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Lecture 02 - 2022

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Lecture 02 - 2022

Uploaded by

muhammadarsalank01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

Production of a Magnetic Field


Figure shows a rectangular core with a winding of N turns of wire wrapped
around one leg of the core.
If the core is composed of iron or certain other similar metals (collectively called
ferromagnetic materials),

essentially all the magnetic field produced by the current will remain inside the
core, so the path of magnetic field is the mean path length of the core lc.

The current passing within the path of integration Inet is then Ni, since the
coil of wire cuts the path of integration N times while carrying current i.
Ampere's law thus becomes
Here H is the magnitude of the magnetic field intensity. Therefore, the
magnitude or the magnetic field intensity in the core due to the
applied current is

The magnetic field intensity H is a measure of the "effort" that a


current is putting into the establishment of a magnetic field.
The strength of the magnetic field flux produced in the core also depends
on the material of the core.

The relationship between the magnetic field intensity H and the resulting
magnetic flux density B produced within a material is given by
The actual magnetic flux density produced in a piece of material is thus
given by a

• H, representing the effort exerted by the current to establish a magnetic


field
• µ representing, the relative ease of establishing a magnetic field in a
given material

• The units of magnetic field intensity are ampere-turns per meter,


• the units of permeability are henrys per meter,
• the units of the resulting flux density are webers per square meter,
known as teslas (T)
The permeability of free space is called µ𝑜 , and its value is

Met glas 2714A (annealed) 1 1000000

Iron (99.95% pure Fe annealed in H) 2.5×10−1 200000

Cobalt-iron 2.3×10−2 18000

Iron (99.8% pure) 6.3×10−3 5000

Electrical steel 5.0×10−3 4000


Relative permeability :

The permeability of any other material compared to the permeability of free


space is called its relative permeability:

Relative permeability is a convenient way to compare the magnetizability of


materials.

For example, the steels used in modern machines have relative permeabilities of
2000 to 6000 or even more. This means that, for a given amount of current, 2000 to
6000 times more flux is established in a piece of steel than in a corresponding area of
air. (The permeability of air is essentially the same as the permeability of free space.)
In a core such as the one shown in Figure, the magnitude of the flux
density is given by
Magnetic Circuits

In a simple electric circuit such as the one shown in Figure a, the voltage
source V drives a current I around the circuit through a resistance R. The
relationship between these quantities is given by Ohm's law:
In the electric circuit, it is the voltage or electromotive force that drives the
current flow.

By analogy, the corresponding quantity in the magnetic circuit is called


the magnetomotive force (mmf).

The rnagnetomotive force of the magnetic circuit is equal to the effective


current flow applied to the core
where the symbol for magnetomotive force, measured in ampere-turns

In an electric circuit, the applied voltage causes a current I to flow. Similarly,


in a magnetic circuit, the applied magnetomotive force causes flux to be
produced. The relationship between magnetomotive force and flux in a
magnetic circuit is
Like the voltage source in the electric circuit, the magnetomotive force in the
magnetic circuit has a polarity associated with it.

The positive end of the mmf source is the end from which the flux exits, and the
negative end of the mmf source is the end at which the flux reenters.

The polarity of the mmf from a coil of wire can be determined from a modification
of the right-hand rule:

If the fingers of the right hand curl in the direction of the current flow in a coil of
wire, then the thumb will point in the direction of the positive mmf
The reluctance of a magnetic circuit is the counterpart of electrical
resistance, and its units are ampere-turns per weber

The permeance of a magnetic circuit is the counterpart of electrical


conductance

the conductance of an electric circuit is the reciprocal of its resistance,


the permeance of a magnetic circuit is the reciprocal of its reluctance:

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