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Lecture 05

The document discusses a square magnetic core with a mean path length of 55 cm and cross-sectional area of 150 cm2. A 200-turn coil is wrapped around the core. The core's magnetization curve is shown in a figure. The core exhibits hysteresis where the flux does not retrace its path when the current changes, instead forming a hysteresis loop. Hysteresis occurs due to the alignment of magnetic domains within the core requiring energy to change orientation.

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muhammadarsalank01
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17 views

Lecture 05

The document discusses a square magnetic core with a mean path length of 55 cm and cross-sectional area of 150 cm2. A 200-turn coil is wrapped around the core. The core's magnetization curve is shown in a figure. The core exhibits hysteresis where the flux does not retrace its path when the current changes, instead forming a hysteresis loop. Hysteresis occurs due to the alignment of magnetic domains within the core requiring energy to change orientation.

Uploaded by

muhammadarsalank01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 5

A square magnetic core has a mean path length of 55 cm and a cross


sectional area of 150 cm2. A 200.turn coil of wire is wrapped around
one leg of the core.

The core is made of a material having the magnetization curve shown


in Figure .
(a) How much current is required to produce 0.012 Wb of flux in the
core?
(b) What is the core's relative permeability at that current level?
(c) What is its reluctance?
The curve shows that the permeability is large and relatively constant in
the unsaturated region and then gradually drops to a very low value as
the core becomes heavily saturated

Notice that as the magnetizing intensity is increased, the relative permeability


first increases and then starts to drop off. The relative permeability of a typical
ferromagnetic material as a function of the magnetizing intensity is shown in
Figure
Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
Instead of applying a direct current to the windings
on the core, let us now apply an alternating current
and observe what happens.

The current to be applied is shown in Figure.


Assume that the flux in the core is initially zero.

As the current increases for the first time, the flux in


the core traces out path ab in Figure.
This is basically the saturation curve. However,
when the current falls again, the f1ux traces
out a different path from the one it followed
when the current increased. As the current
decreases, the flux in the core traces out path
bcd.

and later when the current increases again,


the flux traces out path deb.

The failure of flux to retrace its paths is called


hysteresis.

Path bcdeb traced out is called a hysteresis


loop.
When the magnetomotive force is removed, the flux in the core
does not go to zero. Instead, a magnetic field is left in the core. This
magnetic field is called the residual flux in the core

To force the flux to zero, an amount of magnetomotive force known as


the coercive magnetomotive force must be applied to the core in the
opposite direction
Why does hysteresis occur?
To understand the behavior of ferromagnetic material s, it is necessary to
know something about their structure.

The atoms of iron and similar metals tend to have their magnetic fields
closely aligned with each other.

Within the metal, there are many small regions called domains, In each
domain, all the atoms are aligned with their magnetic fields pointing in
the same direction.

The reason that a whole block of iron can appear to have no flux is that
these numerous tiny domains are oriented randomly within the material.
When an external magnetic field is applied to this block of iron, it
causes domains to reorientate in the direction of magnetic field.

when nearly all the atoms and domains in the iron are lined up with the
external field , any further increase in the magnetomotive force produce
no change in the flux.

At this point, the iron is saturated with flux. This is the situation in the
saturated region of the magnetization curve
when the external magnetic field is removed, the domains do not completely
randomize again

Why do the domains remain lined up?

The fact that turning domains in ferromagnetic materials requires


energy
The fact that turning domains in ferromagnetic materials requires energy
leads to a common type of energy loss in all machines and transformers.

The hysteresis loss in an iron core is the energy required to accomplish the
orientation - reorientation of domains during each cycle of the alternating
current applied to the core.

It can be shown that the area enclosed in the hysteresis loop formed by
applying an alternating current to the core is directly proportional to the
energy lost in a given ac cycle
Examples of sources of external energy that can change the alignment
of domains are
• Magneto motive force applied in another direction,
• a large mechanical shock,
• heating
Assignment 1
Submission dead line
20-09-2022
Quiz : 21-09-2022

1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-17

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