MODULE 1 ▪ Move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout the whole plant.

▪
PLANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Green stems produce food through photosynthesis.
What is Physiology? Stems Internal Structures
⮚ study of functioning of living things: the branch of biology that deals with the ▪ Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients from the roots to the
internal workings of living things, including functions such as metabolism, leaves. It is located near the center of the stem. Xylem Up!
respiration, and reproduction, rather than with their shape or structure
What is Morphology?
⮚ study of structure of organisms: the study of the form and structure of
organisms
What is Anatomy?
⮚ physical structure of organism: the physical structure, especially the internal
structure, of an animal, plant, or other organism, or of any of its parts.
Plant Classification (5 Kingdoms)
▪ Animal
▪ Plant
▪ Fungi
▪ Bacteria (Monera)
▪ Protists
Major Plant Parts
▪ Roots
▪ Stems
▪ Leaves
▪ Flowers
ROOTS ▪ Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in the leaf to the rest of the
Functions: plant. The phloem is usually located near the outside of the stem. Phloem Down!
▪ Absorb water and nutrients
▪ Anchor the plant, and support the above ground part of the plant. ▪ Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production of new xylum and phloem. It is
▪ Store food. found between the xylum and phloem.
Root Systems:
Fibrous: A system that has no dominant primary root.
Tap: A system composed of one primary root and many secondary roots that
branch off.

Primary Root: The first root to emerge at germination. May become the main
tap root.
Secondary Roots: Roots that branch out from the primary root.
Apical Meristem: Area at the tip of the root where new cells develop

Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly white, and smell fresh.
Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or dark orange and smell rotten and
sour.
STEMS
Functions:
▪ Support the leaves, and positions them so they can receive as much sunlight
as possible
▪ Responsible for the size and shape of the plant.
 Specialized Stems Leaf Types
Simple leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.
Bulbs: Short flattened stem which has several fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found Compound leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.
beneath the soil.
Example: Onions
Vein Patterns
Corm: Sphyrical structure similar to a bulb. Parallel: Veins never cross. Found in monocots.
Example: Taro Netted: Veins form a network. Found in dicots.
Rhizome: Thick underground stem which lies horizontally. Leaf Layers:
Example: Ginger Cuticle: The top waxy, non-cellular part of the leaf. Its job is to prevent water
escaping.
Stolon: Horizontal stem which lies above the ground (often called runners).
Example: Strawberry runners Epidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on both the top and bottom of the leaf. Its
job is to protect the leaf.
Tuber: Rhizome with a tip that is swollen with stored food. Palisade Mesophyll: A layer of cells standing on end directly below the
Example: Potatoes. upper epidermis. This area is responsible for photosynthesis.
Spongy Mesophyll: Loosely packed cells located beneath the palisade
Leaves
mesophyll. This area is responsible for holding the products of
Functions: photosynthesis.
▪ Produce food for the plants. They are designed to efficiently collect light and use
that light to make energy. Stomata: Holes in the lower epidermis responsible for gas exchange.

Guard Cells: Surround the stomata’s which open and close them.

Leaf Parts
Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose job is to collect sunlight
Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from the stem
Photosynthesis

Midrib: Main vein running down the center of the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which a plant turns light energy from the
facing the sun. sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar.
▪ The plant uses water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (a sugar). The
by product of photosynthesis is oxygen.
 ▪ These chemical reactions take place inside the cells near the chloroplasts. Imperfect Flower: A flower that is missing either male or female parts.
Chloroplasts are filled with Chlorophyll which makes the plants green. Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals, petals, pistils, and
stamens.
Respiration Incomplete Flowers: When a flower is missing sepals, petals, pistils, or
stamen. Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete.
Cellular Respiration: The opposite of photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect
down so plants can use them. Light
▪ Similar to digestion in animals.
▪ Takes place in a place in the cell called the mitochondria. Plants need the colors blue and red to activate chlorophyll.
∙ Light bulbs are deficient in the color blue.
Flowers ∙ Fluorescent tubes are deficient in the color red.

Special grow lights are made that carry the correct blue and red wavelengths.
Light intensity is measured in foot candles.
Foot Candle: The amount of light given off by a candle a foot away.
Plants have adapted to survive in either high, partial, or low light intensities.

Photoperiod: The length of daylight.

Short Day Plants: Plants that begin to flower when the nights are over 12 hours
long.
Long Day Plants: Begin to flower when the nights are under 12 hours long.
Neutral Plants: Flowering response is unaffected by day length.

Male Flower Parts Temperature

Stamen: Male part of the flower.
Filament: Stalk like in the stamen that holds up the anther Hardiness: A plants ability to withstand cold temperatures.
Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen. Wilting: A condition caused by excess heat and dryness. When a plant wilts it
closes its’ stomatas, and the cells loose their turgor pressure.
Pollen grains are released from the anther that contains sperm.
Staminate: Flowers that have only male parts. Air

Female Flower Parts Oxygen: Is needed by the plant for respiration. It is obtained by the roots.
Pistil: Female part of the flower Carbon Dioxide: Is needed by the plant for photosynthesis. It is obtained
Stigma: Sticky part of the pistil that is receptive to pollen. through the stomata’s
Style: Rod shaped middle part that has a swollen base (ovary) Water
containing eggs
▪ Plants get most of the water through their roots. Some small quantities are also
Flower Parts – Neither male or female obtained through the stems.
Petals: colorful leaf-like structures which attract animals and insects. ▪ Difficult task about watering: Plants need both adequate levels of water and
Corolla: When all of the petals are fused together. oxygen.
Sepals: Green leaves that protect the flower before it opens. ▪ Plants should be watered all the way through the root zone to encourage even root
growth.
Calyx: When all of the sepals are fused together.
▪ Plants should be grown in pots with drainage holes so the water can drain and
allow oxygen into the root zone.
Flower Types:
Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts.
Plant Classification

■ Non Flowering
⮚ Ferns
⮚ Cone-Producers (Conifers)
■ Flowering
⮚ Monocots
⮚ Dicots

Monocots

▪ Leaves have parallel Veins

▪ Fibrous Roots
▪ Flower parts in 3’s
▪ Seed has one part (cotyledon)
▪ Vascular bundles are scattered

Dicots

▪ Leaves have branched Veins

▪ Tap Roots
▪ Flower parts in 4’s & 5’s
▪ Seed has two parts
(cotyledons) Common Name Scientific Name
▪ Vascular bundles are in a ring Pechay Brassica napus
Mustard Brassica juncea
Lettuce Lactuca sativa
Celery Apium graveolens
Kangkong Ipomoea
Cabbage Brassica oleracea var capitata
Chinese cabbage Brassica pekinensis