Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-K.K.

Birla Goa Campus

Second Semester 2023-2024

MATHEMATICS-II (MATH F112)

Tutorial Sheet-2

Topic: Vector Spaces, Subspaces, Linearly Dependence & Independence,

Bases and Dimensions

1. Prove or disprove that the set of all ordered pairs of positive real numbers (x, y) with
operations
(x1 , y1 ) ⊕ (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 , y1 y2 ),
and
α ⊙ (x1 , y1 ) = (xα1 , y1α ), α∈R
is a vector space.

2. Let ⊕ denotes the addition in Rn , ⊙ denotes the scalar multiplication on Rn and they
are defined as follows: For α ∈ R and (a1 , . . . , an ), (b1 , . . . , bn ) ∈ Rn ,

(a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) ⊕ (b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , . . . , an + bn )

and
α ⊙ (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) = (α2 a1 , α2 a2 , . . . , α2 an ).
Is (Rn , ⊕, ⊙) a vector space?

3. Let V be the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers with addition and scalar multipli-
cation defined by

(x1 , x2 ) ⊕ (y1 , y2 ) = (x1 + y1 + 1, x2 + y2 + 1),

and
α ⊙ (x1 , x2 ) = (α + αx1 − 1, α + αx2 − 1).
Is V a vector space? Justify your answer.

4. Let V be the set of all n × n matrices of real numbers. Define the operations of addition
and scalar multiplication as follows:
1
A⊕B = (A B + B A) , for all A, B ∈ V,
2
α ⊙ A = 0, for all α ∈ R and A ∈ V.

Prove or disprove the set V is a vector space. If it is not a vector space, show all the
vector space axioms which fail to hold with proper justification.

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 5. Let V be the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers with operations defined by

(x1 , x2 ) ⊕ (y1 , y2 ) = (x1 + y1 + 1, x2 + y2 + 1),

and
α ⊙ (x1 , x2 ) = (αx1 , αx2 ).
Is V a vector space? Justify your answer.

6. Let R∞ denotes the set of all (infinite) sequences. Is R∞ a vector space?

7. Let n be a positive integer and In [x] = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn : n1 |an | ≤ 1}.

P

Is In [x] a vector space?

8. Let n be a positive integer and Jn [x] = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn : |an | ≤ |a0 |}.

Is Jn [x] a vector space?

9. Is the following a vector subspace of R2 ? The set of points in the plane lying on the
line y = −3x.

10. Is the following a vector subspace of R2 ? The set of points lying on the parabola y = x2 .
  
a b
11. Let M22 denotes the set of all 2 × 2 matrices. Is U = : ad − bc ̸= 0 a vector
c d
subspace of M22 ?

12. Let U1 and U2 be subspaces of a vector space V . Show that U1 ∩ U2 is a subspace.

What about U1 ∪ U2 ? Justify your answer.

13. Is A = {(x1 , x2 ) : |x1 | = |x2 |} subspace of R2 ? Justify your answer.

14. Let RE [x] denotes the set of all even degree polynomials over R. Is RE [x] a vector
subspace of R[x]? What about the set of all odd degree polynomials over R?

15. Is {p(x) ∈ R[x] : p(3) = p(5)} a vector subspace of R[x]?

16. Is {p(x) ∈ R[x] : p′ (x) = 0} a vector subspace of R[x], where p′ (x) is the derivative of
the polynomial p(x)?

17. Prove that the set S = {(1, 3, −1), (2, 7, −3), (4, 8, −7)} spans R3 .

18. Prove that the set S = {(1, −2, 2), (3, −4, −1), (1, −4, 9), (0, 2, −7)} does not span R3 .

19. Let S1 = {v1 , . . . , vn } be a nonempty subset of a vector space V . Let S2 = {−v1 , . . . , −vn }.
Show that span(S1 ) = span(S2 ).

20. Prove that span (S1 ∩ S2 ) ⊆ span (S1 ) ∩ span (S2 ).

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21. Determine whether the set

S = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 3, 2), (1, 7, 9)},

is linearly independent or not.

22. Determine whether the set of polynomials

S = {1 + x + x2 + 17x3 , 1 + 4x + 3x2 + 2x3 , 1 + 16x + 9x2 + 27x3 }

is linearly independent or not.

23. Determine whether the set

       
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
S= , , , ,
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

is linearly independent or not.

24. Let v1 = (1, −2, 0), v2 = (0, −2, −3) and S = {v1 , v2 }. Find a vector u ∈ R3 such that
S ∪ {u} is also linearly independent. Find a vector v ∈ R3 such that S ∪ {v} is linearly
dependent.

25. If {u1 , u2 , u3 } be a linearly independent set of vectors. Is {u1 , u1 + u2 , u1 + u2 − u3 }

linearly independent? Justify your answer.

26. Let V be a vector space, W a subspace of V , S a linearly independent subset of W ,

and v ∈ V \ W . Prove that S ∪ {v} is linearly independent.

27. Let S1 = {v1 , . . . , vn } be a subset of a vector space V , let c1 , . . . , cn be a nonzero real

numbers, and let S2 = {c1 v1 , . . . , cn vn }. Show that S1 is linearly independent if and
only if S2 is linearly independent.

28. Prove that every subset of a linearly independent set is linearly independent.

29. Prove that every superset of a linearly dependent set is linearly dependent.

30. Is the following statement holds true? For a linearly independent subset T of a vector
space V and a vector v ∈ V ; T ∪ {v} is linearly dependent iff v ∈ span (T ).

31. Prove that any three vectors in R3 satisfying x + 2y + 3z = 0 are linearly dependent.

32. Is {(1, 11), (2, 21)} a basis for R2 ? Justify your answer.

33. Is {(2, 3, 5), (5, 7, 9), (1, 11, 1)} a basis for R3 ? Justify your answer.

34. Let M22 denotes the set of all 2 × 2 matrices. Is

       
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
, , ,
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

a basis for M22 ? Justify your answer.

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35. Consider the subset

S = {1 + x, 2 − x + x2 , x + x2 , 1 + x2 },

of P2 . Find a basis for the subspace W = span S. What is the dimension of W .

36. Find the dimension of the subspace of R4 consisting of all vectors of the form (a, b, c, d)
where d = a + b, and c = a − b.

37. Let Pn denotes the set of all polynomials of degree less than or equals to n. Then prove
that dim (Pn ) = n + 1.

38. Suppose V is finite dimensional and U is a subspace of V . Prove that there exists a
subspace W of V such that V = U + W and U ∩ W = {0}, where 0 is the additive
identity of V .

39. Let U1 and U2 are two subspaces of a finite dimensional vector space V . Then prove
that
dim (U1 + U2 ) = dim U1 + dim U2 − dim (U1 ∩ U2 ).

40. Prove that the real vector space consisting of all continuous real-valued functions on
the interval [0, 1] is infinite dimensional.

41. Let A be a nonsingular n × n matrix, and let B be a basis for Rn . Show that B1 =
{Av|v ∈ B} is also a basis for Rn (treat the vectors in B as column vectors).

42. Let W be a vector subspace of a vector space V . If dim (W ) = dim (V ), then prove
that V = W .

43. Extend {(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), (2, 3, 4, 5, 6)} to a basis of R5 .

44. Find a subset B of {(2, 1, 3), (2, 2, 2), (4, 3, 5), (4, 1, 9), (6, 5, 3)} so that B is a basis for
R3 .

45. Consider the real vector space R3 . Find all v ∈ R3 such that the set

{(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), v}

is linearly independent. Justify your answer.