Statistics and Probability – Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode

Quarter 2 – Module 1: Random Variables and Probability Distributions
First Edition, 2019

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Published by the Department of Education – Region X – Northern Mindanao

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Development Team of the Module

Author: John Mark C. Corpuz, ECE

Development Team of the Module:
Reviewers: Evangeline M. Pailmao Emily A. Tabamo
Rufe A. Felicilda
Authors: John Mark C. Corpuz, ECE
Reviewers: Evangeline M. Pailmao
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Rufe A. Felicilda B. Bayocot, CESO III
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 Table of Contents

What I Need To Know ……………………………………..……..…… 1

Module Content ………………………………………………… 1
Module Objectives ………………………………………………… 1
General Instructions ………………………………………………… 2
What I Know ………………………………………………… 3
Lessons/Concept
Lesson 1 – The Concept of Random Variables ………………… 5
Activity 1 ………………………………………………… 8
Lesson 2 – Probability Distribution of Discrete
Random Variables ………………………………………… 9
Activity 2 ………………………………………………… 15
Lesson 3 – Solving for the Mean, Variance, and
Standard Deviation of Discrete
Probability Distributions ……………………………….. 17
Activity 3 ………………………………………………… 25
What I Have Learned ………………………………………………... 27
Assessment ………………………………………………… 28
Key to Answers ………………………………………………… 31
References ………………………………………………… 37

ii
 What I Need To Know

Statistics and Probability is one of the most important branches

of mathematics that is often taken for granted by everyone. Statistics
plays a very important role in our lives. Without statistics, companies could not
effectively assess the performance of their manufacturing plants, TV channels would
have no way of knowing which TV shows people prefer to watch, we would not be
aware of the death rate caused by cancer, and many more.
This module gives you a head start in understanding Statistics in the future. The
topics that will be discussed in this module are very important tools that you will need
to understand future topics in this subject. Random variables will be referred to
repeatedly in future modules. So you must do your best to retain as much information
as you can from this module.
There will be plenty of practice activities and exercises for you to work on in this
module. So don’t forget to wear your thinking hat, always stay positive, and be
confident that you can finish this module successfully.

Module Content
The lessons that we will tackle are the following:
 Lesson 1 – The Concept of Random Variables
 Lesson 2 – Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables
 Lesson 3 – Solving for the Mean, Variance, and Standard
Deviation of Discrete Probability Distributions

Module Objectives
Once you are done with this module, you should be able to:

 (M11/12SP-IIIa-1) illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous);

 (M11/12SP-IIIa-2) distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random
variable;
 (M11/12SP-IIIa-3) find the possible values of a random variable;
 (M11/12SP-IIIa-4) illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random
variable and its properties;
 (M11/12SP-IIIa-5) construct the probability mass function of a discrete random
variable and its corresponding histogram;
 (M11/12SP-IIIa-6) compute probabilities corresponding to a given random
variable;

1
 (M11/12SP-IIIb-1) illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;
 (M11/12SP-IIIb-2) calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random
variable;
 (M11/12SP-IIIb-3) interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random
variable; and
 (M11/12SP-IIIb-4) solve problems involving mean and variance of probability
distributions.

General Instructions
To complete the objectives of this module, you must
DO THE FOLLOWING:
 Patiently read the text carefully and understand every sentence. Do
not proceed to the next part of the module without fully
understanding the previous text.
 Read the directions of each activity carefully. You will be guided as
to the steps in answering the exercises and activities of this module.
 Do not proceed to the next part without completing the previous
activities.
 Be aware of the following terms:

Continuous having the property that the absolute value of the numerical
difference between the value at a given point and the value at any
point in a neighborhood of the given point can be made as close
to zero as desired by choosing the neighborhood small enough.
Die a small cube marked on each face with from one to six spots and
used usually in games by being shaken and thrown to come to
rest at random on a flat surface.
Discrete consisting of distinct or unconnected elements
Finite having limits or having a limited nature
Infinite extremely large or having no limits
Measurement the process of getting the amount or degree of something
Notation a system of marks, signs, figures, or characters that is used to
represent information
Random without definite aim, direction, rule, or method.
Source: Merriam - Webster's collegiate dictionary, 1999

2
 What I Know (Pre-Test)
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following random variables is discrete?

a. Number of movies made by a director c. Time needed to finish a movie
b. Length of film used in a movie d. Land area of a movie studio
2. If two dice are rolled, which of the following is not a possible outcome of the
random variable 𝑋𝑋 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑔𝑔 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 10 d. 13
3. Find the correct value of Y to make a valid probability distribution.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.35 Y 0.24
a. 0.11 b. 0.15 c. 0.35 d. 0.24
4. Which of the following is NOT a valid probability distribution?
a. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1

b. X 1 3 5 7 9
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

c. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

d. X 4 8 12 14 16
P(X) 0.36 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.24

5. A family of 4 children has the following probability distribution. What is the

expected number of girls in a group of 4 siblings?
Number of Girls Y 0 1 2 3 4
Probability P(Y) 1/15 3/15 7/15 3/15 1/15
a. 1 b. 2 c. 2.5 d. 3

6. The mean of a probability distribution is the same as the expected value of a

discrete random variable of a probability distribution
a. True b. False c. Both d. Neither

3
7. Tossing a die has the following probability distribution. Find the standard
deviation of the number of spots that will appear when a die is tossed.
Number of spots (Y) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability P(Y) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
a. 0.167 b. 1.667 c. 1.7 d. 2.9
For numbers 8-10, refer to the probability distribution below.
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y) 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13
8. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a. 2.23 b. 2.33 c. 2.43 d. 2.53
9. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a. 1.25 b. 2.25 c. 3.25 d. 4.25
10. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 1.25 b. 1.50 c. 2.00 d. 2.25

4
 LESSON The Concept of Random
1 Variables
LEARNING CONCEPT
Let’s begin with the idea of a random variable. A random
variable may be confusing to you at first especially if you associate it
with the common variables that we use in algebra. Let us differentiate:

Variable Random Variable

 written in small letter  written in capital letter
 give value to equations like  a random variable could be
𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 9 𝑋𝑋 = the number of dots facing up
after rolling a die
 In this case 𝑥𝑥 can only take on a  Notice how the random process of
distinct value and that is 7 rolling a die gives you a random
outcome each time you perform
the experiment. Rolling once may
give you 5, and rolling again may
give you 6, and again 4; I think you
see the point here. Hence it is
called a “random” variable.
 Additionally, we also consider 𝑋𝑋 as
a numerical type of data because
the outcomes of the said random
variable are numerical in nature.

A random variable may also be used to quantify unquantifiable processes. For

example, in the random variable 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.
Possible outcomes: male or female
Characteristic: categorical (non-numerical)
It would be very difficult to perform mathematical operations on such kinds of
data so we have to find a way to convert these data into numbers. We could assign
the value 0 for male and 1 for female.

Note: The values “0 and 1” are just models/examples. You may use other values like
10, 500, and even 2,020. Still, the values 0 and 1 are most commonly used in statistics.

5
 Below are some more examples of random variables:
 Number of defective cell phones produced in a manufacturing factory daily
 Amount of paint needed to repaint a room
 Amount of time needed to walk from home to school
 Gender of students taking up BS Criminology
 Height of applicants for the Miss Universe pageant

There are two varieties of random variables that are numerical in nature:

DISCRETE RANDOM CONTINUOUS RANDOM

VARIABLE VS VARIABLE
Let us differentiate.
Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable
its values are obtained through counting its values are obtained through
measurement
Examples: Examples:
 number of rotten bananas in a  growth of tomato seedlings per
bunch of bananas, week,
 number of honor students in a class,  time needed to finish an exam, and
and  weight of pigs after 3 months
 number of tiles needed to cover a
floor.

the sample space is finite (can be there are infinite elements in the sample
counted) because each sample has a space wherein each sample are so
space between them closely packed such that infinite number
of elements can fit throughout the
sample space

Note: A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment.
Here are some more examples of discrete and continuous random variables.

Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable

Total number of spots in rolling two dice Power consumption of an appliance
Number of pages in a chapter of a book Body temperature of a person
Number of appliances in a household Cloth needed to make a dress
Total number of all animals in a farm Length of a piece of chalk
Number of cards drawn pH level of an acid

6
 What’s New
Try and classify the following random variables as discrete or
continuous. Each random variable is assigned a letter. Once grouped,
crack and form the “hidden words” from the letters of each group.
(T) number of deaths due to AIDS (H) number of channels in Sea cable
(O) weight of ₱100 worth of pork (A) number of satellites orbiting the Earth
(K) number of notebooks in a student’s bag (N) number of gadgets in a household
(U) volume of diesel used in a trip (Y) time needed to solve a Rubik’s cube
From the entries written in the table above, try to fill out the table below.

Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable

Don’t forget to re-arrange the letters to form a phrase.

Did you get the correct
Hidden words: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ phrase? Good job! In that
case, you’re welcome…
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS

7
 What I Can Do:
Activity 1

Classify the following random variables as DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.

1. Length of a cell phone charger ____________________

2. Number of gadgets in a household ____________________

3. Count of words encoded per minute ____________________

4. Amount of water consumed per day ____________________

5. Sum of burgers sold in a day ____________________

6. Amount of time needed to boil a liquid ____________________

7. Number of channels in a cable TV ____________________

8. Daily count of visitors in a mall ____________________

9. Distance between two barangays ____________________

10. Total area of a rice field ____________________

11. Growth of a child per year ____________________

12. Temperature needed to bake bread ____________________

13. Number of babies born per day ____________________

14. Yearly death due to cancer ____________________

15. Number of mistakes in a test ____________________

8
 LESSON Probability Distribution of
2 Discrete Random Variables

Learning Concept
Again, the purpose of using random variable is so that we could
measure observations and process data to make a conclusion about
the population. So what are the possible values of a random variable, you might ask?
Below are some random variables with their corresponding possible values.
Random
Description Set of Possible Values
Variable
V marital status of teachers single, married, widow, …
W number of dots after rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
X tossing a coin Heads, Tails
Y tossing two coins HT, HH, TH, TT
Z household pet being raised dog, cat, mouse, snake, rabbit, …
As a statistician, you must be able to identify the set of possible values of your
random variable even before conducting your survey.

Example 1. Suppose you are to test three random eggplants from a harvest to see if
there are worms in it. You want to find out the number of eggplants attacked by worms.
Use W to represent if there is a worm attack in an eggplant and N if there is none.

Note: The letters W and N are not random variables but are used to
represent the possible outcome upon checking an eggplant. X is the
random variable representing the number of eggplants attacked by worms.

Again, you are sampling three eggplants. The table below has been
filled out to illustrate and demonstrate the possible outcomes of this
experiment. Try to understand the values therein.

9
 Value of Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes (number of eggplants with The possible values of
the random variable X are
worm attacks)
0, 1, 2, and 3.
NNN 0
NNW 1
NWN 1
NWW 2
WNN 1
WNW 2
WWN 2
WWW 3

Example 2. Suppose that four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of heads that occur. Complete the table below to find the
possible values of Y.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of heads)
HHHH 4
HHHT 3
HHTH 3
HHTT 2
HTHH 3
HTHT
HTTH
HTTT
THHH
THHT
THTH
THTT
TTHH
TTHT
TTTH
TTTT
The possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Now that we already have the possible values of the random variable, we can
now construct the probability distribution. Looking back at example 1, the random
variable X represents the number of damaged eggplants in a harvest. We have defined
the sample space and their corresponding values in the table below.

10
 Value of Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(number of eggplants with worm attacks)
NNN 0
NNW 1
NWN 1
NWW 2
WNN 1
WNW 2
WWN 2
WWW 3

There is a total of 8 possible outcomes with 4 distinct possible values of X. We

now assign the probability values of each.

Number of eggplants
Probability P(X)
with worm attacks X
There are 8 possible outcomes and
1 only 1 of them had no worm at all. So
0
8 the probability that we shall assign is 8.
1

There are 8 possible outcomes and 3

3 of them have exactly 1 eggplant
1 attacked by worms. So the probability
8 3
that we shall assign is .
8
There are 8 possible outcomes and 3
3 of them have 2 eggplants attacked by
2 worms. So the probability that we shall
8 3
assign is .
8
There are 8 possible outcomes and
1 only 1 of them had all 3 eggplants
3 attacked by worms. So the probability
8 1
that we shall assign is .
8

You have to remember that the sum of all probabilities in the

distribution must always be equal to 1, no more and no less. If the sum is
either more than 1 or less than 1, then the distribution is not a valid probability
1
distribution. Let us try to add all probabilities in the distribution. We get +
8
3 3 1 8
8
+ 8 + 8 = 8 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1. Therefore, the distribution is valid.

11
 The table shown on the previous page is what we call the probability distribution
or probability mass function of the random variable 𝑌𝑌. We can graph the distribution in
the form of a histogram as presented below.

3/8

Probability P(X) 2/8

3/8 3/8
1/8
1/8 1/8
0
0 1 2 3
Number of eggplants with worm attacks X

What is a histogram?

A histogram is like a bar graph but has no spaces

in between the bars. Investigate the heights of the
bars and compare it with the probabilities written
in the table above. What have you noticed?

What’s New
Based on the distribution above, the table below shows some
more probabilities. Can you explain how these values were obtained?

Condition Probability P(X)

4 1
getting 2 or more worm attacks 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
8 2
7
getting less than 3 worm attacks
8
4 1
getting at most 1 worm attack 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
8 2
7
getting 2 or less worm attack
8
1
getting at least 3 worm attacks
8
4 1
getting more than 1 worm attacks 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
8 2

12
 In example 2, the random variable Y represents the number of heads that occur
when tossing four coins. We have defined the sample space and their corresponding
values as shown in the table below.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of heads)
HHHH 4
HHHT 3
HHTH 3
HHTT 2
HTHH 3
HTHT 2
HTTH 2
HTTT 1
THHH 3
THHT 2
THTH 2
THTT 1
TTHH 2
TTHT 1
TTTH 1
TTTT 0

There are 5 distinct possible values of 𝑌𝑌 which are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. We now

assign the probability values of each, as shown below.

Number of heads Y Probability P(Y) Let’s stop and think for a moment.
1
0 Can you explain why the probability
16
values P(Y) are like that? Where did
4 1
1 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 the denominator 16 come from? How
16 4
about the numerator values 1, 4, 6, 4,
6 3 and 1? Where did they come from?
2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
16 8
4 1 Getting the sum of all probabilities in
3 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 the distribution we get
1 4 6
+ 16 + 16 +
16 4 16
4 1 16
1 + 16 = 16 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1. The histogram of the
4 16
16 distribution is shown below.

13
 6/16
Remember this!
The sum of all probabilities in
Probability P(Y)

4/16 a discrete probability

6/16 distribution should always be
2/16 4/16 4/16 equal to 1, no more no less.
Otherwise, the distribution
1/16 1/16 becomes invalid or incorrect!
0
0 1 2 3 4
Number of heads Y

What’s New
Consider the histogram above. Try to answer the questions below.
 What is the probability of getting more than 3 heads?
 What is the probability of getting less than 2 heads?
 What is the probability of getting at least 3 heads?
 What is the probability of getting at most 1 head?
 What is the probability of getting 2 or 3 heads?
 What is the probability of getting pure heads?
 What is the probability of getting no heads?

14
 What I Can Do
Activity 2
A. Construct the probability distribution of a particular experiment by
following the instructions given to you.
A dog gave birth to a litter of six puppies. Three of them are male while the rest
are female. If you are to be given three of these puppies at random, list all the elements
of the sample space using the letters M and F for male puppies and female puppies,
respectively. Then assign a value x of the random variable X representing the number
of male puppies you receive.

Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable X

There are four values for the random variable. Assign probability values P(X)
to each then construct the histogram by drawing on the graph below.

Value of Random Variable X Probability P(X)

6/16
Probability P(X)

4/16

2/16

0
0 1 2 3
Number of male puppies X

15
Consider the histogram you just made, try to answer the questions below.
 What is the probability of getting more than 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting less than 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting at least 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting at most 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting 1 or 2 males? __________

 What is the probability of getting no males? __________

 What is the probability of getting all males? __________

B. Determine whether the distribution represented is valid or not. Explain your

answer.

1. X 1 3 5 7 9
1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
4 4 4 4 4

2. X 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
P(X)
5 5 10 5 5

3. X 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
P(X)
3 6 3 6

4. X 3 6 9 12
1 2 1 1
P(X)
5 5 5 5

5. X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.25 0.20 0.45 0.15

16
 Solving for the Mean,
LESSON Variance, and Standard
3 Deviation of Discrete
Probability Distributions
LEARNING CONCEPT
Any discrete probability distribution has a mean, a variance, and
a standard deviation.

The mean is the average of all possible outcomes. It is otherwise

referred to as the “expected value” of a probability distribution. When we say
expected value, it means that if we repeat any given experiment infinite times,
the theoretical mean would be the “expected value”. For instance, the mean of
rolling a die is theoretically 3.5. You will never roll a 3.5 no matter how many
times you roll the die because there’s only 3 and 4. However, if you take the
average of all outcomes, you should get 3.5 or at least close to that value. You
will have a better understanding about this concept with more examples given
underneath.

The variance and standard deviation are measures of spread or variability.

LOW
HIGH

If the variance and standard deviation

If the values of the variance and
are low, that means that the individual
standard deviation are high, that means
outcomes of the experiment are closely
that the individual outcomes of the
spaced with each other. In other words,
experiment are far relative to each other.
the values are almost the same values or
In other words, the values differ greatly.
if they do differ, the difference is small.

17
 As a point of reference, if the values of all the
outcomes in an experiment are all the same, the
variance and standard deviation are both 0. But of
course, this rarely happens in real life application.

The first graph you

see on the top has values
that are more “scattered”
than that of the second
graph underneath.

The data in the

second graph is more
“closely/tightly” packed
together compared to the
first one.

The variance and

standard deviation of the
first graph should have
values greater than the
variance and standard
deviation of the second
graph underneath.

Example 3. In a 5-item test, the probabilities that a student gets 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5

3 5 7 3 1 1
mistakes are , ,
20 20 20 20 20
, , , and 20
, respectively. What is the average number of
mistakes that a student makes in this class? What is the variance and standard
deviation of this discrete probability distribution?

18
 To solve this problem, all you we have to do is arrange the given
entries which are the random variable values and their corresponding
probabilities in the first two columns of a three column table. So in this
particular example, our random variable which we are going to call X is
the number of mistakes a student gets in a 5-item quiz. You may use
your calculator in solving for the unknown values.

No. of Let’s stop and think for a moment.

Probability
mistakes 𝑿𝑿 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)
𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)
𝑿𝑿 The entries in columns 1 and 2 are
3 just copied from the problem
0 0
20 statement above. The entries in
5 5 the third column you have to solve
1
20 20 yourself by multiplying the 1st and
7 14 3
2 2nd column entries. 0 × 20 = 0,
20 20
5 5 7 14
3 9 1× = ,2× = , and so on.
3 20 20 20 20
20 20 The number of rows would
1 4
4 depend entirely on the number of
20 20
1 5
possible values that the random
5 variable may take.
20 20

1st Column × 2nd Column = 3rd Column

The symbol for mean is the Greek letter 𝜇𝜇 (read as “myu”). To solve for the
mean, all we have to do is add up all the entries of the 3rd column.

Equation 1. 𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

So the value of the mean in the example above is just the sum of all entries in
the third column,

5 14 9 4 5 37
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0 + + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 = 20 = 1.85
20

19
 Therefore, the mean or expected value on the number of mistakes
a student may have in a 5-item quiz is 1.85. Again, we emphasize that none
of the students actually got 1.85 mistakes. However, if we are to take the
average of the total mistakes done by each one of the students, we should
get an average value of 1.85.
Now that we have found the mean of the discrete probability
distribution, we can now try and solve for the variance. You cannot solve for
the variance without finding first the mean. To solve for the variance, you
need to add more columns in the table made a while ago.
The table below shall discuss how you can solve the variance of a
discrete probability distribution. A sample value was used for demonstration
purposes. A brief explanation is shown below each entry for your guidance.

𝑿𝑿 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)

7 14
2 0.15 3.4225 1.197875
20 20
You are already familiar with Subtract the comp- To find the value of Lastly, multiply the
the first three columns and uted mean from the the entry to this value you obtained
know how to fill these out. value of the random column, simply in column 5 back to
variable. Since the square the value the probability in
computed mean is that you obtained in column 2. So,
1.85 then, column 4. So, 3.4225 ×
7
=
20
2 − 1.85 = 0.15 1.852 = 3.4225
1.197875

After performing all calculations, the completed table would look something like
this. Try and solve for yourself to see how these values were obtained.
𝑿𝑿 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)
3
0 0 −1.85 3.4225 0.513375
20
5 5
1 −0.85 0.7225 0.180625
20 20
7 14
2 0.15 0.0225 0.007875
20 20
3 9
3 1.15 1.3225 0.198375
20 20
1 4
4 2.15 4.6225 0.231125
20 20
1 5
5 3.15 9.9225 0.496125
20 20

20
 The symbol for variance is 𝜎𝜎 2 . To solve for the variance, all we have to do is
add up all entries on the last column.

Equation 2. 𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

So the value of the variance of the discrete probability distribution shown

above is just the sum of all entries in the last column.

𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

= 0.513375 + 0.180625 + 0.007875 + 0.198375 + 0.231125 + 0.496125
= 1.6275
The variance of the probability distribution is 1.6275. Now that the value of the
variance is found, we can now solve for the standard deviation. The symbol for
standard deviation is 𝜎𝜎.

Equation 3. 𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2

So the value of the standard deviation is solved by getting the square root of
the variance. Again, you cannot solve for the value of the standard deviation without
finding first the variance and mean.

𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √1.6275 ≈ 1.28

The standard deviation is approximately equal to 1.28. We say “approximately

equal to” because we already rounded off the value from 1.2757350822 to 1.28.

Now that we have completed solving example 3, let us now summarize the
steps in solving for the mean, variance, and standard deviation.

Steps in Finding the Mean:

1. Multiply the random variable by its probability.
2. Use equation 1 to find the mean by adding all products obtained in step 1.

Steps in Finding the Variance:

3. Subtract the computed mean from each value of the random variable: 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇.
4. Square the value obtained in step 3: (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2.
5. Multiply the value obtained in step 4 by the given probability: (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
6. Use equation 2 to find the variance by adding all products obtained in step 5.

Steps in Finding the Standard Deviation:

7. Use equation 3 to find the standard deviation by getting the square root of the
value obtained in step 6.

21
Example 4. In a seafood restaurant, the manager wants to know if their customers like
their new raw large oysters. According to their sales representative, in the past 4
months, the number of oysters consumed by a customer, along with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the mean, variance and
standard deviation.
Number of oysters consumed Probability
X P(X)
2
0
10
2
1
10
3
2
10
2
3
10
1
4
10

Solution:
𝑿𝑿 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)
2 18
0 0 − 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 1.8 3.24 0.648
10 10
2 2 8
1 − 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 0.8 0.64 0.128
10 10 10
3 6 2
2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.2 0.04 0.012
10 10 10
2 6 12
3 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1.2 1.44 0.288
10 10 10
1 4 22
4 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2.2 4.84 0.484
10 10 10

What is the mean?

2 6 6 4 18
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0 + + + + = = 1.8
10 10 10 10 10

What is the variance?

𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0.648 + 0.128 + 0.012 + 0.288 + 0.484 = 1.56

What is the standard deviation?

𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √1.56 ≈ 1.25

22
 Based on the computation, the mean of the distribution is
1.8. That implies that the average number of oysters ordered by a
customer is 1.8 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜. Again none of the customers actually
8
ordered 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 10
of an oyster. The number 1.8 is just the best

estimate of the average number of oysters consumed by a buying

customer. The variance is 1.56 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2 while the standard
deviation is about 1.25 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜.
This is the main advantage of standard deviation over the
variance. The standard deviation is the same unit as your random
variable, while the variance isn’t.

Example 5. The probabilities that 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 accidents happen in Northern

Mindanao High Way in a year is 0.45, 0.22, 0.15, 0.10, 0.05, 0.02, and 0.01,
respectively. Find the average number of accidents that occur in the said high way
each year.
Solution:

𝑿𝑿 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿) 𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 (𝑿𝑿 − 𝝁𝝁)𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿)

4 0.45 1.8 −1.18 1.3924 0.62658
5 0.22 1.1 −0.18 0.0324 0.007128
6 0.15 0.9 0.82 0.6724 0.10086
7 0.10 0.7 1.82 3.3124 0.33124
8 0.05 0.4 2.82 7.9524 0.39762
9 0.02 0.18 3.82 14.5924 0.291848
10 0.01 0.1 4.82 23.2324 0.232324

What is the mean?

𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 1.8 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.18 + 0.1 = 5.18

23
What is the variance?
𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
= 0.62658 + 0.007128 + 0.10086 + 0.33124 + 0.39762 + 0.291848
+ 0.232324
= 1.9876

What is the standard deviation?

𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √1.9876 ≈ 1.41

Based on the given data, the expected number of accidents that will happen in
the Northern Mindanao High Way is 5.18 with a standard deviation of approximately
1.41.

24
 What I Can Do
Activity 3
A. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following
probability distribution by completing the tables below.

1. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

1
3
7
3
8
7
2
13
7
1
18
7

2. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

1
2
10
2
4
10
3
6
10
3
8
10
1
10
10

3. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

1 0.11
5 0.40
7 0.30
10 0.19

4. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

4
2
9
1
3
9
2
5
9
2
11
9

25
 5. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

5 0.05

10 0.34

15 0.26

20 0.25

25 0.10

A. Solve the following problems.

1. The probabilities of a number of students to come late in a class are shown in
the table below. Find the average number of students to come late daily in this
class.

Number of students (X) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Probability P(X) 0.40 0.22 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.05

2. A police lieutenant records the number of police blotter filed each day in their
city. Based on his records, the probability distribution of the number of police
blotters filed each day is in the table below. The city mayor claims that the crime
rate is in its all-time low with only 2 blotters being filed each day. Determine the
mean of the probability distribution shown and decide if the mayor’s claim is valid.

Number of students (X) 0 1 2 3 4

Probability P(X) 0.33 0.13 0.23 0.15 0.16

26
 What I Have Learned
This is a summary of all that we’ve learned so far.

 A random variable is a function that links a specific numerical value to each

element in the sample space of any given experiment or situation.
 A discrete random variable is a random variable whose set of possible outcomes
is finite. Values of each sample are separated with a finite gap or space. Values
of this variable may be obtained through counting.
 A continuous random variable is a random variable whose set of possible
outcomes is infinite. This type of variable may take on a continuous stream of
values. Its values can only be obtained through measurement.
 A discrete probability distribution, otherwise known as a probability mass
function, is made up of the values that a random variable can take with their
corresponding probabilities. A valid probability distribution must have a sum of
exactly equal to 1, no more no less.
 Formulas for Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation.
Equation 1. 𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
Equation 2. 𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

Equation 3. 𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2
 Steps in Finding the Mean:
1. Multiply the random variable by its probability.
2. Use equation 1 to find the mean by adding all products obtained in step 1.
 Steps in Finding the Variance:
3. Subtract the computed mean from each value of the random variable: 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇.
4. Square the value obtained in step 3: (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 .
5. Multiply the value obtained in step 4 by the corresponding probability:
(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
6. Use equation 2 to find the variance by adding all products obtained in step 5.
 Steps in Finding the Standard Deviation:
7. Use equation 3 to find the standard deviation by getting the square root of the
value obtained in step 6.

27
 Assessment
Post-test

A. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following random variables is discrete?

a. Number of movies made by a director c. Time needed to finish a movie
b. Length of film used in a movie d. Land area of a movie studio
2. If two dice are rolled, which of the following is not a possible outcome of the
random variable X: total number of dots facing up?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 10 d. 13
3. Find the correct value of Y to make a valid probability distribution.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.35 Y 0.24

a. 0.11 b. 0.15 c. 0.35 d. 0.24

4. Which of the following is NOT a valid probability distribution?
a. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1

b. X 1 3 5 7 9
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

c. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

d. X 4 8 12 14 16
P(X) 0.36 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.24

5. A family of 4 children has the following probability distribution. What is the

expected number of girls in a group of 4 siblings?
Number of Girls Y 0 1 2 3 4
Probability P(Y) 1/15 3/15 7/15 3/15 1/15

a. 0.11 b. 0.15 c. 1 d. 2
6. The mean for a probability distribution is the same as the expected value of a
discrete random variable of a probability distribution
a. True b. False c. Both d. Neither

28
For numbers 7-11, refer to the probability distribution below. A birthing home
recorded the number of live births that materialize in their birthing home in the past 2
years.

Live births per month Y 0 1 2 3 4 5

Probability P(Y) 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13

7. What is the probability that exactly 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a. 0.11 b. 0.15 c. 0.23 d. 0.25
8. What is the probability that less than 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a. 0.26 b. 0.38 c. 0.48 d. 0.36
9. What is the probability that more than 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a. 0.26 b. 0.51 c. 0.74 d. 0.89
10. What is the probability that at least 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a. 0.26 b. 0.51 c. 0.74 d. 0.89
11. What is the probability that at most 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a. 0.26 b. 0.49 c. 0.74 d. 0.87
12. Tossing a die has the following probability distribution. Find the standard
deviation of the number of spots that will appear when a die is tossed.
Number of spots (Y) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability P(Y) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
a. 0.167 b. 1.667 c. 1.7 d. 2.9
For numbers 13-15, refer to the probability distribution below.
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y) 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13
13. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a. 2.23 b. 2.33 c. 2.43 d. 2.53
14. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a. 2.25 b. 2.50 c. 2.75 d. 3.00
15. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 1.25 b. 1.50 c. 1.75 d. 2.00

29
B. Identify weather the given variable is discrete or continuous. Write your answer on
the space provided before each item.
__________________ 1. number of cars in a parking lot
__________________ 2. time it takes to finish a bowl of noodles
__________________ 3. number of visitors in a resort each day
__________________ 4. temperature needed to melt a metal
__________________ 5. weight of one whole watermelon

30
 Key to Answers

PRE-TEST ACTIVITY 1
1. A 1. Continuous
2. D 2. Discrete
3. B 3. Discrete
4. C 4. Continuous
5. B 5. Discrete
6. A 6. Continuous
7. C 7. Discrete
8. D 8. Discrete
9. B 9. Continuous
10. B 10. Continuous
11. Continuous
12. Continuous
13. Discrete
14. Discrete
15. Discrete

ACTIVITY 2
A.
Value of Random
Possible Outcomes
Variable X
FFF 0
FFM 1
FMF 1
FMM 2
MFF 1
MFM 2
MMF 2
MMM 3

31
 Value of Random Variable X Probability P(X)
1
0
8
3
1
8
3
2
8
1
3
8

6/16
Probability P(X)

4/16
3/8 3/8
2/16
1/8 1/8
0
0 1 2 3
Number of male puppies X

1
 What is the probability of getting more than 2 males? 8
1
 What is the probability of getting less than 2 males? 2
1
 What is the probability of getting at least 2 males? 2
7
 What is the probability of getting at most 2 males?
8
3
 What is the probability of getting 1 or 2 males?
4
1
 What is the probability of getting no males? 8
1
 What is the probability of getting all males? 8

B.
1. Not Valid. Sum exceeds 1.
1 1 1 1 1 5
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = + + + + = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1.25
4 4 4 4 4 4
2. Not Valid. Sum is less than 1.
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 9
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = + + + + = + + + + = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.9
5 5 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10

32
 3. Valid.
1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 6
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = + + + = + + + = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1
3 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6
4. Valid.
1 2 1 1 5
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = + + + = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1
5 5 5 5 5
5. Not Valid. Sum exceeds 1.
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0.25 + 0.20 + 0.45 + 0.15 = 1.05

ACTIVITY 3
A.

1. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

1 3
3 −7.14 51.0204 7.2886
7 7
3 24
8 −2.14 4.5918 1.9679
7 7
2 26
13 2.86 8.1633 2.3324
7 7
1 18
18 7.86 61.7347 8.8192
7 7
What is the mean?
3 24 26 18 71
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = + + + = ≈ 10.14
7 7 7 7 7
What is the variance?
𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
= 7.2886 + 1.9679 + 2.3324 + 8.8192 ≈ 20.41
What is the standard deviation?
𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √20.41 ≈ 4.52
2. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
1
2 0.2 −4.2 17.64 1.764
10
2
4 0.8 −2.2 4.84 0.968
10
3
6 1.8 −0.2 0.04 0.012
10
3
8 2.4 1.8 3.24 0.972
10
1
10 1 3.8 14.44 1.444
10

33
What is the mean?
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0.2 + 0.8 + 1.8 + 2.4 + 1 = 6.2
What is the variance?
𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
= 1.764 + 0.968 + 0.012 + 0.972 + 1.444
= 5.16
What is the standard deviation?
𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √5.16 ≈ 2.27

3. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

1 0.11 0.11 −5.11 26.1121 2.8723

5 0.40 2 −1.11 1.2321 0.4928

7 0.30 2.1 0.89 0.7921 0.2376

10 0.19 1.9 3.89 15.1321 2.8751

What is the mean?
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0.11 + 2 + 2.1 + 1.9 = 6.11
What is the variance?
𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
= 2.8723 + 0.4928 + 0.2376 + 2.8751
= 6.48
What is the standard deviation?
𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √6.48 ≈ 2.55

4. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

4 8
2 −2.7778 7.7160 3.4294
9 9
1 3
3 −1.7778 3.1605 0.3512
9 9
2 10
5 0.2222 0.0494 0.0110
9 9
2 22
11 6.2222 38.7160 8.6036
9 9

What is the mean?

8 3 10 22 43
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = + + + = ≈ 4.78
9 9 9 9 9

34
What is the variance?
𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
= 3.4294 + 0.3512 + 0.0110 + 8.6036 ≈ 12.40
What is the standard deviation?
𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √12.40 ≈ 3.52

5. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 (𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

5 0.05 0.25 −10.05 101.0025 5.0501

10 0.34 3.4 −5.05 25.5025 8.6709

15 0.26 3.9 −0.05 0.0025 0.0007

20 0.25 5 4.95 24.5025 6.1256

25 0.10 2.5 9.95 99.0025 9.9003

What is the mean?

𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0.25 + 3.4 + 3.9 + 5 + 2.5 = 15.05
What is the variance?
𝜎𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)
= 5.0501 + 8.6709 + 0.0007 + 6.1256 + 9.9003
≈ 29.75
What is the standard deviation?
𝜎𝜎 = √𝜎𝜎 2 = √29.75 ≈ 5.45

A.

1. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

0 0.40 0

1 0.22 0.22

2 0.15 0.3

3 0.10 0.3

4 0.08 0.32

5 0.05 0.25
What is the mean?
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0 + 0.22 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.32 + 0.25 = 1.39

35
 2. 𝑋𝑋 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋)

0 0.33 0

1 0.13 0.13

2 0.23 0.46

3 0.15 0.45

4 0.16 0.64

What is the mean?

𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) = 0.13 + 0.46 + 0.45 + 0.64 = 1.68

The mayor’s claim is valid.

POST-TEST
A. B.
1. A 1. Discrete
2. D 2. Continuous
3. B 3. Discrete
4. C 4. Continuous
5. D 5. Continuous
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. B

36
 REFERENCES

Belecina, Rene S., Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016, 1-48.
Calaca, Ninia I., Chin Uy, Nestor M. Noble, and Ronaldo A. Manalo, Statistics and
Probability, Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc., 2016, 40-92.
Walpol, Ronald E., Raymond H. Myers, and Sharon L. Myers, Probability and
Statistics: for Engineers and Scientists, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
07458: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd., 2001, 51-83.
“Random Variables,” Khan Academy, Inc., last modified August 1, 2019,
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/random-variables-
stats-library/random-variables-discrete/v/random-variables.
“Probability Distributions,” Batia Infotech, last modified Jan 28, 2013,
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=probability-
distributions.

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