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The three-stage buffer unit is used to provide sufficient output signal amplitude for subsequent
circuit. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Journal of Cardiovascular
Development and Disease (JCDD). Common methods to reduce phase noise include the use of
current source filtering to eliminate current source noise, and the use of differential control structures
to reduce control signal noise. A multi-core and multi switched capacitor array technology is
proposed for the expansion of the tuning range and a combined second harmonic noise filtering and
Q value degeneration technology is proposed for the optimization of phase noise over a wide tuning
range. Then, the same number of varactor branches as in conventional design, are implemented in the
proposed varactor circuit so that the overall capacitance in both cases are maintained. A certain
redundant overlapping area is set between adjacent sub-bands to prevent the occurrence of frequency
blind spots. The measured capacitance varied from 230 fF to 290 fF and the varactor’s Q-factor was
greater than 60. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). Section
4 reports the post-layout simulation results of the differential and quadrature oscillators, both
integrated with proposed wideband varactor circuit. Simulated single frequency tuning characteristic
using conventional and proposed varactors. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best
experience. Social Posts Create on-brand social posts and Articles in minutes. Chip micrograph of the
proposed four-core VCO array. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
(IJERPH). Using the proposed coupling technique, the post-layout simulated. All articles published
by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special. In
order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Fullscreen Sharing Deliver a distraction-
free reading experience with a simple link. GIFs Highlight your latest work via email or social media
with custom GIFs. A Bandwidth-Enhanced Differential LC-Voltage Controlled Oscillator (LC-
VCO) and Superharmonic Coupled Quadrature VCO for K -Band Applications. Similarly, the same
connection is made from oscillator 2 to oscillator 1. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no
conflict of interest. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. In this paper, we
expand this concept to create and demonstrate a size-efficient VCO based on only miniature spirals.
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). This work shows that the use of a 3D
spiral combined with mixed-signal CMOS technology allows for the low-cost RFIC realization for
WSN applications. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Previous Article
in Journal Secure and Anonymous Voting D-App with IoT Embedded Device Using Blockchain
Technology. Another type of varactor that is mostly adopted to tune the oscillation frequency is the
nMOS varactor.
The tuning gain K VCO i of each VCO core can be obtained by differentiating Equation (3) with V
tune, and can be expressed as. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as
expected without javascript enabled. L filter, which is in series with the LC tank, encourages a high
impedance supply voltage ( V dd ) at 2 f o. However, it is not feasible at high frequencies e.g., at 25
GHz, since the contribution of the capacitive part of the tank is more significant in. Ullah, Farman,
Yu Liu, Zhiqiang Li, Xiaosong Wang, Muhammad Masood Sarfraz, and Haiying Zhang. The buffer
shown in the schematic provides low output impedance to the instrumentation while measuring the
output at the emitter, provided that the VCO output is not adversely affected under load. European
Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE). It can be stated by looking
at (1) that the phase noise decreases as the dissipated power “. Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
output frequency as a function of the capacitor bank control word. Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing (JMMP). Regardless the type of varactor used in the oscillator, their
conventional structure always suffers from the limited. The switched capacitor control word and
tuning voltage of the four VCO cores are shared. Complete schematic of a Differential Voltage
Controlled Oscillator (DVCO) incorporated with proposed wideband varactor circuit. The technical
arguments for the selection of an appropriate fabricating technology as well as the. Tropical
Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications
(JLPEA). Measured inductance ( L s ) and Q-factors of fabricated symmetric helical inductors.
Previous Article in Special Issue A Ruggedness Improved Mobile Radio Frequency Power Amplifier
Module with Dynamic Impedance Correction by Software Defined Atomization. International
Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). All measurement testing was performed
using an on-wafer system using an Agilent 8565E spectrum analyzer (Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799,
USA), in terms of oscillation frequency, output power, and phase noise. Cost-Effective 4 GHz VCO
Using Only Miniature Spirals Realized in a 0.18 ?m CMOS Process for Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN) Applications. We used a large capacitor, C x, to short noise frequencies around 2 f o.
Schematic of the proposed QVCO is presented in Figure 9. As shown in Figure 2, an inductor is
connected in series between the common source of the differential transistor pair and the tail current
control block. However, the earlier is more power hungry since the system oscillator needs to be
operated at twice the desired frequency, while the later suffers from low quadrature accuracy as well
as requiring an additional buffer to boost the output power. All articles published by MDPI are made
immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special. International Journal of
Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). The layers above M6, which have larger metal
thickness and higher electrical conductivity, are suitable for RF signal routing, while M2-M5 layers
are used for bias and digital control signal routing and M1 layer is used for guard rings to reduce
substrate noise. To achieve the optimization of VCO phase noise across a wide frequency tuning
range, a phase noise optimization technique based on second harmonic noise filtering and Q value
degeneration is proposed in this design. In this paper, we expand this concept to create and
demonstrate a size-efficient VCO based on only miniature spirals.
In our designed oscillators, 136 pH inductors are selected to optimize the oscillator center frequency
around 25 GHz with tuning range from 20 GHz to 31 GHz. This work shows that the use of a 3D
spiral combined with mixed-signal CMOS technology allows for the low-cost RFIC realization for
WSN applications. Digital Sales Sell your publications commission-free as single issues or ongoing
subscriptions. Schematic of the proposed QVCO is presented in Figure 9. The three-stage buffer unit
is used to provide sufficient output signal amplitude for subsequent circuit. Journal of Functional
Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). The measured capacitance varied from 230 fF to 290 fF and
the varactor’s Q-factor was greater than 60. Moreover, to additionally save design costs of
fabrication, our VCO was implemented using a CMOS process for pure digital and analog (1-poly
and 6-metal) signals; no process changes were made to improve the high-frequency characteristics of
the devices. 2. Extreme Cost-Effective LC-VCO Circuit Design In LC-VCO design, inductor
performance of the LC tank plays a critical role in the phase noise and output signal power,
simultaneously. The measured frequency tuning curves for the four-core VCO array are presented in
Figure 8. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE). The
second-stage buffer unit of VCO1 and VCO2 is shared, the second-stage buffer unit of VCO3 and
VCO4 is shared, and the third-stage buffer unit is shared by VCO1, VCO2, VCO3, and VCO4. But
it will cause the parasitic capacitance of the transistor to become larger, which will affect the tuning
range. Next, the performance of both the oscillators will be discussed. A 3.7-to-10 GHz Low Phase
Noise Wideband LC-VCO Array in 55-nm CMOS Technology. The area of the chip, including all of
the pads, is 2.37 mm 2. The PCB photo and test bench photo of the proposed four-core VCO array
are presented in Figure 6. It is critical for VCOs that can robustly provide wider tuning range. Based
on the most widely covered tuning bandwidth, we chose the varactor biasing voltage as 0.4 V and
0.8 V as Vb1 and Vb2, respectively. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health (IJERPH). International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). The
resonant tank of each VCO core adds a three-bit switched capacitor array for coarse frequency
adjustment on the basis of the variable capacitor, with a total of eight tuning curves, which further
expands the tuning range of the VCO core and maintains a low tuning gain to ensure the phase noise
performance. Simulated single frequency tuning characteristic using conventional and proposed
varactors. Schematics of ( a ) tank-coupled p-n diode, ( b ) n-type A-MOS varactor cross-section and
its corresponding schematic view for differential applications. Journal of Theoretical and Applied
Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). Common methods to reduce phase noise include the use of
current source filtering to eliminate current source noise, and the use of differential control structures
to reduce control signal noise. When the three-bit switched resistors are disabled, the corresponding
VCO core does not operate, so that the four VCO cores in the VCO array can be switched. Editor’s
Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from
around the world. In addition, two inductors each at both ends (in series to the varactor bank) are
added to extend the. The layers above M6, which have larger metal thickness and higher electrical
conductivity, are suitable for RF signal routing, while M2-M5 layers are used for bias and digital
control signal routing and M1 layer is used for guard rings to reduce substrate noise. Journal of
Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). By implementing the proposed
varactor circuit, the covered frequency range is considerably extended more than the range covered
with the traditional varactor circuit.
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Digital Sales Sell your
publications commission-free as single issues or ongoing subscriptions. Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing (JMMP). Common methods to reduce phase noise include the use of current
source filtering to eliminate current source noise, and the use of differential control structures to
reduce control signal noise. One possible formation is shown in Figure 2 a, called direct-coupling.
Based on the multi-core VCO array technology and the switched capacitor array technology, the
tuning range is expanded, and the phase noise optimization in a wide tuning range is achieved based
on the second harmonic noise filtering technology and the Q value degeneration technology, as well
as the optimization of the capacitor array switching transistors. All articles published by MDPI are
made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special. Yao, Yan, Zhiqun
Li, Zhennan Li, Bofan Chen, and Xiaowei Wang. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
(TropicalMed). For maximum frequency, the size of the varactor has to be carefully chosen as a
trade-off between. Moreover, SiGe HBTs provide high gain and improved noise performance at
extremely low current densities. The above wiring scheme also facilitates electromagnetic (EM) co-
simulation. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe
will be particularly. In order to reduce the interaction between the RF signal routing and the bias and
digital control signal routing, a large area of M6 layer metal only connecting the AC ground pad is
laid on the entire layout, which can be used as a reference ground plane. Embed Host your
publication on your website or blog with just a few clicks. International Journal of Translational
Medicine (IJTM). We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Adobe
Express Go from Adobe Express creation to Issuu publication. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Feature papers represent the most advanced
research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. Schematic of the three-bit
switched capacitor array. The resonant tank of each VCO core adds a three-bit switched capacitor
array for coarse frequency adjustment on the basis of the variable capacitor, with a total of eight
tuning curves, which further expands the tuning range of the VCO core and maintains a low tuning
gain to ensure the phase noise performance. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
(JMMP). As stated earlier, numerous techniques are proposed to injection-lock the oscillators using
fundamental frequency components. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA).
Hence, it can be concluded that among the aforementioned topologies we discussed, Class-C. In
order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Multiple requests from the same IP address
are counted as one view. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Measured
inductance ( L s ) and Q-factors of fabricated symmetric helical inductors.
Similarly, the quadrature coupling is accomplished by employing the 2nd harmonic, explicitly
generated in the stand-alone free-running differential oscillator using frequency doubler. Please let us
know what you think of our products and services. By implementing the proposed varactor circuit,
the covered frequency range is considerably extended more than the range covered with the
traditional varactor circuit. On the other hand, the oscillation frequency f can be expressed as.
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Journal of Experimental and Theoretical
Analyses (JETA). Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or
approaches, provides an outlook for. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). The
BiCMOS 8HP process provides a standard thin oxide nMOS varactor for differential circuits.
Likewise, a very small value inductors exhibit small capacitance and thus presenting narrower tuning
range. The block diagram of the proposed VCO array is shown in Figure 1, including four VCO
cores, all of which are realized by NMOS cross-coupled LC oscillator structure. Voltage Controlled
Oscillator (VCO) output frequency as a function of the capacitor bank control word. However, the
critical limitation of this structure is that. Statistics Make data-driven decisions to drive reader
engagement, subscriptions, and campaigns. Ullah, Farman, Yu Liu, Zhiqiang Li, Xiaosong Wang,
Muhammad Masood Sarfraz, and Haiying Zhang. In addition, the VCO array also includes a three-
stage buffer unit and a frequency band control module. Add Links Send readers directly to specific
items or pages with shopping and web links. Find support for a specific problem in the support
section of our website. Another oscillator topology that can be widely used for high-frequency
applications and particularly in the application of bipolar oscillators, is the Colpitts oscillator (see
Figure 1 b). For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Editor’s Choice articles are
based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Figure
3 presents the simulated phase noise curves of the single VCO core with the second harmonic noise
filtering technique at the lowest and highest resonant frequencies with and without the tail current
control block. Then, the same number of varactor branches as in conventional design, are
implemented in the proposed varactor circuit so that the overall capacitance in both cases are
maintained. Measured phase noise at 100 kHz, 1 MHz, and 10 MHz frequency offsets across full
frequency tuning range. In this state, the rest of the VCO cores do not work, so that mutual
interference between signals in various frequency bands can be prevented and power consumption
can be saved. It is well known that the second harmonic noise filtering technique can achieve the
optimization of VCO phase noise, but due to the bandwidth limitation of the filter, this technique
usually has a limited frequency range that can be optimized, and can only achieve a better
optimization effect in a narrow tuning range corresponding to the resonant frequency of the inserted
inductor and the parasitic capacitor. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce
Research (JTAER). One possible formation is shown in Figure 2 a, called direct-coupling. Multiple
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