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CH 02

The document describes the OSI 7-layer network model and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses each layer in the OSI model and their functions. It also maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model and describes the different addressing schemes used at each layer, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. Key topics covered include data encapsulation and peer-to-peer communication between layers.

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9 views

CH 02

The document describes the OSI 7-layer network model and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses each layer in the OSI model and their functions. It also maps the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model and describes the different addressing schemes used at each layer, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses. Key topics covered include data encapsulation and peer-to-peer communication between layers.

Uploaded by

as5239903
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Network Models

2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an


example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier


Hierarchy

2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
THE OSI MODEL

• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network


• Model for understanding and designing of a network
architecture
• Allows any two different systems to communicate

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

2.4
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
Each layer uses the services of layer just below it and provides to layer above it

2.5
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
The processes on each node that communicate at a given layer are peer-to-peer

2.6
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.7
Physical layer

• The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual


bits from one hop (node) to the next and defines:

• Specifications of interface and medium


• Functions that physical device and interfaces have to perform
• Type of encoding (line-coding)
• Data rate
• Synchronization
• Line configuration
• Topology
• Transmission mode and direction

2.8
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.9
Data Link Layer

• The Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one
hop (node) to the next and transforms PHY to a reliable link
defines:

• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow Control
• Error Control (trailor)
• Access Control (MAC sublayer)

2.10
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.11
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.12
Network Layer

• The network layer is responsible for source to destination


delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks and
defines:

• Logical addressing (IP): if packets pass network boundary


• Routing
• Mobility management (handoff, route optimization), Mobile
IP

2.13
Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.14
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.15
Transport Layer

• The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process


delivery of entire message and defines:

• Service point addressing (port address)


• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control (connection less or oriented)
• Flow control (end-to-end rather than across a single link)
• Error control

2.16
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.17
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.18
Session Layer

• The session layer allows two systems to enter into a dialog and
defines:

• Dialog control: allows communication between two processes to


take place in half or full duplex mode

• Synchronization: allows a process to add check points or synch.


points to a stream of data

2.19
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.20
Presentation Layer

• The presentation layer is responsible for syntax and semantics


of information exchanged between two systems and defines:

• Translation: supports interoperability among different encoding


methods

• Encryption: privacy

• Compression: BW efficiency

2.21
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.22
Application Layer

• The application provides user interface and support for


services:

• e-mail
• logging to a remote host
• remote file access and file transfer
• example protocol: http basis for www

2.23
Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.24
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.25
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly


match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.26
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.27
2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing


the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.28
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.29
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.30
Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a


frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.

2.31
Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.32
Example 2.2

As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks


use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.33
Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers


connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

2.34
Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.35
Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the


Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

2.36
Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.37
Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,


but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.38
Example 2.5

As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit


address represented by one decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented


as one single number.

2.39
Note

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,


but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

2.40

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