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Communication Systems (Lecture3

1. The document discusses demodulation of frequency modulated (FM) waves, including bandpass limiting, phase error detection, and digital to analog conversion. 2. It covers the processes of digital to analog conversion including changing amplitude, phase, or both to represent digital data as analog signals. Modulating both amplitude and phase is the most efficient method. 3. The key aspects of amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (BFSK), and optimum detection methods like matched filters and product detectors are summarized. ASK varies amplitude, BFSK varies frequency, and optimum detection improves performance in noise.

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Omar Helmy
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27 views

Communication Systems (Lecture3

1. The document discusses demodulation of frequency modulated (FM) waves, including bandpass limiting, phase error detection, and digital to analog conversion. 2. It covers the processes of digital to analog conversion including changing amplitude, phase, or both to represent digital data as analog signals. Modulating both amplitude and phase is the most efficient method. 3. The key aspects of amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (BFSK), and optimum detection methods like matched filters and product detectors are summarized. ASK varies amplitude, BFSK varies frequency, and optimum detection improves performance in noise.

Uploaded by

Omar Helmy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication Systems

Lecture 3
Demodulation of FM Waves

Dr. Shimaa Salama


References
• B.P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”
(3rdEdition), Oxford University Press, 1998 .
• Behrouz A. Forouzan“Data Communication and Networking” (5thEdition),
McGraw Hill International Edition, 2015.
• Leon W.Couch “Digital and Analog Communication Systems” (8th Edition),
Prentoce Hall International Edition, 2012.
Bandpass limiter
Bandpass limiter
Bandpass limiter
Phase error
Digital to analog conversion
• Baseband digital signals are transmitted directly without any shift in the
frequencies of the signal (without carrier), because baseband signals have
sizable power at low frequencies.

• They are suitable for short distance transmission over a pair of wires, coaxial
cables, or optical fibers.
• Baseband digital signals cannot be transmitted over a radio link or satellites
because this would necessitate impracticably large antennas to efficiently
radiate the low-frequency spectrum of the signal.
Digital to analog conversion

The signal spectrum must be shifted to a high-frequency range.


Digital to analog conversion
• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing any of the three
characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.

Is better mechanism that combines changing both the amplitude and phase, it is the most
efficient of these options and is the mechanism commonly used today
Data Element Versus Signal Element
• Data element as the smallest piece of information to be exchanged, the bit.
• Signal element as the smallest unit of a signal that is constant
Data Rate Versus Signal Rate
Data rate (bit rate) and the signal rate (baud rate)

where N is the data rate (bps) and r is the number of data elements carried
in one signal element.
The value of r in analog transmission is r = log2 L, where L is the number
of different signal elements.
Data Element Versus Signal Element
Data Element Versus Signal Element

• Baud is analogous to a vehicle, and a bit is analogous to a passenger.


• We need to maximize the number of people per car to reduce the traffic.
Data Element Versus Signal Element
Amplitude Shift Keying
• In amplitude shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to
create signal elements. Both frequency and phase remain constant while
the amplitude changes.

Binary ASK (BASK)


ASK is normally implemented using only two levels with two different
amplitudes. This is referred to as binary amplitude shift keying or on-off
keying (OOK).
Amplitude Shift Keying
Binary ASK (BASK)

The peak amplitude of one signal level is 0; the other is the same as the amplitude
of the carrier frequency.

• OOK consists of keying (switching) a carrier on and off with a unipolar


signal.
Amplitude Shift Keying
Bandwidth for ASK
• The carrier signal is only one simple sine wave, the process of modulation
produces a nonperiodic composite signal.
• This signal has a continuous set of frequencies. the bandwidth is proportional
to the signal rate (baud rate)

bandwidth signal rate


(baud rate).

d → is a factor which depends on the modulation and


filtering process. The value of d is between 0 and 1.

The required bandwidth has a minimum value of S and a maximum value of 2S.
Amplitude Shift Keying
Binary ASK (BASK)
Amplitude Shift Keying
Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK
Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK
• A balanced modulator (or mixer) which multiplies the baseband digital unipolar
signal by the carrier signal coming from an oscillator.

• When the amplitude of the digital signal is 1, the amplitude of the carrier frequency is
held; when the amplitude of the digital signal is 0, the amplitude of the carrier
frequency is zero.
Implementation of binary ASK (detection )

OOK may be detected using either:


Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK (optimum detection )
When the input OOK signal is corrupted by noise and the input noise is large,
product detector with matched filter processing and a threshold device
(comparator) is required.

FIG.A
Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK (optimum detection )

Noise

FIG.B (Matched filter )

• Integrate the input signal plus noise over one symbol period T (which is the bit period for
binary signaling)
• The matched filter requires a clocking signal that is used to reset the integrator at the
beginning of each bit interval and to clock the sample-and-hold circuit at the end of each
bit interval. This clock signal is provided by a bit synchronizer circuit - called bit sync.
Integrate-and-dump realization of a matched filter. Fig.B
Coherent Detection with Matched Filter Processing

Output. Fig A
Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK (optimum detection )

• The optimum coherent OOK detector ( Coherent Detection with Matched


Filter Processing) is more costly to implement than the noncoherent OOK
detector.
• If the input noise is small, the noncoherent receiver may be the best solution,
considering both cost and noise performance.
.
Frequency Shift Keying
• In frequency shift keying, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to
represent data.
• The frequency of the modulated signal is constant for the duration of
one signal element, but changes for the next signal element if the data
element changes.

• Both peak amplitude and phase remain constant for all signal elements.
Frequency Shift Keying
Binary FSK (BFSK)

• For BFSK, we consider two carrier frequencies, ƒ1 andƒ2 .


• We use the first carrier if the data element is 0; we use the second if the data
element is 1.

• Then BFSK consists of shifting the frequency of a carrier from a mark


frequency (corresponding to sending logic 1) to a space frequency
(corresponding to sending logic 0).
Frequency Shift Keying
Binary FSK (BFSK)

• The signals transmitted for marks (binary ones) and spaces (binary zeros) are:
Frequency Shift Keying
Bandwidth for BFSK

• The middle of one bandwidth is ƒ1 , and the middle of the other is ƒ2 .

• We can think of FSK as two ASK signals, each with its own carrier frequency
(ƒ1 or ƒ2 ).

What should be the minimum value of 2Δf ? In Fig,


we have chosen a value greater than (1 + d )S. It
can be shown that the minimum value should be at
least S for the proper operation of modulation and
demodulation.
Frequency Shift Keying
Bandwidth for BFSK

n is input noise
Frequency Shift Keying
Bandwidth for BFSK
• Both ƒ1 and ƒ2 are Df apart from the midpoint between the two bands.
• The difference between the two frequencies is 2Df then:

• The midpoint between the two bands is the carrier frequency ƒc defined by:

• The bandwidth can be expressed as:


Frequency Shift Keying
Sample and Hold Circuit
• A Sample and Hold Circuit, sometimes represented as S/H Circuit or S & H Circuit, is usually used
with an Analog to Digital Converter to sample the input analog signal and hold the sampled signal.

•Analog Switch

•Holding Capacitor

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