Passage Al [1] A.

NO CHANGE
The precise causes of stuttering are not B. in part, because not everyone
understood. Recent research indicates that genetic predisposed to stutter will develop
components play a part. Some theorists propose the disorder.
that many stutterers have inherited certain traits C. because some people who have
that increase the likelihood that they will develop stuttered for many years suddenly
this disorder in their speech. The exact nature of stop stuttenng.
these traits is presently unclear, [1] except that D. since those who have experienced
stuttering is more common among males than unfavorable responses from listeners
females. Wh at is known, of course, is that may develop emotional problems
stuttering is the repetition of sounds, prolonged that worsen their conditions.
vowels, and complete stops-verbal blocks. A
[2] A. NO CHANGE
stutterer’s speech is often uncontrollable.
B. to nonstutterers’ speech, if not faster
Compared [2] to nonstutterers , it is sometimes
sometimes, then usually slower.
f'aster than average but usually more slower.
C. to that of nonstutterers , it is as fast ,
Sometimes, too , the voice changes in pitch,
but usually slower.
loudness, and inf1 ection.
D. to the speech of nonstutterers, it is
[3] 0bservation of young children during the
sometimes faster but usually slower.
early stages of stuttering have led to a list of
warning signs that can help identify a child who is [3] A. NO CHANGE
developing a speech problem. Most children use B. Observations ofyoung children
“ u m's" and ‘'ah’'s," and will repeat words or during the early stages of stuttering
syllables as they learn to speak. It is not a serious C. Observations of young children ,
concern if a child says , “ I like to go and and and which during the early stages of
play games," unless such repetitions occur often , stutterìng
more than once every twenty words or so. D. Observation of young children,
Repeating whole words is not necessarily a sign during the early stages of stuttering
of stuttering; however, repeating speech sounds or [4] A NO CHANGE
syllables such as in the song “ K-K-K-Katy" is. B. -consequently
Sometimes a stutterer will exhibit tension while C. -for example
prolo명ing a sound [4]-meanwhile, the 8-year-
D. -to sum up
old who says “'An nnnnnd-and th-th-th-then I-I
drank it" with lips trembling at the same time. [5] A. NO CHANGE
Children who experience such a stuttering tremor B. frustrated from the
usually become frightened , angry, and [5] 훨탠프융 C. frustrated by their
fi'ustration from the inability to speak. A further D. a frustrating feeling because of the
danger sign is a rise in pitch as the child draws out [6] The writer wants to add examples of
the syllable. stutterers’ physical reactions. Wh ich
The appearance of people experiencing the choice most effectively accomplishes
most severe signs of stuttering is dramatic. As they this goal?
struggle to get a word out, their whole face m째 A. open, the tongue protrudes , and an
contort and the jaw may jerk the mouth [6] 뽀쁘: eyeroll takes place.
T농nsion can spread through the whole body. A B. open, along with a protruding tongue
moment of overwhelming struggle occurs during ahd rolling eyes.
the speech blockage. C. open; their tongues may protrude
and their eyes may roll.
D. open; tongue protrudes, eyes roll.

106 SAT WRITING WORKBOOK

 Wh ile the symptoms of stuttering are easy to
[7] A. NO CHANGE
recognize, [7] i1's underlying causes remains [8] 뜨
B. its underlying cause
핀원쁘표~ Hippocrates thought that stuttering was
C. the underlying causes
due to a dry tongue, and he prescribed blistering
D. their underlying cause
substances to drain away the black bile
responsible. [9] The brilliant English scientist Sir
[8] A. NO CHANGE
Isaac Newton, who developed the law of gravity,
B. a riddle
also suffered a lifelong stuttering condition.A
C. in the closet
Roman physician recommended gargling and
D. a dilemma
massages to strengthen a weak tongue.
Seventeenth-century scientist Francis Bacon
[9] The writer is considering deleting the
suggested hot wine to thaw a “ refrigerated"
underlined sentence. Should it be kept
tongue. Too large a tongue was the fault ,
or deleted?
according to a 19 th -centUIγ Prussian physician, so
A. Kept, because it adds evidence to the
he snipped pieces off stutterers’ ton망les.
claim that stuttering has long been a
Al exander Melville Bell, father of the telephone
subject of study and research.
inventor, insisted stuttering was simply a bad
B. Kept, because it provides still another
habit that [10] could be remedied, overcome, and
example of a historical figure
eliminated by reeducation.
concerned about stuttering.
Some theorists today attribute stuttering to
C. Deleted, because it blurs the
problems in the control of the muscles of speech.
paragraph's focus on various theories
Decades ago, however, [1 1] ~tuttering was thought
about how stuttering can be cured.
to arise from deep-rooted personality problems
D. Deleted, because it f;잉Is to provide a
and recommended psychotherapy.
specific example of a widely known
symptom of stuttering and a possible
cure.

[10] A. NO CHANGE
B. reeducation was needed to overcome
ít.
C. could be overcome by reeducation.
D. the elimination of which is being by
reeducation.

[11] A. NO CHANGE
B. experts believed that stuttering arose
from
C. theories insist that stuttering came
from
D. claims were made that stuttering’s
ongmswere

WRITING AND LANGUAGE PRACTICE TESTS 107

Passage A2 [12] A. NO CHANGE
One of the most significant art discoveries of all B. walked
time began in 1940, when a group offive C. walks
teenagers and their dog [12] walk to a nearby hill D. had walked
in southern France, looking for hidden treasure.

패
m

이
뾰

뼈때쟁
A E

γJ 띠
x”ι

m·
They definitely found [13] ~ome， they discovered
1k.m

”
ια
the Cave of Lascaux, home of the famous Lascaux

ι.
m d

태 ·앉
C @

Q니

뼈빼
prehistoric cave paintings.
[14] At around 15 ,00o BC, the climate on earth
D gu m d y

had warmed and the glaciers had receded. Rising

sea levels were causing more rainfall that [14] A. NO CHANGE
supported vegetation and small g없ne animals. B. During approximately 15 ,000
Groups of prehistoric people took advantage of C. Around roughly 15 ,000
these improved conditions and migrated to the D. By 15 ,000
nπenees of France. Am ong them were the artists
of the Lascaux cave. [15] Which of the following sentences most
[15] The fact that many of the paintings are effectively and accurately e앵resses the
located more than a mile from the mouth of the main topic of this paragraph?
cave has led us to believe that the paintings were A. The cave could not have been used
part of “ritu떠’ acti띠ties and the cave was a type of for everyday acti띠ties.
sanctuary. To reach the painting site the artists B. Cave artists were likely a select group
had to go on an [16] expedition. Since it took of talented people.
days, provisions were needed. Lamps made of C. To protect the paintings from
limestone or sandstone that burned animal fat , vandalism , they were created as far as
and torches made from wood coated with fat had possible from the cave entrance.
to be brought along. The artists were not deterred D. The Lascaux paintings are religious in
by darkness , the lakes that had to be crossed, or nature.
the stalagmites that had to be removed to reach
their destination. [16] Which choice best combines the
The paintings are predominantly depictions of sentences where the segment of the
animals-almost 600 in all. The horse is the most passage is underlined?
popular animal. Others include aurochs, stags , A. expedition that since it took days it
ibex and bison and more rarely, bears and felines. needed pro띠sions.
There is only one human representation at the B. expedition that took days and
site, not unusual among paintings of this time required provisions.
period. C. expedition, and since it took days ,
(#1) The images at Lascaux were created using requiring artists to bring all the
primitive paints with pigments. (#2) The pigments necessary proVlslO ns.
at Lascaux include ochre, charcoal, iron oxide, D. expedition, and provisions were
hematite, manganese and other minerals that needed, which took days.
produced the browns , blacks , reds and grays in
the paintings. (#3) A binder stabilized the paint [17] A. NO CHANGE
and many have [17] 흰쁘한헨딴 permanent B. proposed
adhesion to the stone surface. (#4) No trace is left C. promoted
of the binder but possibilities are water, fat , saliva, D. prompted

108 SAT WRITING WORKBOOK

blood or urine. (#5) These minerals were most
[18] For the sake of cohesion in this
likely ground into a powder using stone mortars
paragraph, sentence #5 should be placed
and pestles. (#6) A vehicle liquefied the paint and
A. where it is now.
allowed it to be applied to the surface. (#7) Water
B. after sentence #1.
or oil are typical vehicles that might have been
C. after sentence #2.
used. [18]
D. after sentence #6.
The artists may have applied the paint with
brushes and [1 9] flngers or paint was blown
[19] A. NO CHANGE
through a straw. Some of the paintings seem to
B. fingers , or blowing throu맹 straws
have been created by using a crayon to draw an
C. fingers and with straws through
outline of the [20] f1 9u res. An d then filling it in
which they blew paint
with a brush. Crayons were produced by mixing
D. fingers and with paint blown through
pigment with a binder, molding it into the desired
a straw
shape and letting it d ry. [21] Brushes that may
have been made from leaves with shredded ends
[20] A. NO CHANGE
enabled the artists to leave both wide and narrow
B. figures. Then filling
strokes of paint on the cave's walls. Moreover, bits
C. figures , and then they filled
of evidence indicate that the stone surface
D. figures , then filling
suggested shapes of animals and objects to [22]
me artist that they could then perfect by app띠ng
[21] A. NO CHANGE
paint.
B. Brushes, that may have been made
from various leaves , with shredded
ends ,
C. Brushes that may have been made
from various leaves , with shredded
ends,
D. Brushes that may have been made
from various leaves with shredded
ends ,

[22] A. NO CHANGE
B. the artists that they could then
perfect
C. the artist that he or she could then
perfect
D. artists, who then could perfect
shapes

WRITING AND LANGUAGE PRACTICE TESTS 109

Passage A3 [23] Which choice resuIts in the most effective
Home schoolers are now a [23] divisive , opening sentence of this paragraph?
multidimensional, heterogeneous population. No A. NO CHANGE
longer the preserve of left wing unschoolers and B. multiethnic and heterogeneous
right wing fundamentalists , the great range of C. diversified and homogeneous
people make it very difficult to draw even broad D. diverse
gener떠izations about the phenomenon. [24] 보
[24] A. NO CHANGE
addition, one article of faith unites all home
B. Accordingly
schoolers: that home schooling should be
C. Nevertheless
unreg띠ated. Home schoolers of 떠1 stripes believe
D. To be sure
that they alone should decide how their children
are educated, and they unite in order to press for [25] Wh ich choice best describes the central
the absence of reg비ations or the most permissive idea of this paragraph?
regulation possible. A. Educational goals are uncertain when
[25] Flexibility in laws governing mandatory schooling is left completely to
schooling for all children between certain ages parents.
opened the door to educational options. Matters B. Home schooling should be a
of conscience, convenience, and custom led some permissible educational option, of
parents to have their children schooled at home, course, but strict regulations are
or at least, away from traditional educational needed to assure a reasonable level
institutions. In no other educational setting are of quality.
parents so fully responsible for determining what C. The citizens of a free country can be
children are [26] 쁘브웰t. Unreg띠atedhome free only up to a point.
schooling is nothing less than total and complete D. In a free society, the requirement that
parental authority over schooling with minimal all children to be schooled has served
regard for the qu떠ity and content of instruction‘ as an incentive to develop alternative
Home schooling, therefore, represents the means of education.
u Itimate parenting authority over schooling. The
theoretical arguments [27] ~br regulatinghome [26] The writer is thinking about listing
schooling begin from this point. If compulsory additional responsibilities of parents
education is the law of the land, the question who are home schooling their children.
must be asked whether the schooling of children Which choice would best accomplish
should ever be under the total and complete this go머?
A. taught and they must make decisions
control of parents.
about the implementation of certain
lessons.
B. taught, but also when, how, and with
whom they are taught.
C. taught. Lessons must also be planned
and they must supervise homework.
D. taught, as well as lessons and tests
and homework.

[27] A. NO CHANGE
B. as pertaining to the regulation of
C. in behalf of the full regulation of
D. regulating

110 SAT WRITING WORKBOOK

 [28] Kathleen Lyons , a spokesperson for the
[28] A. NO CHANGE
National Education Association the largest and
B. Kathleen Lyons a spokesperson for
most powerful teachers' union in Arn erica believes
the National Education Association
that home schooling cannot pro띠de students with
the largest and most powerful
a comprehensive education experience.
teachers' union in Arn erica. States,
Regardless , home schooling parents claim that
C. Kathleen Lyons, a spokesperson for
they are, and always will be, the appropriate
the National Education Association,
authority over their children , and that what needs
the largest and most powerful
to be changed is the state’'s authority over the
teachers' union in Arnerica,
upbringing of children. So let us ask two separate,
D. Kathleen Lyons , a spokesperson for
but related , questions: Wh at just퍼es， if an뼈ing，
the National Education Association
government authority over the education of
the largest, 없ld most powerful
children? and what justifies parental authority
teachers' union in Arn erica,
over the education of their own children?
Recogni깅ng that parents ought indeed to [29] A. NO CHANGE
possess wide ranging authority to raise their B. questions about the role of
children as they see fit , [29] questions of the government must be asked and
government’'s role need to be answered, especially answered
where and when its stewardship of children’s C. the government needs to answer
education starts and stops. questions about its role
[30] 잭펀 성 so for many reasons, chief among D. the role of government is to answer
them that parents are responsible for the care of crucial questions
their children, and [31] their knowledge of their
[30] A. NO CHANGE
children is better than 없ly school teacher.
B. This guideline
Let us take it as given, therefore, that parental
C. This puzzle
authority over their children is legitimate and
D. Just such a controversy
desirable. Wh at reason is there, in that case, to
accept sovereignty over the education of children [31] A. NO CHANGE
by the government, an authority that could in B. they know their children better than
certain circumstances curtail the authority of school teachers.
parents? The answer should lie in the quality of C. they know their children as well if not
education that students receive. Wh ile critics better than school teachers.
insist that the government should regulate home D. they know their children better than
schooling in order to ensure the quality of anyone else , including school
education, recent studies have shown that the teachers.
degree to which home schooling is regulated by
state governments has no bearing on student test

WRITING AND LANGUAGE PRACTICE TESTS 111

 scores. In fact , [32] 0n major achievement tests,
[32] Which choice most accurately reports
almost a third of home schooled students earn
data shown on the graph?
scores in the highest decile (i. e. , the top 10
A. NO CHANGE
percent). With that level ofperformance, the
B.The number of public school
students exceeds the number of
Standardized tests translate home school achievement
into public-school-achievement terms home schooled students.
톰 Public School 홉 Home Scho이 C. From 10 percent to 17 percent of home
... Decile markers (1 O%.groupings 01 public school test scores) schooled students perform at the
highest levels on standardized tests.
D. Ten percent of both public school
and home schooled students achieve
at the same level.

[33] A. NO CHANGE
B. avoids
C. to avoid
D. avoiding

so-called “citizenship argument" against

unregulated home schooling, which seeks to
justify providing children with a civic education, is
highly questionable.
Advocates of another proposition, known as the
“ freedom argument," seek to justify providing
children with an education that cultivates their
freedom and thereby [33] 뾰약효the development
of what may be called “ethic려ly servile" adults.
Together, the two arguments just퍼 some state
authority over the education of children and rule
out total parental control of education.

112 SAT WRITING WORKBOOK

 PassageA4 [34] A. NO CHANGE
One of middle-school teacher Debbie Vasquez's B. passions for a lengthy and extended
[34] Passions have long been to expose period of time has been to expose
underprivileged students to robotics, biochemistry C. passions has long been to expose her
and biophysics, genetics, and marine aquatic D. longtime passions are to expose
biology, toþics that schools like Debbie's, in
[35] A. NO CHANGE
Washington D.C.닙 South East neighborhood rarely
B. colleagues who en따， Debbie’s ener잃r
teach. [35] Many of Debbie’scolleagues, who envy
and commitment
her energy and commitment, wish that they
C. colleagues who envy Debbie’s energy
possessed as much enthusiasm for teaching [36]
and commitment,
as her. Counting on the support of every fac띠ty
D. colleagues, enηring Debbie’s ener없r
member, then, [37] Debbie’'s plans for awakening
and commitment
kids' interest in science consumes every day.
She aims to make science not just another [36] A. NO CH.ANGE
subject that kids take in school but something B. like her
that gets them out of bed in the morning and may C. as she
someday lead to a c없'eer. “1 never had the D. as she possesses
opportunity at that age ," Debbie recalls. “ The
schools 1 went to weren’t that great. Furthermore, [37] A. NO CHANGE

in middle school 1 never did a single lab , ever. 1 B. every day she is consumed by daily
pl없1Sfor waking up kids' interest in
never once met a scientist or an engineer until
college." sClence
Thanks to Debbie, her kids won't suffer the C. Debbie’s plans for the waking up of
same fate. “ Not as long as 1’m their teacher," she kids' interest in science consumes
vows. Now in her fourth year, Debbie teaches everyday
STEM -related topics-Science, Technolo gy; D. she is consumed every day by plans
Engineering and [38] Math. They hold the promise for awakening kids' interest in
of a wide range of enticing careers in the decades sClence
ahead. As they look to the future , U.S. businesses [38] Which choice most effectively combines
frequently voice concerns over the supply and the sentences at the underlined text?
av없lability of STEM workers. There are now 26
A. Math, which holds the promise
million STEM-related jobs, and the number is B. Math because they hold the promise
rapidly growing. The U.S. Labor Department [39] C. Math, holding the promises
anticipates a need for only 9.8 million non-STEM D. Math , and they hold the promise
workers in 2018.
Recent and Projected Growth in STEM and Non-STEM Employment [39] Which choice most accurately conveys
data based on the graph?
• STEM employment 18%
A. NOCHANGE
Non-STEM employment B. reports that between 2000 and 2018
15%
STEM workers will constitute 24.9
12%
percent (Ï. e. , 7.9% + 17% = 24.9%) of
9% Am erica’'s work force
6% C. projects a 17.0 percent growth of STEM
3%
/。
occupations between 2008 and 2018
D. estimates that the growth rate of
0%
/。

2000-10 growth 2008-18 projected growth non-STEM employees will double

Source: U.S. Bureau 01 Labor Statistics between 2010 and 2018

WRITING AND LANGUAGE PRACTICE TESTS 113

 [40] (#1) According to Debbie’s account of her
[40] Which choice serves most effectively as
employment, the idea of teaching middle school
the main topic of this paragraph?
kids [41] simultaneously frightened her. (#2) She
A. Students thrive and learn more when
wondered what she could teach them that would
they are given meaningful, hands-on
make a difference in their lives. (#3) Shocked by
work to do in the classroom.
her students' attitudes and frustrated by their lack
B. Students benefited not only from
of skills, more often than not during her first
Debbie’'s lessons but aIso from her
months of teaching, she went home in tears. [42]
background and experience.
(#4) 1'e achers who feel discouraged often seek
C. For low-income students, STEM
help from colleagues or administrators, and as she
offers untold opportunities to
brought STEM-related lessons to her [43] kids 프
succeed in the future.
raised the level of interest increased, not only
D. The promise of high s aIaries
because of numerous hands-on activities but
motivates impoverished students to
because of who she herself was. (#5) “ I
raise their aspirations and work
represented new, tangible options ," she says. (#6)
harder.
“ 1 was a role model. (#7) 1 even looked like my

마 빼
students and had a similar background. (#8) nA w M

빼
A*

”빽빼
빼
Because of me , what hadn:’t been on the kids' B

따
radars before was now becoming accessible in a C

앞
e

빽
very re aI way." (#9) She raised kids' sights and D m m
made them re aIize that the growth of STEM jobs
with higher s aIaries than they ever imagined was
[42] Wh ich version of the underlined section
the means to one day lifting themselves out of the
of sentence #4 maintains the sentence
ranks of the impoverished and into the middle
pattern established by the paragraph?
class and beyond. [44]
A. NOCHANGE
B. It sometimes takes superhuman
effort to turn failure into success.
C. But graduaIly, she began to perceive
new possibilities.
D. It is more important to explain new
materiaI to a class than to berate
them for their behavior.

[43] A. NO CHANGE
B. it raised their level of interest
C. their interest grew
D. there occurred an increase in the
level of interest

[44] For the sake of cohesion of this

paragraph, sentence #7 should be
A. left as it is.
B. combined with sentence #6.
C. deleted.
D. placed after sentence #9.

END OF PRACTICE TEST A

114 SAT WRITING WORKBOOK