CAM (3361901)

Assignment
Unit 2 Construction Feature of CNC Machine
1. Define the open loop and closed loop system. (2 marks)
Program instruction of fed into the controller through an input device. these
instructions are then converted to electrical pulses by controller and send to the Servo
amplifier to energize the Servo Motors. the primary drawback of the open loop system is that
there is no feedback system to check whether the program position and velocity has been
achieved.
The closed loop system has a feedback subsystem to monitor the actual output and
correct any dispensary from the program input. The system used position and velocity
feedback. the feedback system could be either analogue or Digital. the analogue system
measure the various of physical variable such as position and velocity in terms of voltage
levels.
2. Explain Open Loop System with Figure. (3/4 marks)
Program instruction of fed into the controller through an input device. these
instructions are then converted to electrical pulses by controller and send to the Servo
amplifier to energize the Servo Motors. the primary drawback of the open loop system is that
there is no feedback system to check whether the program position and velocity has been
achieved.

If the system performance is affected by load temperature humidity or lubrication than

the actual output could diverted from the desired output. for these reasons the open loop
system is generally used in point to point system where the accuracy requirements are not
critical. very few continuous path system utilise open loop control.
3. Explain the close loop system with figure. (3/4 marks)
The closed loop system has a feedback subsystem to monitor the actual output and
correct any dispensary from the program input. The system used position and velocity
feedback. the feedback system could be either analogue or Digital. the analogue system
measure the various of physical variable such as position and velocity in terms of voltage
levels. free manual.
 Digital systems monitor output variations by means of electrical pulse. To control the
dynamic behaviour and final position of the Machines lights a variety of position transducer
are employed.
Majority of CNC systems operate on servomechanisms, a closed loop principle.
Closed loop systems are very powerful and accurate because they are capable of
monitoring operating conditions through feedback subsystem and automatically
compensating for any variations in real time.
4. Tell us about the uses of MCU (machine control unit). (3 marks)
 To read the coded instructions.
 to decode the coded instructions.
 to implement interpolations to generate Axis motion commands.
 to feed the axis motion commands to the amplifier circuit for driving the axis
mechanisms.
 To receive the feedback signals of position and speed for each drive access
 To implement auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle on/off and tool
change.
5. Explain the Spindle Drive with figure. (3/4 marks)

in CNC machines large variation in cutting speed is required. the cutting speed are
provided by rotation of the main spindle with the help of an electrical motor through suitable
gear mechanism. the multi change gear boxes with fixed speed ratio used in conventional
machine tools are not suitable for CNC machine tools.
The spindle drive are used to provide angular motion to the workpiece horror cutting
tool. figure shows the components of a spindle drive. this drives are essentially required to
maintain the speed accurately within a power band which will enable machining of a variety
of materials with variations in material hardness. the speed ranges can be from 10 to 20000
RPM the machine tools mostly employed DC spindle drives.
6. Explain Feed Drive with Figure. (3/4 marks)
 All the axis in CNC machine are controlled by Servo Motors. the movement along the
different Axes is required either to move the cutting tool or the work material to the desired
position.
The principle of working of a stepper motor is that on receiving signal pulses from the
control unit the motor spindle will rotate through was specified angle call step.
If a single pulse is received from the control system the motor spindle will rotate by
one step. the control unit generate pulses corresponding to the program value of moment
required of the tool or work. the rate of movement of tool or work is controlled by the speed
at which the pulses are received by the stepper motor.
7. Tell the Characteristics of Feed Drive. (3 marks)
 the feed motor needs to operate with constant torque characteristics to overcome
friction and working forces.
 the travel speed should be extremely variable with a speed range of about 1: 20000,
which means it should have a maximum speed of around 2000 RPM and at minimum
speed of 0.1 RPM.
 the feed motor must Run smoothly.
 the drive should have extremely small positioning resolution.
 other requirements include high torque to weight ratio low rotor inertia and quick
response in case of contouring operation where several field drives have to work
simultaneously.
 Variable speed DC drives are used as she drives in CNC machine tools.
8. Name the different parts of the CNC machine. (2 marks)
 Slideways
 recirculating ball screw
 feedback devices (transducers, encoders)
 automatic tool changer
 automatic pallet changer
9. Explain the Hydro-static Slide Way with Figure. (3 marks)
 In the hydrostatic slideways, hair oil is pumped into small pockets or cavities
machined into the garage or slides which are in contact with the slideways. the pressure of the
fluid gradually reduced to atmospheric pressure is it slips out from the pocket, through the
gap between the slide and the slideways.
The hydrostatic slideway provides almost a frictionless condition for the movement of
the slide. for efficient operation, it is very important that the fluid and slideways are kept
clean. also, the hydrostatic slideway need a very large surface area to provide adequate
support.
10. Describe the recirculating ball screw with a figure. (3 marks)

The recirculating ball screw assembly shown in figure has the flash not attached to the
moving chamber and the screw to the fixed casting. does the moving member bill mood
during rotational movement of the screw. is recirculating ball screw design can have Ball
external Returns.in this type of screws ball rotate between the screws and nut and convert the
sliding friction to the rolling friction. the traditional acme thread used in conventional
machine tool has efficiency ranging from 20 % to 30% various the efficiency of ball screws
main reach up to 90%.
The ball screw and nut having following advantage
 It having high efficiency as compared to conventional lead screw
 The efficiency of ball screw and nut assembly is very high near about 90%.
 The power requirement for the ball screw arrangement is also less due to
reduce friction.
 the ball screw and nut assembly is reversible which makes it possible to back
drive the unit.
11. Describe the ATC (automatic tool changer) with figure. (3 marks)
To perform the variety of operation, machining Centre required several drills,
remorse and boring bars of different sizes. For automatic tool changing this cutting tools need
to be stored at the machining Centre so that the dezire tool can be selected from this as per
requirements of the part program.
these tools are usually stored on drum, Chain and box type of magazines, the drums
and chain can be moved to the selected position. 16/24 tools magazines are quite common but
variations up to 150 tool capacity are also available. in the drum type of tool storage
magazine that changed main following type of path instead of the rectangular won the chain
magazine is also mounted on the top of top or magazine is also mounted on the top or
outside of the machine tool in sound variations.
As per shown in this figure arm of ATC rotate 180 degree to load and unload tool
from spindle. Arm carry tool from storage module and returned to fix it to tool centre as per
the command or instruction by part program.
12. Describe the APC (automatic pallet changer) with figure. (3 marks)
Machining centres are often equipped with two or more separate pallets that can be
presented to the cutting tool using an automatic pallet changer. As per the figure while
machining is performed with one pilot in position at the machine, the of. in this location, the
operator can unload the finish part and then fixture the raw work part for next cycle.
13. Explain the Qualified Tool and its Benefits (3/4 Marks)
Qualified tools has currencies in the dimensions between the cutting edge and the two
locations faces. the tool feets into locations on the machine which are accurately position
relative to know data positions on the slides. does the cutting edges of the qualified tool
would be located in three determine positions. to achieve close tolerance is on the workpiece
the tool offset facility of the control is employed.
the qualified tool satisfy the following requirements
1. Tools need not be measured individually.
2. No presenting devices is used
3. The dimensions of the tool holder which are fixed and known.
4. Set up time is reduced.
5. Control dimensions of the tool are nominal and fixed
6. Higher control on resharpening e.g. drills, reamers.
7. Cutter for better size control
8. Cheap breaking facilities incorporated in tools.
9. Improved designs.

14. Draw a figure of vertical machining center / 3 axis CNC milling machine (3/4 marks)
 vertical machining center / 3 axis CNC milling machine/ Turning Center / 2 axis
CNC Lath
15. Draw a sketch of Turning Center / 2 axis CNC Lath (3/4 marks)