Topic 02:

Elementary Java

CS402 Programming Principles

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Lecturer
Mr. Mike Wong
Email: [email protected]

CS402 Programming Principles

 Introducing Programming with
an Example
Example 2.1 Computing the Area of a Circle
This program computes the area of the circle.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea { allocate memory
/** Main method */ for radius
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area;

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area; area no value

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
allocate memory
// Compute area for area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea { assign 20 to radius
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
compute area and assign it
// Compute area
to variable area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159; print a message to the
console
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Identifiers
Identifiers are the names that identify the elements such as classes,
methods, and variables in a program.
An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of letters,
digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar
sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A, “Java
Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
An identifier cannot be true, false, or null.
An identifier can be of any length.
Since Java is case sensitive, area, Area, and AREA are all
different identifiers.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
int x = 1;
double d = 1.4;

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Named Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Naming Conventions, cont.
Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.

Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Reading Input from the Console
1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

2. Use the method nextDouble() to obtain to a double

value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = input.nextDouble();

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CS402 Programming Principles
 More Examples
ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 More Examples
ComputeAverage.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Numerical Data Types
Name Range Storage Size

byte –27 to 27 – 1 (-128 to 127) 8-bit signed

short –215 to 215 – 1 (-32768 to 32767) 16-bit signed

int –231 to 231 – 1 (-2147483648 to 2147483647) 32-bit signed

long –263 to 263 – 1 64-bit signed

(i.e., -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)

float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754

-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324

Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

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CS402 Programming Principles
Reading Numbers from the Keyboard
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int value = input.nextInt();

Method Description

nextByte() reads an integer of the byte type.

nextShort() reads an integer of the short type.
nextInt() reads an integer of the int type.
nextLong() reads an integer of the long type.
nextFloat() reads a number of the float type.
nextDouble() reads a number of the double type.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Numeric Operators

Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

% Remainder 20 % 3 2

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %

5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your
friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10
days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following
expression:

Saturday is the 6th day in a week

A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains minutes and
remaining seconds from seconds.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Displaying Time
DisplayTime.java

?
?

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Displaying Time
DisplayTime.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy. For example,
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);

displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and

System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);

displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1.

Integers are stored precisely. Therefore, calculations
with integers yield a precise integer result.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Exponent Operations
System.out.println(Math.pow(2, 3)); // 23
// Displays 8.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(4, 0.5)); // 40.5
// Displays 2.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, 2)); // 2.52
// Displays 6.25
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, -2)); // 2.5-2
// Displays 0.16

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What is the statement for cube root of 27 ( 27)?
System.out.println(Math.pow(27,
? 1.0/3));

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Exponent Operations
System.out.println(Math.pow(2, 3)); // 23
// Displays 8.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(4, 0.5)); // 40.5
// Displays 2.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, 2)); // 2.52
// Displays 6.25
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, -2)); // 2.5-2
// Displays 0.16

3
What is the statement for cube root of 27 ( 27)?
System.out.println(Math.pow(27, 1.0/3));

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly
in the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and
5.0 are literals in the following statements:

int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as
long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error
would occur if the literal were too large for the variable to
hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would
cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored
in a variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose
value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1
(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long type,
append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred because l
(lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the digit
one).
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CS402 Programming Principles
 Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal
point. By default, a floating-point literal is treated
as a double type value. For example, 5.0 is
considered a double value, not a float value. You
can make a number a float by appending the letter f
or F, and make a number a double by appending the
letter d or D. For example, you can use 100.2f or
100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D
for a double number.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 double vs. float
The double type values are more accurate than the
float type values. For example,
System.out.println("1.0 / 3.0 is " + 1.0 / 3.0);

displays 1.0 / 3.0 is 0.3333333333333333

16 digits

System.out.println("1.0F / 3.0F is " + 1.0F / 3.0F);

displays 1.0F / 3.0F is 0.33333334

7 digits

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:

byte i = 100; i: 100

long k = i * 3 + 4; k: 304

double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2; d: 462.0

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
d displays as 3.0
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
i displays as 3
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)
i displays as 3

java.lang.RuntimeException: Uncompilable code - incompatible

What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0; types: possible lossy conversion from double to int

range increases

byte, short, int, long, float, double

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Type Casting
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
i displays as 3
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)
i displays as 3

How to make 3.9 round up to 4?

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Type Casting
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
i displays as 3
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)
i displays as 3

How to make 3.9 round up to 4?

Math.round(3.9) displays as 4
The java.lang.Math.round() is used round of the decimal numbers to the
nearest value. This method is used to return the closest long to the argument,
with ties rounding to positive infinity.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically
converts the operand based on the following rules:

1. If one of the operands is double, the other is

converted into double.
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2, same
as 1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and
1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e)
represents an exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase.

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Arithmetic Expressions
3 + 4 x 10( y − 5)( a + b + c ) 4 9+ x
− + 9( + )
5 x x y

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 How to Evaluate an Expression
Though Java has its own way to evaluate an
expression behind the scene, the result of a Java
expression and its corresponding arithmetic
expression are the same. Therefore, you can safely
apply the arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java
expression. 3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 + 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 + 35 – 1
(5) addition
54 - 1
(6) subtraction
53

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius = ( 95 )( fahrenheit − 32)

Note: you have to write

celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit – 32)

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: Converting Temperatures
FahrenheitToCelsius.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: Converting Temperatures
FahrenheitToCelsius.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Displaying Current Time
Write a program that displays current time in GMT in the
format hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.
The currentTimeMillis method in the System class returns
the current time in milliseconds since the midnight, January
1, 1970 GMT. (1970 was the year when the Unix operating
system was formally introduced.) You can use this method
to obtain the current time, and then compute the current
second, minute, and hour as follows.
Elapsed
15:06:22 displayed as
time
Time
Unix Epoch Current Time
01-01-1970 System.currentTimeMills()
00:00:00 GMT

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: Displaying Current Time
ShowCurrentTime.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
Augmented Assignment Operators

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Increment and
Decrement Operators

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

What’s the output of the following statements?

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

What’s the output of the following statements?

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax (6%)
with two digits after the decimal point of a purchase
amount.

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
SalesTax.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
Problem: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
SalesTax.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
SalesTax.java

The tax for $1234 should be ($1234 × 6%) = $74.04

How to display the answer as 74.04?

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Keeping Two Digits After
Decimal Points
SalesTax.java

The tax for $1234 should be ($1234 × 6%) = $74.04

How to display the answer as 74.04?

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CS402 Programming Principles
Casting in an Augmented Expression
In Java, an augmented expression of the form x1 op=
x2 is implemented as x1 = (T)(x1 op x2), where T is
the type for x1. Therefore, the following code is
correct.
int sum = 0;
sum += 4.5; // sum becomes 4 after this statement

sum += 4.5 is equivalent to sum = (int)(sum + 4.5).

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CS402 Programming Principles
Software Development Process

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Requirement Specification
A formal process that seeks to understand
Requirement
Specification
the problem and document in detail what
the software system needs to do. This
System phase involves close interaction between
Analysis
users and designers.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing

Most of the examples in this book are simple,

and their requirements are clearly stated. In Deployment

the real world, however, problems are not

well defined. You need to study a problem Maintenance
carefully to identify its requirements.
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CS402 Programming Principles
 System Analysis
Requirement
Specification Seeks to analyze the business
process in terms of data flow, and
System
Analysis to identify the system’s input and
output.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing
Part of the analysis entails modeling
the system’s behavior. The model is
Deployment
intended to capture the essential
elements of the system and to define
Maintenance
services to the system.
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CS402 Programming Principles
 System Design
Requirement
Specification
The process of designing the
system’s components.
System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

This phase involves the use of many levels

Deployment
of abstraction to decompose the problem into
manageable components, identify classes and
interfaces, and establish relationships among Maintenance
the classes and interfaces.
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CS402 Programming Principles
 IPO
Requirement
Specification

System
Analysis Input, Process, Output

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

The essence of system analysis and design is input,

process, and output. This is called IPO. Deployment

Maintenance

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Implementation
Requirement The process of translating the
Specification
system design into programs.
System Separate programs are written for
Analysis
each component and put to work
System together.
Design

Implementation

Testing
This phase requires the use of a
programming language like Java. Deployment
The implementation involves
coding, testing, and debugging. Maintenance

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Testing
Requirement
Specification Ensures that the code meets the
requirements specification and
System
Analysis weeds out bugs.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing
An independent team of software
engineers not involved in the design Deployment
and implementation of the project
usually conducts such testing. Maintenance

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Deployment
Requirement
Specification Deployment makes the project
available for use.
System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

For a Java program, this means Deployment

installing it on a desktop or on the
Web. Maintenance

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Maintenance
Requirement
Specification Maintenance is concerned with
changing and improving the
System
Analysis product.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing
A software product must continue to
perform and improve in a changing Deployment
environment. This requires periodic
upgrades of the product to fix newly Maintenance
discovered bugs and incorporate changes.
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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem:
Computing Loan Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount, and
computes monthly payment and total
payment.
loanAmount  monthlyInterestRate
monthlyPayment =
1− 1
(1 + monthlyInterestRate) numberOfYears12

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem:
Computing Loan Payments
ComputeLoan.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem:
Computing Loan Payments
ComputeLoan.java

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 Problem: Monetary Units
This program lets the user enter the amount in
decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number of
dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.25

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Monetary Units
ComputeChange.java

?
? << Convert the 2 d.p. number to an integer for later calculation

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Problem: Monetary Units
ComputeChange.java

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Common Errors and Pitfalls
Common Error 1: Undeclared/Uninitialized
Variables and Unused Variables
Common Error 2: Integer Overflow
Common Error 3: Round-off Errors
Common Error 4: Unintended Integer Division

Common Pitfall 1: Redundant Input Objects

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 Common Error 1:
Undeclared/Uninitialized Variables
and Unused Variables
double interestRate = 0.05;
double interest = interestrate * 45;

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 Common Error 2: Integer Overflow

int value = 2147483647 + 1;

// value will actually be -2147483648

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 Common Error 3: Round-off Errors

System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);

System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);

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CS402 Programming Principles
Common Error 4: Unintended Integer
Division
int number1 = 1; int number1 = 1;
int number2 = 2; int number2 = 2;
double average = (number1 + number2) / 2; double average = (number1 + number2) / 2.0;
System.out.println(average); System.out.println(average);

(a) (b)

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CS402 Programming Principles
 Common Pitfall 1: Redundant Input
Objects
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
int v1 = input.nextInt();

Scanner input1 = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
double v2 = input1.nextDouble();
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