1.

Internet :
The internet is a globally connected network system facilitating worldwide
communication and access to data resources through a huge collection of personal,
public, business, academic and government networks. it’s governed by agencies just
like Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (or IANA) that establish universal
protocols.

2. World Wide Web (WWW) :

World Wide Web (WWW), byname Web, is leading information retrieval service of
web (the worldwide computer network). Online gives users access to a huge array of
documents that are connected to every other by means of hypertext or hypermedia
links—i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections that link related pieces of data so as to
permit a user quick access to them. Hypertext allows the user to pick a word or phrase
from text and thereby access other documents that contain additional information
concerning that word or phrase.

Difference between Internet and WWW :

S.No. INTERNET WWW

1 Internet is a global network of networks. WWW stands for World wide Web.

Internet is a means of connecting a computer to World Wide Web which is a collection of

2
any other computer anywhere in the world. information which is accessed via the Internet.

3 Internet is infrastructure. WWW is service on top of that infrastructure.

Web can be viewed as collection of books on

4 Internet can be viewed as a big book-store.
that store.

At some advanced level, to understand we can At some advanced level, to understand we can
5
think of the Internet as hardware. think of the WWW as software.

WWW is more software-oriented as compared

6 Internet is primarily hardware-based.
to the Internet.

English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the

7 It is originated sometimes in late 1960s.
World Wide Web in 1989.

8 Internet is superset of WWW. WWW is a subset of the Internet.

The first version of the Internet was known as

9 In the beginning WWW was known as NSFNET.
ARPANET.

10 Internet uses IP address. WWW uses HTTP.

Classification of Computer Network on basis of Architecture
Computer networks are usually developed to fulfill needs of their clients and users.

Network architecture generally refers to design of computer network or

communications network. It simply describes allocation task between all of computers
in network. It is simply way in which all network devices and services are organized
and managed to connect clients like laptops, tablets, servers, etc. and also how tasks
are allocated to computer. It also facilitates system-level functionality even
robustness, extensibility, and evolvability. It is basically defined and described as
physical and logical design of software, hardware, protocols, and media of data
transmission.

Classification of Network based on use of computer nodes :

Network architecture is classified into following categories :

1. Peer-to-Peer Network :
In the P2P (Peer-to-Peer) network, “peers” generally represent computer
system. These peers are connected to each other with help of Internet. Files
might be shared directly without requirement of central server among these
systems on the network. It can be said that each of computers on P2P
network usually becomes file server even as client also. In this architecture,
system is generally decomposed into various computational nodes that
contain the same and equivalent capabilities, abilities, and responsibilities.

In this network, tasks are allocated at each and every device available on
network. This network is very essential and important for small environments,
usually up to at least 10 computers. There is also no separate division as clients
 and servers. Each and every computer in this network are treated same and
equally and might send even receive message directly. This P2P network is
generally useful in various fields such as business, education, military, etc.

Advantages :

1. Dedicated server or centralized is not very essential, so P2P network is

less costly and is very cheaper. It is affordable.
2. P2P is very simple and not complex. This is because all computers that
are connected in network communication in an efficient and well-
mannered with each other.
3. It is very easy and simple to set up and manage as installation and setup
is less painless and computer manages itself. This is because of built-in
support in modern operating systems.
Disadvantages :

1. Security is one of major issues in this type of network. This is

because message that is sent flows freely among connected
computers.
2. If computer working with some of resources is down and
sharing of resources might become major problem.
3. Performance, security, and access can also become major
problem and headache with an increase in number of computers
on this network.
2. Client/Server Network :
CSN (Client/Server Network) is type of computer network in which one of
centralized and powerful computers (commonly called as server) is hub to
 which many of personal computers that are less powerful or workstations
(commonly known as clients) are connected. It is type of system where clients
are connected to server to just share or use resources. These servers are
generally considered as heart of system.
This type of network is more stable and scalable as compared to P2P
network. In this architecture, system is generally decomposed into client and
server processor or processes. This architecture supports separation of
functionality commonly based on concept of service.

Advantages :

1. A special Network Operating System (NOS) is provided by server to

provide resources to many users that request them.
2. It is also very easy and simple to set up and manage data updates. This is
because data is generally stored in centralized manner on server.
3. The server usually controls resources and data security.
4. This network also boosts speed of sharing resources.
Disadvantages :

1. If anyhow server goes down or crashes, entire will be affected by this.

2. It is very expensive as compared to P2P. This is due to need for server with
greater memory as well as need for many networking devices such as hubs,
routers, switches, etc.
3. Cost of NOS being provided is very high.
 Web-based systems architectures
Architecture of Web-based systems Client Server and 2 tier Web Architectures Typically,
when you are browsing the Internet, you will be using Web Browser software such as
Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox. The computer which is running a browser is called
a client, whilst the machine which is providing Web pages is called a server. When you dial
up to an Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) e.g. Blue Yonder, Aol, your computer is forming a
network connection to a Web server. In this situation, your computer is in effect a client,
which is linked to an ISP Web server. The web server, as the name suggests, serves your
browser with Web pages (e.g. HTML, ASPX, JSP pages etc). This simple scenario, where the
Web server is connected to one or more clients is known as a 2 tier architecture
model. Figure B below demonstrates how Web pages are accessed via a browser, using a 2
tier architecture. Figure B - A simple diagram of 2 tier Client/server architecture

3-Tier architectures

Generally computing applications consist of three different and distinct types of

functionalities.
Data Management
Functional Logic
Presentation Services
 Presentation Services: These manifest themselves in the form of information
display and user data input facilities. Generally the front-end for user
interaction. For example logging in requires interaction in the form of collecting
username and password information using a HTML-form.
 Functional logic: Every application includes some data processing and this may
also involve database interactivity. For example user authentication requires the
logic unit to read username-password combinations from a database and compare
until a good comparison (hopefully) is arrived at.
 Data Management: Data, its storage, insertion and retrieval, its management and
alteration is central to computing applications. For example a database management
system (DBMS) is required for the management of usernames and associated
passwords, their owners, etc.
Figure C - An illustration of a 3 tier architecture model

1st tier- Web browser

2nd tier- Web server

3rd tier- Data storage n-Tier Architectures

It is also important to note that Web application architecture sometimes is referred to as

multi-tier. In effect we could have more than 3-tiers in circumstances when the Web server
requires to access one or more application servers for specialised services. This is known as
n-Tier architecture Each layer within an N-tier architecture could be thought of as 'logical
components' interacting with the layer above or below. Layers provide a means of grouping
functionality within the application structure. Some benefits of this approach include
flexibility of component location - each layer may be held on a different server, this
facilitates scalable applications capable of handling heavier server loads. Additionally each
layer is encapsulated making it possible to change one layer without affecting another.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the address of a resource,
which can be a specific webpage or a file, on the internet. It is also known
as web address when it is used with http. It was created in 1994 by Tim
Berners-Lee. URL is a specific character string that is used to access data
from the World Wide Web. It is a type of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier).
Every URL contains the following information:

o The scheme name or protocol.

o A colon, two slashes.

o A host, normally called a domain name but sometimes as a literal IP address.

o A colon followed by a port number.

o Full path of the resource.

The URL of a web page is displayed above on the page in the address bar. A
typical URL looks like this:
http://www.facebook.com/videos
 o A client that wants to access the document in an internet needs an address

and to facilitate the access of documents, the HTTP uses the concept of
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

o The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a standard way of specifying any kind

of information on the internet.

o The URL defines four parts: method, host computer, port, and path.

o Method: The method is the protocol used to retrieve the document from a

server. For example, HTTP.

o Host: The host is the computer where the information is stored, and the

computer is given an alias name. Web pages are mainly stored in the
computers and the computers are given an alias name that begins with the
characters "www". This field is not mandatory.

o Port: The URL can also contain the port number of the server, but it's an

optional field. If the port number is included, then it must come between the
host and path and it should be separated from the host by a colon.

o Path: Path is the pathname of the file where the information is stored. The

path itself contain slashes that separate the directories from the
subdirectories and files.

HTTP
o HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.

o It is a protocol used to access the data on the World Wide Web (www).
 o The HTTP protocol can be used to transfer the data in the form of plain text,

hypertext, audio, video, and so on.

o This protocol is known as HyperText Transfer Protocol because of its

efficiency that allows us to use in a hypertext environment where there are

rapid jumps from one document to another document.

o HTTP is similar to the FTP as it also transfers the files from one host to

another host. But, HTTP is simpler than FTP as HTTP uses only one
connection, i.e., no control connection to transfer the files.

o HTTP is used to carry the data in the form of MIME-like format.

o HTTP is similar to SMTP as the data is transferred between client and server.

The HTTP differs from the SMTP in the way the messages are sent from the
client to the server and from server to the client. SMTP messages are stored
and forwarded while HTTP messages are delivered immediately.

Features of HTTP:
o Connectionless protocol: HTTP is a connectionless protocol. HTTP client

initiates a request and waits for a response from the server. When the server
receives the request, the server processes the request and sends back the
response to the HTTP client after which the client disconnects the connection.
The connection between client and server exist only during the current
request and response time only.

o Media independent: HTTP protocol is a media independent as data can be sent

as long as both the client and server know how to handle the data content. It
is required for both the client and server to specify the content type in MIME-
type header.

o Stateless: HTTP is a stateless protocol as both the client and server know each

other only during the current request. Due to this nature of the protocol,
both the client and server do not retain the information between various
requests of the web pages.
HTTP Transactions
The above figure shows the HTTP transaction between client and server. The
client initiates a transaction by sending a request message to the server. The
server replies to the request message by sending a response message.

Messages
HTTP messages are of two types: request and response. Both the message
types follow the same message format.

Request Message: The request message is sent by the client that consists of a
request line, headers, and sometimes a body.

Response Message: The response message is sent by the server to the client
that consists of a status line, headers, and sometimes a body.
Wed page design using HTML

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

Windows 8 or later:

Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type Notepad.

Windows 7 or earlier:

Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)

Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit

Also change some preferences to get the application to save files correctly. In Preferences > Format
> choose "Plain Text"

Then under "Open and Save", check the box that says "Display HTML files as HTML code instead of
formatted text".

Then open a new document to place the code.

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.

Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the preferred encoding for HTML
files).

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

Open the saved HTML file in your favourite browser (double click on the file, or right-click - and choose
"Open with").

The result will look much like this:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>
<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a Heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>