AlShaab University

College of Engineering and

Information Technology
Department of Medical Instrumentation
Techniques Engineering

Electronic Components Circuits

( Diode characteristies – Rectifier – Clipper )

Name : Maryam abbas

Class: D1
 Experiment NO.1

[Link] characteristies

Objective :
To study and plot the V-I characteristics of a diode.
(Relationship between VAKand IA).

Apparatus used:
1.ST2712 board.
2. (2)DC Voltmeter.
[Link] Ammeter.
[Link] 1N4007 (on board)
[Link] 5K(1/4W)
6. Resistance 1K(1/4W).

[Link]
• Procedure:

Step 1: Connect the circuit in the manner depicted in

figure (2).
2. Turn the board's power supply ON.
3. Rotate the potentiometer P1 all the way anticlockwise,
and make sure the voltmeter and ammeter read zero.
[Link] shown in table (1), gradually raise the value of VAK
by adjusting the potentiometer P1, and at each step, check
the anode current IA. Put your findings in the table.
5. Turn the board's power supply off.
[Link] Sketch the results
you acquired on graph paper, with VA as the X-axis and IA
as the Y-axis. The curve that was created shows the
forward region characteristics of the diode.
7. Install the circuit as figure (3) indicates.
8. Repeat steps 2 through 6. Put your findings in table (2).

[Link]
2-Rectifier
A ) Half wave

Objective: -
To calculate and draw the DC output voltages of
half-wave rectifiers.

Theory

Half Wave Rectifier:

A diode is a unidirectional conduction device. It conducts only when its
anode is at a
Higher voltage with respect to its cathode. In a halfwave rectifier circuit,
during
Positive halfcycle of the input, the diode gets forward biased and it
conducts. Current
Flows through the load resistor R L and voltage is developed across it.
During negative
Half-cycle of the input, the diode gets reverse biased. Now no current
(except the
Leakage current which is very small) flow. The voltage across the load
resistance
During this period of input cycle is zero. Thus, a pure ac signal is converted
into a
Unidirectional signal.

Circuit elements:
AC power
Diode
Resistor
Oscilloscope
 [Link]

Procedure

Step 1: Install the electrical circuit in accordance with Figure 1.

After that, attach an oscilloscope to the circuit to observe which
signals are entering and exiting it.
2-B / Full wave

Objectives:-
1. To construct a full-wave bridge rectifier circuit and
analyze its output.
2. To analyze the rectifier output using a capacitor in shunt
as a filter.

Overview of the Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

Power Diodes can be connected together to form a full wave rectifier that
Converts AC voltage into pulsating DC voltage for use in power supplies.
The full wave rectifier converts both halves of each waveform cycle into a
Pulsating DC signal using four rectification diodes. While this method may
be
Suitable for low-power applications it is unsuitable for applications that
need a
“steady and smooth” DC supply voltage. One method to improve on this is
to use
Every half-cycle of the input voltage instead of every other half-cycle. The
circuit
That allows us to do this is called a Full Wave Rectifier.
Like the half-wave circuit, a full-wave rectifier circuit produces an output
Voltage or current that is purely DC or has some specified DC component.
Full-wave
Rectifiers have some fundamental advantages over their half-wave rectifier
Counterparts.
The four diodes labeledD1toD4are arranged in “series pairs” with only two
Diodes conducting current during each half cycle.
During the positive half cycleof the supply, diodesD1andD2conduct in
Series while diodesD3andD4are reverse biased,and the current flows
through the
Load as shown below.

During the negative half cycleof the supply, diodesD3andD4conduct in

Series, but diodesD1andD2switch “OFF” as they are now reverse-biased.
The
Current flowing through the load is in the same direction as before.
Equipment and Tools:
[Link] Circuit Experimental Box
[Link]
[Link] Generator

The working technique:

Step 1: Attach the oscilloscope's 12 [Link] power source to view the

input waveforms depicted in the following image. Connect the AC power to
U1 as the input for the full-wave rectifier circuit once the waveform has
been displayed.

Figure 4. The input signal.

Step 2: Attach RL to the Zener diode. Next, attach an oscilloscope

between port A and GND to view the rectifieras' waveform, as depicted in
the image below.
In order for the oscilloscope to display the waveform, step three involves
connecting C1 in parallel with RL (from port A to the capacitor).
 Figure 5. The waveform of a full- wave rectifier
Step 3:.In order for the oscilloscope to display the waveform, step three
involves connecting C1 in parallel with RL (from port A to the capacitor).

Figure 6. Resultant output waveform with capacitor

Step 4: To view the DC waveform, connect the oscilloscope between the ground and
the Zenerdiode.
The Zener diode, which has applications as a voltage regulator, has this crucial property.
As a result, a voltage regulator diode is another name for a Zener diode.
Fullwave or bridge rectifiers, for instance, are made up of ripples superimposed on a DC
voltage. We can achieve a more consistent DC output voltage by connecting a
straightforward Zener diode across the rectifier's output.

Figure 7. The DC waveform.

 Experiment NO.3

3 . Clipper
Objective:-
[Link] know how is the connection of the clipper circuits,
and to know the
Response of each circuit on the Oscilloscope.
[Link] know the application of each circuit.
[Link] that the output voltage variations when compared
with the input voltage
Waveform.

Equipment and Tools:

[Link] generator.
2.15k ohm resistor.
3.1N4001 silicon rectifier diode.
[Link].
[Link] power supply.

Clipping circuits:

The circuit with which the wave form is shaped by removing (or
Clipping) a portion of the applied wave is known as clipping circuit.
Clipper finds extensive use in radar,digital and other electronic systems.
Although several clipping circuits have been developed to change the
Wave-shape. These clippers can remove signal voltages above or below a
Specified level.
The important diode clippers are:

[Link] clipper:-
A positive clipper is that which removes the positive half cycles of
The input voltage(ideal diode). In a positive clipper circuit, the
Output voltage has all the positive half cycles removed or clipped
Offfig(1). During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the
Diode is forward biased and conducts heavily. Therefore the
Voltage during the half cycles is zero. During the negative half
Cycle of theinput voltage, the diode is reverse biased and behaves
As an open. In this condition, the circuit behaves as a voltage
Divider with an outputof
Output voltage = RL(Vm/R+RL)
Generally, RL is much greater than R
Therefore output voltage = -Vm
Biased and conducts heavily. Therefore, the voltage across the
Diode (which behaves as a short) and hence across the load RL is
Zero. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the diode
Is reverse biased andbehaves as an open. In this condition, the
Circuit behaves as a voltage divider and positivehalf cycles will
Appear at the output.

[Link] clipper:
A negative clipper is that which removes the negative half cycles
Of the input voltage(Ideal diode). In a negative clippercircuit, the
Output voltage has all thenegative half cycles removed or clipped
Offfig(2). During the negative half cycles of input voltage, the
Diode is forwardbiased andconducts heavily. Therefor the voltage
Across the diode(which behaves as a close switch) and hence
across
The load RL is Zero.

Method for cutting circuits:

1. Apply a 10V P-P, 1 KHz input signal at the input terminals
from the function generator. Attach CRO at the output as well.
2. Using the ON/OFF toggle button on the front panel, turn on the
instrument.
3. Apply circuit fig. 3, the positive clipper. Examine the output's
wave-like shape. We'll discover that the sine wave's upper portion
is clipped.
Use clippercircuitfig(4), which is negative. See the output's wave-
like form. We'll discover that the sine wave's lower portion is
clipped.