Section 5.1: Areas and Distances.

What is the Area Problem?

To find or to approximate the area of the region under the curve y=f(x) from a to b.

We mainly use the rectangle method

Estimating the area

 Divide the interval [a,b] into n equal subintervals

 Construct n rectangles

Using left end points Using right end points Using mid points
of subintervals of subintervals of subintervals

 Find the area of each rectangle

 The total area A n of all rectangles approximates the required area.

1
Example 1: Approximate the area under the curve over [0,4] using 4 rectangles
and: a. Right end points b. Left end points c. Midpoints
Solution:

2
 The exact area

Ho to find the exact area?

As n increases, the accuracy of the approximation A n increases. Now if we send n to

infinity, it is very clear from the sketch below that the exact area A is given by:

The strategy of finding the exact area

To find exact area under f(x) from

x=a to x=b, we use the following
steps:

Step 1 Divide [a, b] into n equal

ba
subintervals with width x  .
n
Hence the points are
x0  a , x1  a  x , x2  a  2x , ......., xi  a  ix , ……, xn  b

Step 2 Choose points x1* , x2* , , xn* in each subinterval to make n-rectangles A1, A2 , , An

3
 Fact: the choice of the points does not
1. Right end points: xi  xi  a  ix
*
affect the value of the exact area.
So I suggest to use right end points

2. Left end points: xi  xi1  a  (i  1)x

*
So

 a  (i  1)x  a  ix   a   i   x
1 1 1
xi*  ( xi1  xi ) 
3. Midpoints: 2 2  2

Step 3
Find the area of the ith rectangle: f ( xi* )x

 f ( x )x
Step 4
Find the area of n rectangles:
*
i
i 1

Step 5 n
Find the exact area: lim  f ( xi* )x
n
i 1

Definition 1: If f is continuous on [a, b] and if f ( x)  0 for all

x [a, b] then area under y  f ( x) over [a, b] is defined by
n
A  lim  f ( xi* )x
n
i 1

ba
where xi* denotes the point chosen in ith subinterval and x 
n

The following are needed to find the area

4
Example 2: Use Definition 1 to find the area under the graph of over [0, 1].

5
Ex 24/25 Page 377: Determine the region whose area is equal to the given limit:

End of 5.1- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh.

6
 Section 5.2: The definite integral
What is a Riemann Sum?

n
 Recall from sec. 5.1that the area was given by A  lim
n 
i 1
f ( xi* )x

 The sum is called a Riemann Sum of

xi* from ith subinterval

 Right end point or left end point or midpoint

Example 1: Evaluate the Riemann sum for f ( x)  2  x 2 on [0,2] using 4 subintervals and

right end points.

1
 Definite integral

The definite integral of f from x  a to x  b is defined as

upper limit
b n

 f (x )dx  lim  f (x i )x

*
n 
lower limit a i 1

provided that this limit exists. If it does exist, we say that is f integrable
on [a, b ] .

Geometric interpretation of Riemann Sum & definite integral

Integrable function on closed interval

2
 n
Example 2: Express lim
n   x 3
i  x i cos x i2  x as an integral on the interval [0,  ].
i 1

Exercise1: Express the limit as a definite integral:

3
Evaluating definite integrals

(i) Using the definition:

Recall:

n
n (n  1)
1. 
i 1
i 1 2  n 
2
n
n (n  1)(2n  1)
2. 
i 1
i 2
 12  22   n2 
6

n (n  1) 
n 2

3.  i 3
1  2 
3 3
 n  
3

i 1  2 
2
Example 3: Evaluate  x 3dx using definition. (Use right end points)
1

Solution:
Step 1 Divide [1,2] into n subintervals of length
2 1 1 i
x   with xi  0  ix  1  .
n n n
i
Step 2 Choose xi* as xi*  xi  1 
n
3
i 1  i 1
Step 3 f ( xi )x  f (1  )   1   
*

n n  n n
1 i 3 3i 2 3i 
 1  3  2  
n n n n
Step 4 The area of n rectangles is
n
1 n  i 3 3i 2 3i 
i 1
f ( xi )x   1  3  2  
*

n k 1  n n n
1 n 1 n 3 3 n 2 3 n 
  1  3  i  2  i   i 
n  k 1 n k 1 n k 1 n k 1 
1 1  n(n  1) 3 n(n  1)(2n  1) 3 n(n  1) 
2

 n  3   2   
n  n 4 n 6 n 2 

4
 1  n(n  1)
2
3 n(n  1)(2n  1) 3 n  1
1 4   3  
n 4 n 6 n 2
n
1 2 3 15
Step 5 lim  f ( xi* )x  1   3    .
n 4 6 2 4
i 1

(ii) Using the Known areas

Example 4: Evaluate the integrals by interpreting it in terms of areas:

1.

2.

5
Exercises:

6
Basic properties of definite integrals

a
1)  a
f (x )dx  0

b a
2) a f (x )dx   f (x )dx
b

b
3)  a cdx  c(b  a)
b c b
4) a f ( x ) dx  a f ( x ) dx   c f ( x)dx ( a,b ,c any numbers)

b b
5) a c  f (x )dx  c  f (x )dx
a

b b b
6) a [ f (x )  g (x )]dx   f (x )dx   g (x )dx
a a

7
Comparison properties of definite integrals

b
C1) If f (x )  0 , for any , then  a f (x )dx  0
b b
C2) If f (x )  g (x ) , for any , then  f (x )dx   g (x )dx
a a

C3) If , for any , then

Example 5: Use the properties of integration to verify:

1.

2.

8
Exercise: Use Property C3 to estimate

End of 5.2- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh.

9
 Section 5.3 : The fundamental theorem of calculus

Fundamental theorem of calculus (Part 1)

 Recall that is called an antiderivative of if (e.g., both of and

are antiderivatives of .)
 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part 1): If f is continuous on [a, b] , then

is differentiable function on (a, b) and

 (i.e. is an anti-derivative of f )

Corollary: If f is continuous and g and h are differentiable functions, then:

d  
h (x )


dx  g ( x )
f (t )dt   f (h (x )) h (x )  f ( g (x )) g (x )

 

Example 1: Find the derivative of the following:

1.

2.

1
3.

Exercices:

1. If , where , then find

2
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve at

3. Evaluate

3
4. Evaluate

4
 Fundamental theorem of Calculus (Part 2)

(Evaluation of definite integral)

If f is continuous on [a, b] , and F is an antiderivative of f then:

Example 2: Find the area under the curve from to .

Example 3: What is wrong with the following:

5
Example 4: Evaluate

Exercises:

Q1. Evaluate the following integrals:

1. .

2. .

6
3. .

4. , where .

5. .

7
6. .

7. .

8
8.

Q2. Evaluate the following limits:

1.

9
2.

3. .

End of 5.3- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh.

10
 Section 5.4: Indefinite integrals and the net change theorem

Indefinite integral and the antiderivative

 Recall that is an antiderivative of on an interval I if on I.

 is antiderivative of on is antiderivative of on
I for any constant c. Is called the integrand
 The notation is used for the antiderivative of and is called the
indefinite integral of f(x).
 E.g.,

Remarks:

1. The indefinite integral is a function, whereas the definite integral

is a number. The connection between them is:

2. The process of finding the indefinite integral is the inverse process of the
differentiation, So one may easily check the integration formulas by
differentiation (Example 1)

3. The basic used technique in finding the integration in this section is guessing
the antiderivative of the integrand using the table below and the fundamental
integration properties:
cf (x )dx  c  f (x )dx
[f (x )  g (x )]dx   f (x )dx   g (x )dx

1
Table: Some Fundamental integration formulas:

x n 1
dx  x  C  x dx   C (n  1)
n
n 1
1
 x
dx  ln x  C

bx
e dx  e C  b dx   C (0  b , b  1)
x x x

ln b

 cos xdx  sin x  C  sin xdx   cos x  C

 sec xdx  tan x  C  csc xdx   cot x  C
2 2

 sec x tan xdx  sec x  C  csc x cot xdx   csc x  C

1 1
 1 x 2
dx  sin 1 x  C  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  C
1
x x 2 1
dx  sec1 x  C

 cosh x dx  sinh x  C  sinh x dx  cosh x  C

Example 1: Verify by differentiation that

2
Example 2: Evaluate the following integrals:

1.

2.

3.

4.

3
Exercises: Evaluate:

1.

2.

3.

4
4.

5.

5
6.

7.

End of 5.4- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh.

6
 Section 5.5: The substitution rule
Substitution rule for indefinite integrals:

 What is ?

 It is very clear that guessing the antiderivative of is not easy.

 Suggestion: Use the change of variable and then find the differential in
terms of and the differential .

 As you noticed, and similar to a lot of math (calculus) problems, the change of
variables was the key to solve the previous problem. This rule is called the substitution
rule to find the integrals.

 It is very clear that the method of substitution works when we have an integral that
can be written in the form:

1
Example 1: Find the following integrals:

1.

2.

2
3.

4.

3
5.

6.

4
Substitution rule for definite integrals

Example 2: Evaluate

Method 1: by changing the integration limits.

Method 2: without changing the integration limits.

5
Integration of symmetric (even & odd) functions:

Example 3: Evaluate the following:

1.

2.

6
Exercises:
1. Assume that is an odd continuous function with . Find
.

2. Assume that is an even continuous function with . Find

7
3. Assume that is an even continuous function with and
. Find:
a.
b.

8
More Exercises:
Evaluate the integrals:
1.

2.

9
3.

4.

10
5.

6.

7.

11
8.

9.

End of 5.5- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh.

12