-sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify
the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow,
speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In
a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy. The

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proponents will use nozzle to sprinkle the plants evenly without drowning the seeds or the
plants.

Software

Arduino IDE
The software that we used is the Arduino IDE. Arduino IDE is an open-source software,
designed by Arduino.cc and mainly used for writing, compiling & uploading code to almost
all Arduino Modules. It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy
that even a common person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with
the learning process. The type of language we used to program our project is C/c ++. This
code will help to have an algorithm for the Arduino Mega 2560 to run and to have functions
the rover.

Fritzing
Fritzing is an open-source initiative to develop amateur or hobby CAD software for the
design of electronics hardware, intended to allow designers and artists to build more
permanent circuits from prototypes. It was developed at the University of Applied Sciences
Potsdam. The researchers used this software for the circuit and schematic diagram. This
shows the wiring of our project and the connectivity of every components.

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Block Diagram

Figure 3.0
The block diagram displays the connection of the hardware that oversees the
processing of data inside the rover. The main source of power would be the 12v Battery
which would power the DC Motor and the Arduino Mega 2560, the Arduino Mega 2560
would be the main controller of the system that will give out the commands for the modules
that the rover will be using, first is the Improvised post hole digger, it is connected to the
Arduino mega 2560 because the command to dig the land will be programmed inside the
main controller, the post hole digger will dig a hole and hold the soil that was dug from the
land, second is the improvised seed dropper, the proponents will make an improvised seed
dropper that will open a sliding hatch which will drop a seed when it opens. The proponents
also used a water sprinkler system that will sprinkle water once the rover has dropped the
seed inside the hole, after it has watered the seed, it will then return the soil that was dug
out and will continue moving forward. The proponents added an Ultrasonic Sensor that
will detect any obstacle in front of the rover, once it detects an obstacle the rover will stop
and will turn on the sound alarm to notify the farmer that there is an obstacle in the way.

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State Transition Diagram

Figure 4.0

In creating an MCU-Based Automatic Corn Planting Rover, the user must first flip the
power switch to turn on the 12v battery. After turning on the switch the motor will start,
and the Micro controller will start as will since the power source is already on. The micro
controller will then send a command to each module that is being used by the rover and it
will run in a sequence starting from digging a hole, dropping a seed, watering the seed, and
returning the soil that was dug up by the rover. The micro controller will also send and
gather data from the sensor which in turn will turn on an alarm sound that will notify the
farmer if the sensor has detected an obstacle in front of the rover.

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Flowchart

Figure 5.0

The flow will start by turning on the switch which would turn on the system, motor,
and micro controller that will be used by the rover. Once the system is on the movement
module will start and the rover will move on its own, once the rover has reached a certain
distance it will initiate a line of command that is programmed in the micro controller. The
first command that will be used is the Digging, the rover will dig a soil and hold the soil
for a while, and then it will drop the corn seed inside the hole, after that it will water the
seed that was dropped inside the hole and lastly it will return the soil that was taken out of
the land back into the hole. It will then continue to move forward, while moving the sensor
will then send out soundwaves that will detect if there are any obstacles that are near the
rover that can hinder it from moving forward. Once the sensor has detected an obstacle it
will turn on the alarm sound and will stop the rover from moving forward.

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IPO Diagram

Input Procoess Output

Knowledge
Requirements Design modules and
components
Arduino ATMEGA
2560 Build prototype by
block diagram
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic
Sensor Critique prototype
proponents will
Container consult to the
technical adviser
Rubber Wheels - MCU-Based Multi
Implementation codes
Motor of the proposed system Functions
Automated Corn
Battery Testing if the codes
meet all the Planting Rover
Wires requirements

Metal Funnel Operate the system

will no longer have
Software any errors and ready
Requirements to use the prototype.

C/C ++ Maintenance the

proponents are
responsible if any
malfunction of the
system occurs like
hardware component
problems.

Table 1.0

FEEDBACK
The proponents will used IPO Diagram to show the flow of our system and how
works the MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn Planting Rover. The proponents
will used Arduino Mega 2560 to functions our prototype. The sensor that detect obstacles

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and when reach the end of the plat land. The funnel, container and water storage that store
seeds and water. And at the same the motors and wheels to have run the prototype rover.

Building Prototype

The proponents will used building prototype to proves that the proponent’s concepts will
work as suggested which includes providing specification for real, working system rather
than a theoretical one. The proponents will create a schematic layout for the prototype that
focuses on design creation and actual assembly of each component. This technique is used
to determine whether the user needs are extracted, presented, and defined by building a
working model.

Canvassing Materials

The proponents will be canvassing via online shopping (Lazada and Shopee). In
searching materials, will considered the low-cost materials that will used to build
our prototype rover.

Buying Materials

The proponents will purchase materials and components both physical and online
store. We will make sure that the materials that we buy is good condition and
working.

Creating a Programs

Coding – The proponents will use C++ Language in integrating the Arduino Mega
2560 and other components that will be included in the prototype.
Testing – The proponents will test each part of the prototype if the components
works properly or the code have an error to meets the criteria of the functions of
the prototype rover.

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 Debugging – The proponents will either fix or recode the prototype rover if an error
occurs, since there is no assurance that no errors will be detected and check if the
components properly correct the wirings.

Assembling Prototype

The proponents will assemble the “MCU-Based Multi Functions Automated Corn
Planting Rover” and complete all of the prototype acquisition after debugging all
of the errors. The prototype's outcome is determined by the proponents'
architectural design.

Project Evaluation

After the construction of the electronic parts of the system, the proponents will used
prototype evaluation to step by step process of collecting, recording and organizing
information about the project’s results, in getting reaction as its purpose. In this phase, pre-
trial of the system was presented in order to gather suggestions, comments, and
recommendations. To come up with the engineering product, some features were added to
the system’s specification and some modification was done to the system after the
evaluation of the user which will be used in the next phase.

Testing the prototype to the beneficiary

The proponents will present the prototype to the beneficiary the familiarize the
Automated Corn Planting Rover. The proponents will explain the features and how
works the prototype.

Software Features

The proponents will test the functionality of the system and its application. For the
coding, will test if the code and the algorithm of the prototype are correct and how
to function the prototype.

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Refining the Prototype

The proponents will be considered all of the feedback from beneficiaries, advisers, and
evaluators in order to ensure that the project met the necessary requirements. The
proponents will use this feedback from usability testing and evaluation to further refine
their prototypes for the final project. Some students even went beyond paper prototyping,
with some programming a partial operational new interface for the system and others using
illustration or presentation software to present their ideas in a more polished manner than
the paper prototype.

Engineering Product

The proponents will make their improvements, modifications, and refinements to the
project, the final stage of prototyping involved thoroughly evaluating and testing the
prototype to ensure that all project functionalities and objectives were met. The prototype
will then be introduced to the market and should meet the expectations of evaluators and
beneficiaries who provided comments and suggestions about the system. Routine
maintenance should be performed to prevent major issues and minimize downtime in the
operation of the project. At this stage, the product is completed and perfected.

Maintenance

The proponents will have to maintain the maintenance of the prototype rover.
Maintenance is important for the effective functioning of the prototype. The main
goal of regular maintenance is to ensure that all necessary components are operating
efficiently at all times. By performing maintenance and making minor adjustments,
small problems can be detected and fixed before they become major issues.

Cost of the Project

The researchers will be discussing the possible total amount and quantity of our project.
Every component has different amount and quantity would be need in our project.

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 Quantity Specifics Estimated Cost
1 Acrylic Glass 5,000
2 Battery 2,000
1 Arduino Mega 2560 700
1 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor 300
1 Container 200
1 Metal Funnel 150
2 Bundles Jumper Wires (Male to Male, Male to Female 200
and Female to Female)
4 DC Motor 2000
4 Rubber Wheels 800
1 Toggle Switch 100
1 set Water Nozzle 100
1 Square Metal Bars 5,000
1 PVC Pipe 200
1 Post Hole Digger 1000
Total Cost 17,750
Table 2.0

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Calendar of Activities
• Gantt Chart

Worked by Everyone Worked by Cevin John Cayanan

Worked by John Niño Morales Worked by Anthony Claire Torres

This Gantt Chart represent the proponents calendar activities. The color that represents
each member of the group. For color blue is for everyone’s worked together, for color
yellow is for Mr. John Nino Morales, for color green for Mr. Anthony Claire Torres and
last for color orange for Mr. Cevin John Cayanan. The Brainstorming part is continuous,
generate more ideas and knowledge until the prototype is finish. Installation of hardware,
modules and relays are continuous schedule until the system is finished and integrate it to
software. Software and Architectural design are continuous until it reached the purpose and
goal of the system. Plot run and debugging is done through the development of the system.
Implementation Draft are expected to be done by the year of 2024. The proponents will
gather evaluation from the beneficiary and future users. From the evaluation, the
proponents will review the overall feature and function of the system to meet the evaluation
and recommendation from the users. Refining prototype is done after reviewing the
evaluation and the proponents will prepare maintenances for future use.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this section, you may include theoretical proof, verification or evidence. This should
give an overview of the results from the experiments. Sample raw data shall be included
to explain how these are presented. The full set of data shall be included as an appendix.
This shall also contain a discussion of the information derived from the results, with sample
raw data to support each result. You may use tables or figures. The numbering of the table
should be continuous. Say you have Table 1 in your introductory part, and your next table
appears in your methodology part. The first table in the methodology part should be
numbered as Table 2 and so on. This is the same for numbering figures in your manuscript.
Below is the format for the title of your table and figure:

Table #. Only the first letter of the title is capitalized

Figure #. Only the first letter of the title is capitalized

In the succeeding paragraphs, there should be no indentations, paragraphs are justified with
left alignment. Delete this highlighted section and replace it with your own results and
discussions.

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 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The first part of this section is your summary followed by the conclusion/s and last part
is/are your recommendation/s.

This section summarizes the results based on the results and discussion chapter. If there are
only three specific questions or objectives, there are only three results summarized in this
section and no presentation of tables or figures. A good summary should be comprehensive.
A summary must be concise. Your summary should considerably be shorter than the source.
Avoid repetitive details. A summary must be coherent and independent. You are expected
to maintain your own voice throughout the summary. Don’t simply quote other researcher’s
works instead use your own words to express your understanding of what you have read.
After all, your summary is based on your interpretation of the findings points or ideas.
However, you should be careful not to create any misinterpretation or distortion by
introducing comments or criticisms of your own

Conclusions should unite with the findings and accomplishments of the study. If there are
three summaries, there should also be three conclusions. Conclusions are arranged as it
appears in the findings. Moreover, rejection and acceptance of hypothesis, if applicable are
explained under conclusion. Only conclusions which are based definitely from the findings
or results should be made. Mere opinion which have no basis of facts and findings have no
place in the conclusions of the study

Recommendations are based on the conclusions. It may include further research of the
study and/ or enhancement of the developed system

In the succeeding paragraphs, there should be no indentations, paragraphs are justified with
left alignment. Delete this highlighted section and replace it with your conclusion/s

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 REFERENCES

Sweet Corn Production Guide. (n.d.).

https://businessdiary.com.ph/6071/sweet-corn-production-guide/

The Art and Science of Agriculture | National Geographic Society. (n.d.-b).

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/agriculture/

Alexander, R. B. (2021b, April 5). List of Traditional Agricultural Equipment: Types and
Functions. YaleTools. https://yaletools.com/traditional-agricultural-equipment/

Kovelan, P. (2020, September 7). A GPS controlled automated soil testing rover.

SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11042-020-09358-

8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d60f3ccf-0146-4531-80c2-952bdf8e6d66

Bayat, O. (2021, May 15). Implementation of rover tank firefighting robot for closed

areas based on arduino microcontroller.

http://openaccess.altinbas.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12939/1021

Menon, A. G., & Prabhakar, M. (1970, January 1). Intelligent IoT-Based Monitoring

Rover for Smart Agriculture Farming in Rural Areas. SpringerLink.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-0098-

3_60?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bcbc024c-3188-4b54-a789-

1b1e5531f3a2

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Babu, J. E. A. (2021, April 28). Wireless Operated War Field Land Rover That Alerts On

Sensing Planted Land Mines | Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics

Education (TURCOMAT).

https://www.turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/4681

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 APPENDICES

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 APPENDIX A. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

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System Architecture and Design

Figure 6.0 Front View

Figure 6.1 Back View

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 Figure 6.2 Left View

Figure 6.3 Right View

Figure 6.4 Upper View

Figure 6.5 Bottom View

The proponents will show the 3D design of our prototype rover. This is not actual
or final layout of our prototype but this is an approximately and visualize the design.

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 APPENDIX B. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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Schematic Diagram

Figure 7.0

The proponents will use Fritzing Application to show the wiring diagram of our prototype
rover. This Figure will show the detailed wiring and pin connection of every components
in the Arduino Mega 2560.

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 APPENDIX C. TRANSCIPT OF THE SURVERY (GOOGLE FORM)

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Transcript of Interview/Survey

The proponents will survey via google form. We ask some question to determine what are
the improvements that we need in making our prototype much more efficient. The total
responded of our survey is 40.
Timestamp Email Address Full Name What other
(Surname, improvements do you
First Name, think should be added
Middle Initial) to the prototype?
12/27/2022 [email protected] Adrias, March Nothing
11:51:34 Angela M.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Dela Cruz, Do you guys think that
12:06:05 Kenneth O. it's possible to turn
sideways?
12/27/2022 [email protected] Padre, John They can improve their
12:17:48 Paul M. prototype by changing
wheel in different kind
of soil that they want to
plant their crops.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Calderon, None so far, because
13:50:48 Jharel M. the video explained it
well, the system and
the design is good and
also the purpose of
your prototype. I like the
idea by the way since
the farmers are the key
successful in our
country and I think the
support that the
government give to our
farmers is insufficient,
so goodluck to your
prototype and I hope it
will be a big help in the
near the future.

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12/27/2022 [email protected] Rivera, Karl im not sure if it's time-
14:07:05 Neo, A. based machine but i
hope it is, becuase it is
resources wise.

I believe the machine

must possess a feature
that will flatten the plot
into the desired shape
in order to reduce
another variable and
prevent the machine
from failing in its duty
12/27/2022 [email protected] Sulaiman, Bai I hope the design and
15:09:50 Mikaelah M. the materials in creating
this prototype would be
eco-friendly, also not
that bulky cuz it has so
many functions in
nurturing crops it would
be a time consuming to
a farmer or to a client to
use your product. And
lastly the durability of
the product shouldn't
be sacrifice.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Chan, Classified
17:46:05 Lawrence
Joseph P
12/27/2022 [email protected] Carreon, NA
17:54:27 Emerose S.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Abrio, Miguel I think it's perfect
19:56:49 Adrian O.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Lising, Mikaela NA
20:14:37 M.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Padriga jr How will i know if
20:21:48 rolando R. there's need an

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 improvement in your
prototype. Because
your explanation is to
shallow i didn't even
understand it
12/27/2022 [email protected] Dulay, Aaron Nothing
20:24:15
12/27/2022 [email protected] Turita,Dino M. Nothing
20:26:32
12/27/2022 [email protected] Barbasa, Grant I don't know
20:27:40 Micole
12/27/2022 [email protected] Reyes, None. According to the
20:31:01 Monaliza video, I think the
proponents have
already maximized the
functionality of the
prototype.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Frias, John If this were to be
21:01:50 Stephen M. powered by solar
energy, it would be in
the best interest of all if
the excess power
source collected from
the solar panel be
stored in a backup
battery in for it to
function even at night
where there would be
no sun or if the sun is
covered by clouds.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Manabat, Lyan Nothing
21:04:09 Iverson C.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Salanio, Ron Design wise, a
21:14:38 Vincent R. minimalistic approach
would be great as it is
simple.

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12/27/2022 [email protected] Javillonar Joel Low-fidelity prototypes
21:22:25 T. may include rough
sketches, paper
models, simple
storyboards, or rough
paper prototypes of
digital interfaces.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Foy, Mackenzie Nothing
21:31:32
12/27/2022 [email protected] Paule, Trisha My personal summary
21:37:32 Nicole C. suggests that one of the
modifications the
researchers should
think about is
increasing the
prototype's battery
capacity since they
didn't specify the
maximum number of
hours the device can
operate. Additionally,
one of the researchers
stated that they were
intending to enhance
the automatic crop
planting rover, which
can only plant a
particular seed. It would
be preferable, in my
opinion, if they could
improve the design for
other seeds, such as a
design for use in
commercial forests that
could also be used to
restore natural forests.
Overall, I think the

STI College Munoz-EDSA 75

 researchers did a good
job coming up with such
idea and proposing this
prototype. I think future
generations will benefit
much from it. ❤️
12/27/2022 [email protected] Ambrocio, None
21:42:17 Jemboy D.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Javillonar, None
21:55:08 Jomar, T.
12/27/2022 [email protected] Mondigo, Julius NA
22:02:56
12/27/2022 [email protected] Alinsuag, John Choose the right and
22:21:30 Jerric, S. helpfulness prototype
12/28/2022 [email protected] Amores, N/A
4:29:08 Jericho A.
12/28/2022 [email protected] Allen A. Sendon None
9:31:41
12/28/2022 [email protected] Tuscano, Franz N/A
11:25:24 Ivan D.
12/28/2022 [email protected] Aniñon,jhonRey None
17:46:20 S.
12/28/2022 [email protected] Serna, Hanna I can't think of any
17:51:26 Shemeah C. suggestions right now
12/28/2022 [email protected] Trinidad, Aaron Dunno
19:09:17 Gabriel A.
12/28/2022 [email protected] Valenzuela Should be less in fuel
19:10:05 John Harvey efficiency
12/29/2022 [email protected] Calub, Mark I think yung sa pag liko
10:48:55 Anthony C. ng rover
12/29/2022 [email protected] Alvarez, Alex Sana malaki yung
10:51:46 capacity ng water tank
12/29/2022 [email protected] Ventura, Mary None
18:38:55 Jane G.
12/29/2022 [email protected] Miguel, dave none so far
19:07:01 steven R

STI College Munoz-EDSA 76

12/29/2022 [email protected] Go, Anjoe P. N/A
19:49:48
12/29/2022 [email protected] Nones, Kyle
19:50:29 Kristine G.
12/29/2022 [email protected] Torio, Mark More Design
19:50:44 Jeson L.
12/29/2022 [email protected] Morales, Niño Yung sa movement ng
19:55:19 F. rover
Table 3.0

Figure 8.0

Figure 8.1

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 Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

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Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

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 APPENDIX D. CURRICULUM VITAE OF RESEARCHERS

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 Curriculum Vitae of

<GIVEN NAME MI. FAMILY NAME>

<complete address>
<email address>
contact number either cellular phone or landline or both

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Level Inclusive Dates Name of school/ Institution
Tertiary month year
TechVoc month year
High School month year
Elementary month year

PROFESSIONAL OR VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE

Nature of Experience/ Name and Address of Company or
Inclusive Dates
Job Title Organization
month year
month year
month year
month year
Listed in reverse chronological order (most recent first).

AFFILIATIONS
Inclusive Dates Name of Organization Position
month year
month year
month year
month year
Listed in reverse chronological order (most recent first).

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SKILLS
SKILLS Level of Competency Date Acquired
month year
month year
month year

TRAININGS, SEMINARS OR WORKSHOP ATTENDED

Inclusive Dates Title of Training, Seminar or Workshop
month year
month year
month year
month year
Listed in reverse chronological order (most recent first).

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