Course Outline

Contents
oIntroduction
oShear Connection
oComposite Slabs
oComposite Beams
oComposite Columns

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 References
 Johnson, R. P. : Composite Structures of
Steel and Concrete, Volume 1, Beams, Slabs,
Columns, and Frames for Buildings, Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994
 Eurocode 4, Design of Composite Steel and
Concrete Structures, 1994
 EBCS4, Design of Composite Steel and
Concrete Structures, 1995
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 Chapter 1- Introduction
Composite action: interaction of different structural
elements and may be developed using either different or
similar structural materials

Advantages of steel and concrete-composite structures:

 These essentially different materials are completely
compatible and complementary to each other;
 They have almost same thermal expansion;
 They have an ideal combination of strengths with the
concrete efficient in compression and the steel in tension.

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
 Concrete gives corrosion protection and thermal
insulation to the steel at elevated temperatures and
additionally can restrain slender steel sections from
local or lateral-torsional buckling.
 The use of composite action has certain advantages,
in particular, a composite beam has greater stiffness
and usually a higher load resistance than its non-
composite counterpart.
 Consequently, a smaller steel section is usually
required. The result is a saving of material and depth
of construction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
1.1 Composite Beams and slabs
 Floors are usually made of RC because of their high
strength, low cost, fire resistance, resistance to
corrosion, abrasion, etc.
 At spans  10 m, and where the susceptibility of steel
to damage by fire is not a problem (e.g. bridges,
multi story car parks), steel beams become cheaper
than concrete beams

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 Composite Slab
 In floor construction, the use of the solid reinforced
concrete slab is being replaced more and more by metal
decking.
 Modern profiled steel sheeting with additional
indentations acts as both permanent formwork during
concreting and tension reinforcement after the
concrete has hardened.

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Chapter 1- Introduction

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15
Composite steel beam-concrete slab
interaction

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

 The steel beam was designed to carry the

whole weight of the RC slab and its loading
 shear connectors had made it practicable to
connect the slab to the beam and so obtain T-
beam action as in RC
 Construction time is strongly influenced by
the time taken to construct a typical floor of
the building, and here structural steel has an
advantage over in-situ concrete
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 Composite floor Construction
 Composite floor construction offers the following
main advantages to the designer and client:
 Speed and simplicity of construction (metal decking,
simple steel connections).
 Lighter construction than a traditional concrete
building (structural steel and lightweight concrete,
slender structural elements of small dimensions).
 Less on site construction (steelwork, prefabricated
structural elements).

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Chapter 1- Introduction
Sheer Profiled
connector sheeting

Partially
encased
Steel beam

Composite Slab with Profiled Sheeting

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

Composite Slab without Profiled Sheeting

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

 Concrete encasement of the web only enhances

the buckling resistance of the web as well as
providing fire protection
 Composite construction is particularly competitive
for medium or long span structure where a
concrete slab or deck is needed for other reasons,
where there is premium on rapid construction,
and where a low or medium level fire protection
to steel work is sufficient
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 Chapter 1- Introduction
1.2 Composite Columns and Frames
 When the stanchions in steel frames were first
encased in concrete to protect them from fire,
they were still designed for the applied load as if
uncased.
 It was realized that encasement reduced the
effective slenderness of the column, and so
increased its buckling load
 Empirical design procedures based on reduced
slenderness were employed
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 Composite Columns
 Three different types of composite columns are
principally in use:
 Concrete encased steel columns
 Concrete filled steel tubes and
 Rolled section columns partly encased in concrete

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 Concrete encased columns have the advantages
that they meet fire resistance requirements
without any other protection.

Beam-to Column Connection

Performance criteria of the joints to be met:
 Behave much like a hinge before concreting
 Should be stiff and behave elastically up to a
predetermined moment value
 Must be able to resist the governing plastic
moment with adequate plastic rotation

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

 This simple approach is not rational, for the

concrete encasement also carries its share of both
the axial and bending moments

 Where fire protection for steel is not required, a

composite column can be constructed w/o the use
of formwork by filling a steel tube with concrete.

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

Fully Embedded Steel Column in a Composite Frame

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Chapter 1- Introduction

Concrete
encasement of
the web only
cast before
erection

Partially Encased Steel column

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
 In framed structure, there may be composite
beams, composite columns, or both.
 Design methods have to take account of the
interaction b/n beams and columns, so that
many types of beam-to-column connections
must be considered
 Their behavior can range from “nominally
pinned” to “rigid”, and influences action effects
throughout the frame

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 Shear Connection
 Mechanical connectors are used to develop the
composite action between steel beam and
concrete.
 This connection is provided mainly to resist
longitudinal shear, and is referred to as the “shear
connection”.
Requirements of Shear Connection :
 Transfer direct shear at their base
 Create a tensile link into the concrete
 Be economic to manufacture and fix
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2nd Class

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 1.3 Limit State Design Philosophy

 Actions (direct, e.g. forces acting on structures

or indirect, e.g. deformations imposed on
structures by settlements of foundations,
temperature changes, shrinkage, etc.)
 Action effects (resulting stress resultants,
stresses, strain, crack widths, etc)

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
There are two classes of limit states:
 ULS, associated with structural failure; and
 SLS, such as excessive deformation, vibration,
or width of cracks in concrete
 There are three types of design situation:
 Persistent, corresponding to normal use;
 Transient, e.g., during construction; and
 Accidental, such as fire or earthquake

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

 There are three main types of actions:

 Permanent (G), such as self wt
 Variable (Q), such as imposed loads on the
floors of offices, wind, etc.
 Accidental (A), such as impact from a vehicle
 The main representative values of all actions
are the characteristic values

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

 1.3.1Design value of actions:

 Fd = fFk
 Fk = the characteristic value of the action
 f = partial safety factor for the action under
consideration; and
 Gd = GGk
 Qd = QQk
 Ad = GAk
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 Chapter 1- Introduction

 1.3.2 Combination Rules

 Eurocode-4 and EBCS-4 give combination rules with
the combination factors i to account for the
improbable situation that all actions act with their
full characteristic values at the same time.
 Combination rule for persistent and transient
design situation in the ULS
 Sd = S((GGk)+ Q,1Qk,1+ i2(0,i Q,iQk,i)

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
Combination rule for accidental design situation in
the ULS
 Sd = S((GAGk)+Ad + 1Qk,1+ i2(2,iQk,i)
 Observe that in the combination rule for
persistent and transient design situations the
reduction of the variable actions with the
combination factors i starts with the second
variable action.

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

 This means, that in addition to self weight, at

least one variable action is considered with its full
value
 The combination rule could lead to many load
combinations which would be difficult to manage
when many variable loads are considered
 Eurocode 4 allows the use of simplified
combinations for the design of building
structures
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 Simplified Combinations of Actions
G*Gk + Q**Qk,max Gk = Permanent action
1.35*Gk +1.50** Qk,max Qk = Variable action
Qk,max = The leading
variable action
G*Gk + 0.9Q**Qk
1.35*Gk +1.35** Qk G = Partial safety factor
for permanent action

*G = 1 for favorable permanent load Q = Partial safety

factor for variable
action
**Q=0.0 for favorable variable
load
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 Chapter 1- Introduction
Combination Factors 
Combination Factors
Actions 0 1 2
Imposed floor loading in office 0.7 0.7 0.6
buildings, category C

Wind loading
0.6 0.5 0.0

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

1.3.3 Design Resistances

 Resistances, Rd, are calculated using design values
of properties of materials, Xd, given by:
 Xd = Xk/M
 Xk = characteristic value of the property (e.g. 5%
lower fractile for compressive strength of concrete)
 M=partial safety factor for that property

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
Values of M for resistances and properties of materials
Material Structural Reinforci Profiled concrete Shear
connection
steel ng steel sheeting
Property fy fsk fyp fck PRk
Symbol a s ap c 
for M
ULS 1.10 1.15 1.10 1.5 1.25
SLS 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 or 1.3 1.0

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
Characteristic yield strength fy and ultimate strength
fu for structural steel
Steel Element thickness t (mm)(nominal) Designati
on (EN
type t  40 mm 40 mm< t  100 mm 10025)
fy(N/mm2) fu(N/mm2) fy(N/mm2) fu(N/mm2)
Fe 360 235 360 215 340 S235
Fe 430 275 430 255 410 S275
Fe 510 355 510 335 490 S355

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 Chapter 1- Introduction

Characteristic yield strength for profiled sheeting

Standard Steel fyp Standard Steel fyp
type (N/mm2) type (N/mm2)
EN10025 Fe 360 235 ISO CR 220 220
Fe 430 275 4997 CR 250 250
Fe 510 355 CR 320 320

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 Chapter 1- Introduction
1.3.4 Verification for limit states
 ULS: Sd  Rd
 SLS: Ed  Cd or Ed  Rd
 Cd = max allowable deflection, crack width,
stress in reinforcement etc.
 Discussion-Analysis methods and cross-
section resistance

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 Class of x-sections
The classification system defined in Sections 4.3.2 of
EBCS 3 applies to cross-sections of composite beams.

 The performance of a steel compression element in

Class 2,3, or 4 can be improved by attaching it to a
reinforced concrete element.

Table 4.1 (EBCS 4)Maximum Width-to-thickness Ratios

for Steel Outstand Flanges in Compression

Table 4.2 (EBCS 4) Maximum Width-to-Thickness Ratios

for Steel Web

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Con’d

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 Summary
 1. Composite construction, particularly that using
profiled steel sheeting, allows rapid construction.
 2. The weight of steelwork required in composite
construction is significantly less than if the
materials were used independently.
 3. There is no need for expensive falsework and
formwork because the steel beam is able to sustain
the self weight of steel and concrete. Timber
formwork can be replaced by precast concrete
elements or profiled steel sheeting.

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 Summary . . .
 4. The aforementioned advantages present a very
strong argument for the use of composite beams
in buildings. They are more significant, however,
for medium to long spans than for short spans.
 5. The main disadvantage of composite
construction is the need to provide connectors at
the steel-concrete interface.
 6. Another minor drawback is that it is somewhat
more complicated than other methods to design
and construction.
This drawback is particularly relevant to continuous
structures and bridges. 50