Republic of the Philippines

Kalinga State University

Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND: THE FACTORS THAT

AFFECT THE CAREER CHOICE OF THE GRADE
10 STUDENTS OF KALINGA STATE
UNIVERSITY - LABORATORY
HIGH SCHOOL SCHOOL
YEAR 2023 - 2024

A Research Proposal Submitted To:

GRETHEN C. TUQUILAR

Researchers:

Abaoag, Jasmine Claire B.

Bucalen, Rosalyn G.
Dangilan, Jillian L.
Donggayao, Neftali W.
Macaranas, Joyce L.
Puday, Wynonna O.
Rivero, Rima Gail G.
Wandag, Zorin Aleera N.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

ABSTRACT

The disparity of socioeconomic conditions gives a big effect to the academic and
career aspirations of students. The study explored the socioeconomic background,
and career choices of the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State University - Laboratory
High School and which of these socioeconomic elements impact students' career
decisions throughout their educational journey. The research employed a random
sampling and chose a total of 50 students from the Grade 10 students enrolled in
Kalinga State University - Laboratory High School during the academic year 2023-
2024. The location is situated in Purok 6, Bulanao Tabuk City. This study employs a
quantitative approach, including surveys, and data analysis. Majority of the
respondents were 15 years old, and 38 of the students were female. Additionally, a
number of 17 students were firstborns; and 13 students each had 3 and 4 siblings,
coming to a total of 26 students. In the case of their parents’ occupation, 10 students
have fathers working in the military field, while 19 students have unemployed
mothers. Finally, under the medical field, 26 students were interested in it as a
career choice. The results show that the socioeconomic factors that do affect the
grade 10 students in their career choices are: Birth Order, Financial Status, Parental
Influence, and Family Size. The research findings underscore the complexity of
career choice, emphasizing that students should weigh multiple factors beyond the
study's focus.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to the resiliency spirit of Grade 10 students, whose

dreams and aspirations are at the heart of our investigation. Your narration,
ambitions, and determination motivate us to investigate the important connection
between socioeconomic background and career choices.

To the educators and administrators who tirelessly strive to create environments

conducive to learning and growth, your dedication lays the foundation for our
exploration. This dedication extends to our mentor whose guidance has been a
beacon, illuminating our path in the pursuit of knowledge.

To the families and communities that shape the lives of these young individuals,
your unwavering support forms an integral part of this research. Your commitment to
nurturing and empowering the next generation is a testament to the profound impact
of collective efforts.

This research is a tribute to the countless narratives and experiences that make
up the intricate tapestry of each student's journey. May this work contribute to a
better understanding of the factors influencing career choices, fostering a more
inclusive and supportive educational landscape.

With gratitude and admiration for the resilience and potential of every Grade 10
student.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the pursuit of understanding the intricate effect the between socioeconomic

background and career choices among Grade 10 students of Kalinga State
University Laboratory High School, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to
everyone who helped make this research study a reality.

We would like to express sincere appreciation to the 50 Grade 10 students from

sections Beta and Alpha who willingly participated in this study, providing our team
with valuable insights into their thoughts and aspirations. Your openness and
cooperation have been essential in shedding light on the complex interplay regarding
the socioeconomic factors in choosing career choices.

Our heartfelt thanks go to our principal Mrs. Sudemai Pauline D. Buen for
granting our request to conduct this research in school. Your dedication to education
and student well-being has aided in the completion of this research project.

We would like to thank our research adviser for providing us with guidance and
knowledge. Your invaluable feedback, helpful criticism, and encouragement have
greatly improved the overall quality of this study.

We also acknowledge our dear panelists who gave us their time and provided us
with constructive criticism to aid us in the betterment of our research.

In addition, we thank the scholarly community for the wealth of literature and
research that served as the foundation for our study. The existing body of knowledge
aided in the development of our research questions and methodology.

Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to our friends and family for their
unwavering support all through the research process. Your encouragement and

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
empathy have been essential throughout the ups and
downs of this research journey.

This research would not have been possible without the collaborative efforts of
all those mentioned above. As we celebrate the completion of this study, we look
forward to contributing to the ongoing dialogue on the intersection of socioeconomic
background and career choices among Grade 10 students.

Thank you for being a part of this academic research.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6

A. Introduction
I. Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
II. Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - - - - 10
III. Statement of the Objective - - - - - - - - - 11
IV. Significance of the Study - - - - - - - - - - 11
V. Scope and Delimitation - - - - - - - - - - - 12
VI. Conceptual Framework - - - - - - - - - - - 13
VII. Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - - - - - 13
VIII. Definition of Terms - - - - - - - - - - - 14

B. Review of Related Literature

I. Review of Related Literature - - - - - - - - - - - 16

C. Methodology
I. Research Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22
II. Locale of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23
III. Population and Sampling - - - - - - - - - - - - 23
IV. Data Gathering - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23
V. Analysis of Data - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24
VI. Statistical Tool - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25

D. Results and Discussion

I. Results and Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26

E. Summary of Findings, Conclusion, & Recommendation

I. Summary of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38
II. Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40
III. Recommendation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41

F. Appendix
I. Cronbach Alpha Results - - - - - - - - - - - 42
II. Letter to the Principal - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44
III. Letter to the Respondents - - - - - - - - - 45
IV. Survey Questionnaires - - - - - - - - - - - 46
V. References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

CHAPTER I

I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

Students from disadvantaged backgrounds face unique challenges and

constraints that may limit their career options or hinder their access to resources and
opportunities. Students from lower-income families may be more inclined to choose
careers that offer immediate financial stability, such as vocational or technical
professions (Asma Kazi & Abeeda Akhlaq, 2017). This is often driven by the need to
support their families or escape the cycle of poverty. On the other hand, students
from higher-income families may have more opportunities and resources available to
them, seeing that there's a more convenient situation for them (Renz Laga, 2017).
They may have access to better education, extracurricular activities, and networking
opportunities, which can influence their career preferences. These students may be
more likely to pursue professions that require higher education, such as medicine,
law, or engineering.

The researchers addressed the problems by unraveling the factors of

socioeconomic background that affect career choices. The study employed a
quantitative approach, including surveys, and data analysis. Thus, the study
provided a comprehensive understanding of the different factors of socioeconomic
background that affect their journey toward career decision-making. The study
explored which of these elements interplay and impact students’ career decisions
throughout their educational journey, delving into the intricacies between
socioeconomic background and students’ career choices and shed light on which
factors of socioeconomic backgrounds act as a significant determinant in shaping
students’ future paths. Through this, the study contributes by adding much needed
information that can help understand the factors that impact the direction of a
student’s career, and in turn, their future.

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Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Choosing a career takes more of what's usually people offer for a better outcome
of a decision. As one of the most challenging or difficult phases of life, it serves a
major impact in allowing dreams and quality of life to interact (Khanna et al., 2020).
The motivation behind choosing the right career may not solely base on what was
lying on the plan. In some cases, socioeconomic background interfere and resonate
possibilities ahead. Building a prosperous career and fulfilling dreams is a
fundamental ambition for every individual (Nimra Sharif, et al., 2019).

Exploring the possibilities behind all the challenges and hindrances visible in
differing learning environments contributes to the overall success of a learner. The
pursuit of career choices is pivotal in shaping not only one’s future but also one's
well-being and societal contributions. However, these decisions are not made solely
as the multitude of factors are deeply intertwined in their every conclusion; among
the most influential is the individual’s socioeconomic status (Hui-Hsien Hsieh & Jie-
Tsuen Huang, 2014).

Socioeconomic status is the position of an individual or group on the

socioeconomic scale, which is determined by a combination of social and economic
factors such as income, amount and kind of education, type and prestige of
occupation, place of residence, and—in some societies or parts of society—ethnic
origin or religious background. Examinations of socioeconomic status often reveal
inequities in access to resources, as well as issues related to privilege, power, and
control (Adapted from the APA Dictionary of Psychology). A research by Richard
(2018) discusses the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on career
development. SES, which is an objective assessment of income, education, and
occupation, is shown to be a significant factor in understanding a person's position in
society and its impact on career development. The study delves into how SES
interacts to predict career adaptability and career decision-making difficulty. Thus,
the disparity of Socioeconomic conditions gives a big effect to the academic and
career aspirations of students.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Several studies conducted in the Philippines have investigated the factors that
affect career choices among students. While not all of these studies may be specific
to Kalinga State University - Laboratory High School, they can provide valuable
insights into the socioeconomic factors that influence career choices among Grade
10 students. Some of these factors include:

1. Socio-economic status: Family income and parents' educational attainment and

occupation have been found to motivate students' career choices (Nazareno, et al.,
2021). In adiition, Laroco (2022) conducted a study on Maguindanaon students at
Esperanza National High School which found that there were gender differences in
educational and career aspirations.

2. Academic resilience: A study (Buslig, 2017) on college students in Kalinga

investigated the relationship between poverty experiences and academic resilience,
finding that resilient students tend to perform better academically and are more likely
to achieve career success.

3. Career interests and aspirations: A study conducted on Kalinga-Apayao State

College Laboratory High School students aimed to assess their career interests and
aspirations, which could guide the development of career intervention programs for
students (Cawili, et al., 2015).

4. Academic profile and college preparedness: A research by Vecaldo et al. (2020)

on indigenous peoples in the Northern Philippines investigated the association
between academic profile and college preparedness, providing insights into the
factors that influence the transition of indigenous students to higher education.

These studies suggest that various socioeconomic factors, such as family

income, parents' educational attainment, and academic resilience, play a significant
role in shaping the career choices of Grade 10 students. Further research can be

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
conducted to identify more specific factors affecting
the career choices of Kalinga State

University - Laboratory High School students, which can be used to develop targeted
interventions and support programs for these students.

The provided local and international researches act as evidence regarding the
influence of socioeconomic background on educational and career aspirations. With
that, different environments truly affect how a student's perception in terms of
decision-making for career their choices varies.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research aims to seek the answers to the following questions:

The Grade 10 students of Kalinga State University - Laboratory High School in

the school year 2023 - 2024 are at a critical juncture in their academic journey. At
this stage, students begin to seriously consider their future careers and the academic
paths they will need to take to achieve their goals. What can be done to help the
students properly prepare themselves for their career path? What exactly are some
key factors that affect their choices in the first place? Learning the socioeconomic
backgrounds of these students and their career choices can provide valuable
insights into their aspirations and the factors that influence their decisions.

1. What is the socioeconomic backgrounds of the Grade 10 students of Kalinga

State University - Laboratory High School School Year 2023 - 2024?

2. What is the career choice of the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State University -
Laboratory High School School Year 2023 - 2024?

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
3. What are the factors of socioeconomic background
that affect the career choice of the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State University -
Laboratory High School School Year 2023 - 2024?

III. STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE

The study will provide a snapshot of the economic and social conditions in which
these students are growing up. It will identify the fields of work these students are
currently interested in and considering for their futures. Finally, the study will also
help identify specific elements of socioeconomic status that significantly influence
career decision-making among these students.

1. To identify the socioeconomic backgrounds of the Grade 10 students of Kalinga

State University - Laboratory High School School Year 2023 - 2024.

2. To determine the career choice of the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State

University - Laboratory High School School Year 2023 - 2024.

3. To find out the factors of socioeconomic background that affect the career choice
of the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State University - Laboratory High School
School Year 2023 - 2024.

IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research on socioeconomic background is important for:

Students. The research can aid students in understanding their own background,
and how it can impact their own career choice. It can also help the students make
sense of the background of other students.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Parents. This research can aid in providing valuable
insights into the factors that influence student outcomes and can help parents to
make informed decisions about their children's educational journeys.

Teachers. The research can aid teachers understand the backgrounds of their
students, and how those backgrounds may impact their career choice. It can also
help promote policies and practices related to diversity and inclusion in the school.

School. The research can aid schools to understand how socioeconomic factors
may influence students' learning and development, and to develop more targeted
and useful strategies that are responsive to students' individual needs.

Guidance councilor. This research can aid guidance counselors to better

understand the complex relationships between socioeconomic factors and student
outcomes, and to develop more effective strategies for empowering students and
parents to overcome systemic barriers and achieve their goals.

Community. The research can aid the community understand their own
demographics, and how those demographics may impact the social, economic, and
political landscape of the community. It can also help promote policies and practices
related to diversity and inclusion in the community.

Government. The research can aid the government understand the demographics
and needs of the population, which can promote policies and programs related to
education, and economic development. It can also help the government understand
how different populations may experience discrimination and marginalization, which
can inform policies and practices related to social justice and equity.

V. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focuses on the factors of socioeconomic that have an effect on the
career choices of the Grade 10 students enrolled in Kalinga State University -

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Laboratory High School for the school year 2023 -
2024.

The limitation of the research is that it did not consider the other potential
influences that are unrelated to the respondents’ socioeconomic background.
Moreover, the study relied on self-reported data from the respondents.

VI. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Sex, Age, and Birth

Order

Socioeconomic Career Choice Among

Background the Grade - 10
Students

Parent/s’ Educational
Attainment and
Occupation, Number of
Siblings
Figure 1.

The framework shows the relationship between the Socioeconomic background

and the Career Choice Among the Grade - 10 Students of Kalinga State University.
In addition, there are mediating variables such as: Sex, Age and Birth Order for the
personal factors; and Parent/s’ Educational Attainment and Occupation, and Number
of Siblings for external factors. The mediating variables further explain the
relationship between the dependent and independent variables.

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Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
VII. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), a psychological framework
developed by Robert Lent, Steven Brown, and Gail Hackett in 1994, emphasizes the
role of personal factors, such as socioeconomic background, in career development.
The theory suggests that an individual’s career choices are influenced by their social
support and outcome expectations. In this framework, socioeconomic background
may impact career choices through its influence on resources, opportunities, and
role models available to students.

VIII. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aptitude - implies a natural liking for some activity and the likelihood of success in it.

Benchmark - something that serves as a standard by which others may be measured

or judged.

Conscientious - mean having or showing a strict regard for what is morally right.

Delving - to examine something carefully in order to discover more information about

someone or something.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
GPA - Your grade point average (GPA) is the average
result of all your grades and is calculated on a 7-point grading scale. 7 being the
highest (HD), and 0 is the lowest (fail).

Interpersonal - being, relating to, or involving relations between persons.

Pivotal - important because other things depend on it.

Socioeconomic - of, relating to, or involving a combination of social and economic

factors.

Socioeconomic status - is the position of an individual or group on the

socioeconomic scale, which is determined by a combination of social and economic
factors such as income, amount and kind of education, type and prestige of
occupation, place of residence, and—in some societies or parts of society—ethnic
origin or religious background.

Vocation - a type of work that you feel you are suited to doing and to which you
should give all your time and energy, or the feeling that a type of work suits you in
this way.

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Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

CHAPTER II
This chapter of the study shows the varying researches, both local and international,
that support, emphasize, and further elaborate the study.

I. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Career Choice

Career choice or career decision-making is a process that describes or explains

the choices that a person makes when deciding on a career. It also enables us to
recognize the various aspects that influence a person's career decision-making and
gives us insight into how these factors affect their career decisions and choices
(Richard Sharf, 2002).

Selecting a career track is crucial and must be thought of carefully because of its
long-term impact on an individual’s future career (Nazareno, et al., 2021). In
choosing a course, there are a lot of factors that student must consider. According to
Boyer (1987), A lot of time, money, and effort will be expended while choosing to
enroll in a course, it considered as one of life's big decisions. Career choice is one of
the biggest dilemma and challenge in any student’s life. It involves an interplay of
many factors which are intricately intertwined. It is not a straight forward task and
involves a difficult process of decision making (Bandura et al., 2001). According to
(Albert et al., 2016) the career selection factors includes encouragement from peers,

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Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
mentors, faculty and practicing (Brooker et al., 2018)
internal and social value. The level of the students' social status, financial resources,
affordability, and likelihood of future employment all have an impact on the careers
they choose (Saniter & Siedler, 2021).

The career choice involves an idea of developing personal expertise and identity
as social and personal. Career choice is approached through the process and
viewpoints of curriculum choice (Hirsto & Buchert, 2016). Career is a moving
perspective that imposes personal meaning on past memories, present experiences,
and future.

B. Socioeconomic

Different factors play into a student’s choosing of their respective career and
according to Bandura et al (2001), individuals who partake in the process of
choosing a career are affected by several variables including their living
environment, their social circles, their personal aptitudes, and their level of
education.

One such variable that makes an impact on a student’s career decision is their
socioeconomic situation. Just as Laroco (2022) expressed, research has shown that
social economic profile has a significant effect on the educational and career
aspirations of a student. An individual’s socioeconomic background plays a crucial
role in shaping one’s perspective in deciding a career.

To further support the effect of socioeconomic background on a student’s career

choice, Friesen (1981) states that the vocational choices of a person is determined
by their social and economic environment. Likewise, a student’s success in their
career decision can be best grasped through making sure their guide in picking their
senior high school strand is in line with their personality, ability, intellect, and
especially their socioeconomic background (Nancy Pascual, 2014).

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Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Socioeconomic backgrounds play a big role in
shaping a student’s decision in regards to their career path, with many researchers
(Tanuja Agarwala, 2008; Natalie Ferry, 2006; Pei-Wen Ma & Christine Yeh, 2005)
arguing that Socioeconomic status is the major variable that influences the decision
of career-making.

C. Sex and Age

One of the most significant factors which impacts professional development and
career decisions in male and female adolescent behavioral traits is their sex
(Rojewski & Hill, 1998; Osipow & Fitzgerald, 1996; Davey & Stoppard, 1993).
Studies on sex and career decision-making have shown that women have fewer
career options than men. However, a few researchers have claimed that women
having fewer career options is due to them experiencing educational discrimination
from their family (Heins et al., 1982). From a young age, adolescents have the
tendency to think that certain vocations are only suitable for females, while others
are for males (Mudhovozi & Chireshe, 2012). According to a study conducted in
Maguindanao (Laroco, 2022), males and females generally have different
perspectives an priorities on the matter of career choice. Moreover, according to
Mendez & Crawford (2002), and Looft (1971) women are typically limited to fewer
occupational choices.

Mudhovozi & Chireshe (2012) noted that most children between the ages of six
and eight begin to develop their "tolerable sex type occupational boundaries."
Children and adolescents ranging from nine to thirteen years old start to consider the

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Kalinga State University
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Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
occupations that are socially acceptable, this
ultimately depends on their competence, ability and social class (Helwig, 2001).

A research by Kaneez and Medha (2018) points out that female students aged
13 years mostly consider their career decision with their parents while at 14 years
old, they consider their academic performance, and the 15 years old students
consider the job market understanding. Most of male students across all age bracket
consider their academic performance to choose what to study.

D. Parent’s Educational Attainment and Occupation

A local study by Nazareno, et al. (2021) states that Family income and parents'
educational attainment and occupation have been found to motivate students' career
choices, with many researchers (Dagang & de Mesa, 2017; Khoo et al., 2015;
Ouano et al., 2019) agreeing that parents’ influence is a large factor for a student’s
decision in a career path. Their personal preferences, their educational attainment,
their income, and their occupation influences a student in terms of career choice. To
add to that, students are commonly inspired to choose a career by the work of the
members of the family. One of the interpersonal factors that affect career choice is
family impact.

Olamide and Olawaiye (2013) state that students who have parents with high
education level have an effect on their career choice. This is further assisted by the
tendency that children make decisions in their career path in relation to their parents’
occupation, at the same time, try to acquire information and the experience from
their parents’ careers (Natalie Ferry, 2006).

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Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
To add, parents who have advanced degrees will
have past achievements that may become the benchmark for their children to follow.
Whether the parent/s’ GPA is linked to intelligence, or disciplined study, or even
both, the children will inherit these traits and behaviors. Parents who have high
educational attainment will foster those things that are crucial in their children and
prioritize academic success. On the other hand, parent/s who graduated with a
minimal degree typically do not have the aspirations or the financial means to raise
higher-achieving students (Nelson, 2009).

In addition, Obiyo & Eze (2015) expressed that children from high-income families
usually have high career aspirations. On the other hand, children prefer skilled jobs
when they come from lower income families. Their research further stated that
regardless of the level of income, both kinds of families desire for their children to be
educated and acquire prestigious occupations.

E. Birth Order and Number of Siblings

A study conducted in the Philippines (Nazareno, et al., 2021) asserts that Socio-
demographic variables such as birth order, and number of siblings do have an
impact on the career track of a student. Stewart et al. (2001) states that the birth
order of an individual in their family plays a substantial role in the development of
their personality, character, intelligence, and career choices. An individual’s birth
order is the first predictor of how one will behave, think and feel. The position a child
is born into has the potential to shape their personality, self-esteem, intelligence, and
eventually their career choices (Collins, 2006). First-borns, middle children, last-
borns, and only children are brought up differently and under different methods by
their parent/s, thus affecting their perceptions, preferences, mindset, and
personalities.

Often, first-born children are thought to be more conscientious and achieving in

comparison with the child’s other siblings, due to their desire to please their parent/s
(Paulhus, Trapnell, & Chen, 1999). First-born children are commonly perfectionists,

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
and are highly-motivated, which in turn affects their
academic performance (Collins, 2006). Herrera et al. (2003) claims that first-borns
are expected to choose career paths such as law and medicine.

Whereas high intelligence is attributed to firstborns, last-born children are

believed to be more on the creative and artsy side. Thus, they would gravitate
towards occupations like artists, musicians, and photographers (Herrera et al.,
2003).

In addition, a research conducted by Collins (2006) expresses that individuals

who identify as the middle child would commonly have a well-developed sense of
interpersonal and social abilities. Because of that, the best fit for individuals like this
may be a career in a social or creative area.

Finally, like the first-born, an only child resembles the aspect of having frequent
interactions with their parent/s rather than other children which also makes them
likely to pursue careers that are academic in nature (USA Today, 2002, p.11).

Family size also plays a role in the shaping of the career choice of an individual.
In each individual family, family size alters the family structure, and this is a result of
issues in resources, as well as competition. For example, children in small families
are associated towards interpersonal and emotional interactions, while children in
larger families tend to be associated with authoritarian control (Tashakkori,
Thompson, & Yousefi, 1990).

Additionally, siblings have an impact on one another’s success and failure.

Siblings have a stronger influence on each other the farther apart they are from their
parents in birth order. As a result, siblings tend to affect one another more while
parents' influences are frequently lessened as the family grows (Conley, 2004).

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Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will explain the methods used in the gathering and analysis of data. It
includes the research design, locale of the study, population and sampling, data
gathering, and analysis of data.

I. RESEARCH DESIGN
The study employed is a quantitative research that uses a descriptive design.
The main purpose of the researchers was to comprehensively address the factors of
socioeconomic background that have an affect on a student’s career choice. This
chosen approach was responsible for assisting the researchers in completing the
study.

The goal of descriptive research is to identify the features of a population or

specific phenomenon. With the exception of why something occurred, descriptive

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
research allows one to find patterns in a group’s
features and practically establish everything needed to know. The plan is the overall
program of the research and includes an outline of what the investigator will do from
writing of the hypothesis and their operational implications for the final analysis of
data, according to Kerlinger (1986). Creswell (1994) asserts that the purpose of the
descriptive approach of research is to obtain data regarding the current state of the
situation.

This study employed a descriptive design, it used a survey checklist to collect

information about the socioeconomic status of the participants and their career
preferences. The researchers observed, recorded, compiled, and categorized the
respondents’ responses using the data they have collected.

II. LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The researchers chose the location to further contribute to the growing knowledge of
the university in terms of understanding the students’ choices regarding their career
choices.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
III. POPULATION AND SAMPLING
The respondents in this study comprised of the grade 10 students from the two
sections: Alpha - 10 and Beta - 10 of Kalinga State University Laboratory High
School S.Y 2023-2024. However, the researchers only collected from a sample of
available students in a population of 84. The sample of this study was selected
through random sampling wherein the samples were selected on the basis of
convenience, and numbered 50 students.

IV. DATA GATHERING

The researchers followed some procedures in data accumulation to organize the
gathering of data needed in the study.
1. The researchers provided a permission letter that was signed by the researcher’s
adviser, and the Department Principal since this study is a school-based research.
2. The researchers informed the subject-participants about the study that was
conducted and sought permission from them by giving out a consent form to prevent
any form of coercement.

3. The researchers then distributed the printed questionnaires to the chosen Grade
10 students which was checked and validated by the research adviser to ensure its
eligibility, appropriateness and relevance.
4. A short interview was also conducted from a few random Grade 10 students to
gather new insights about the research topic.
5. The data gathered from the answers and responses of the participants to the
given close-ended questionnaires was manually transcribed into Microsoft Word.

Data Gathering Instruments

The researchers used a questionnaire to identify and recognize the socioeconomic

factors that have an effect on grade 10 students’ choice in career path. It contains
two main parts:

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
● Part 1 was used to elicit a respondent's profile such
as name, sex, age, birth order, number of siblings, parent’s profession and their
desired career choice.
● Part 2 is a checklist wherein it comprises of the socioeconomic factors that can
affect the students in choosing their careers. The first factor of this is with regards to
age which passed the cronbach alpha of 0.70 which is described as acceptable and
reliable. For the factor in regards to sex, it passed the test with a result of 0.75 which
is acceptable and reliable. In the part of birth order, it garnered a 0.72 result that is
considered acceptable and reliable. Fourth, the financial part passed the test as
acceptable and reliable with a score of 0.72. The parental influence gained a score
of 0.69 which is questionable but still considered reliable. Finally, family size passed
as acceptable and reliable with a score of 0.70. On average, our survey
questionnaire garnered scores considered as acceptable and reliable in the
cronbach alpha test.

V. ANALYSIS OF DATA
Our data analysis plan investigated factors of socioeconomic backgrounds that
can affect the Grade 10 students' career choice. We employed quantitative research
methods, including checklist surveys and statistical analysis, to collect and examine
the data. The socioeconomic variables under consideration included

parental influence and education, age, sex, birth order, immediate family size, and
financial situation. We used statistical methods to discern the socioeconomic factors
that affect the students' career preferences. The outcomes of this analysis provided
valuable insights into how socioeconomic background influences career aspirations
among our Grade 10 students, facilitating evidence-based strategies for educational
and career guidance.

We used descriptive statistics to find out the factors that have an effect on the
grade 10 students’ career choice. In descriptive statistics, we used frequency and
percentage to describe the characteristics of our collected data. Cronbach alpha was
also used to determine the reliability of the survey checklist.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
VI. STATISTICAL TOOL
The statistical tools used in the research to assist the researchers in further
understanding the results and data that were gathered were weighted mean,
frequency, and percentage.

CHAPTER IV
I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data
about the problems stated in chapter one. It further decodes the most imperative
knowledge and understandings necessary for drawing conclusions and
recommendations. This part describes which of the factors of socioeconomic
background has an influence on Grade 10 students’ career choice.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 1. Profile of the Grade 10 Students in terms of Age
Age Frequency Percentage
14 1 2

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
15 42 84
16 7 14
Total 50 100

The table above shows the frequency and percentage of the age of the
respondents coming from the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State University-
Laboratory High School S.Y 2023-2024. It shows that there are a total 50 grade 10
respondent in the survey. The highest frequency is 42 with 84% which are the
students aged 15 years old, and the lowest frequency is 1 with 2% pointing to a
single student who is 14 years old.

This table is supported by the research of Hossain (2010) that states how there
is such a thing called ‘age in grade congruent’ where there exists an appropriate age
range for certain grade levels. As an example, the children who are six years of age
are in Grade 1 and so on and so forth; continuing this thought, we would arrive at the
conclusion that those who are in Grade 10 would consist of 15 to 16-year-olds,
provided that there are no students who repeated a grade level.

Table 2. Profile of the Grade 10 Students in terms of Sex

Gender Frequency Percentage
Female 38 76
Male 12 24
Total 50 100

The frequency and percentage of the respondents' sex among Grade 10

students at Kalinga State University's Laboratory High School for the school year
2023–2024 are displayed in the above table. The frequency of females is higher at
38 with 76% compared to that of males at 12 with 24%.

There are more girls than boys in the tenth grade, which may be explained by
the study of Jabbar and Warraich (2022) concluding that girls’ academic
achievements in school are higher on average, compared to that of boys’ academic
achievements which could explain why there is a higher number of girls compared to
boys in the 10th grade. To add to this, another study (Speizer, et al., 2020) found out
that girls have a positive tendency towards reading compared to boys.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Table 3. Profile of the Grade 10 Students in terms of No. of Siblings

No. of Siblings Frequency Percentage
0 1 2
1 2 4
2 12 24
3 13 26
4 13 26
5 5 10
6 2 4
7 2 4
Total 50 100

The table displays the frequency and proportion of respondents' siblings who are
Grade 10 students at Kalinga State University-Laboratory High School S.Y 2023-
2024. The children with three or four siblings have the highest frequency (13 or
26%), while the students with no siblings have the lowest frequency (1 or 2%). In
between, there are 2 students who have one sibling, 12 students who have 2
siblings, 5 students with five siblings, 2 students with six siblings, and another 2
students with seven siblings.

Women in the Philippines have an average of 3.3 children, according to the

Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey (2009). Women in cities have
an average of 2.8 children, whereas women in rural regions have an average of 3.8
children.

Table 4. Profile of the Grade 10 Students in terms of their Birth Order

Birth Order Frequency Percentage
1st 17 34
2nd 13 26
3rd 7 14
4th 9 18
5th 3 6
6th 1 2
Total 50 100

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

The table above displays the frequency and proportion of respondents' birth
order from Kalinga State University-Laboratory High School S.Y 2023-2024. The
highest frequency is 17 having 34%, indicating that the many of the respondents are
born as the first child, while the lowest frequency is 1 with 2%, indicating that the
only one student from the respondents are born as the sixth child.

According to Almonte & Andal (2023), first-born children have a higher number of
students among grade 10 students due to a variety of circumstances. According to
research, first-born children are more intellectually interested and less socially
interested than later-born children. Furthermore, the over-representation of first-born
children in college populations is influenced by both factors (Kim, 2019).

Table 5.1: The table shows the Father’s Occupation of Grade 10 Students
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Military 10 20
Farming 9 18
Government 6 12
Self-employed 5 10
Engineering 5 10
Unemployed 5 10
Businessman 4 8
Education 3 6
Seaman 1 2
OFW 1 2
Unknown 1 2
Total 50 100

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The frequency and proportion of the father's
occupation of the respondents from Kalinga State University-Laboratory High School
S.Y 2023-2024 are presented in the table above. The highest frequency is 10
garnering 20%, indicating that many students have fathers working in the military,
while the lowest frequency is 1 with 2%, indicating that only one student from the
sample have fathers working as a seaman and an OFW. There is also one student
who answered unknown under their father’s occupation.

This data is supported by the study of Nadya, et al. (2016), stating that military
indoctrination is an important process of socialization for adults, particularly in
understanding the roles of adult males. This is because a significant portion of the
male population has undergone basic training. The military plays a significant role in
shaping and reinforcing the values and norms associated with masculinity.

Table 5.2: The table shows the Mother Occupation of Grade 10 Students
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Unemployed 19 38
Education 10 20
Government 9 18
Farming 4 8
Self-employed 2 4
Engineering 2 4
Unknown 2 4
Businesswomen 1 2
Medicine 1 2
Total 50 100

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The prevalence and percentage of the mother's
occupation of respondents from Kalinga State University-Laboratory High School S.Y
2023-2024 is shown above. Many number of students’ mothers are unemployed,
displaying the highest frequency (18 or 38%), whereas the lowest frequency in the
table show the occupations related to being a businesswomen and working in the
medical field with a frequency of 1 and a percentage of 2% each.

As mentioned by Wyrobková and Okrajek (2014), although the labor force

participation of females is on the rise, their unemployment rates remain high due to
occupational segregation. Many women still enter industries dominated by females,
while discrimination from employers hinders their access to male-dominated roles.
Another research (Waters, L.E. & Moore, K.A, 2002) also states that one reason for
many women being unemployed contributes to their other role as the care-giver of
the family.

Career Choices of the Respondents

Table 6. The table shows the Career Choices of Grade 10 Students
Career Choice Frequency Percentage
Nurse 4 8
Doctor 3 6
Psychologist 2 4
Dermatologist 2 4
Surgeon 4 8
Dentist 4 8
Forensic Pathologist 2 4
Veterinarian 2 4
Police 1 2
PMA Pilot 1 2
Philippine Air Force 1 2

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Civil Engineer 5 10
Software Engineer 1 2
Teacher 1 2
Chemistry Professor 1 2
Flight Attendant 1 2
Accountant 2 4
Aviator 1 2
Architect 2 4
Lawyer 3 6
Seaman 1 2
Undecided 6 12

Table 6 shows the frequency along with percentage of respondents' career

choices from Kalinga State University-Laboratory High School S.Y 2023-2024 Grade
10 students. It is shown that many students' preferred career path is in the medical
field which includes jobs such as nursing (4 or 8%), doctor (3 or 6%), psychology (2
or 4%), dermatology (2 or 4%), surgery (4 or 8%), dentistry (4 or 8%), forensic
pathology (2 or 4%), and veterinary (2 or 4%), with a percentage of 46 that consists
of 26 respondents all together. On the other hand, careers related to air and sea
travel are the lowest, with only 6 percent, implying that each course has only one
determined respondent.

A study (Madden et al., 2023) found that medicine was viewed as a favorable
career path to choose in order to unleash students' potential, which is consistent with
our own findings, which show that 46% of our respondents have interests aligned in
medicine. Learning about the demands and needs of the healthcare system in the

medical field seizes the opportunity to strengthen the process of acquiring

knowledge, and thus the choices to make as a student. As a result, it has been
determined that the medical field provides numerous opportunities to students, which
is an important factor in their decision.

According to Mahusay and Bantugan (2020), adjustments and changes are

constant, and these hold the power to positively or negatively affect someone. Our
study found out that among the different career choices, those related to air and sea
travel are the lowest. Mahusay and Bantugan’s study further states that some

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
challenges involved in such occupations are
employment difficulties, struggles entangled with changing residences, and some
adjustments to make after their careers.

Answers for the Close-ended Portion

FACTOR 1. AGE
AGE YES % NO %
My age has a great influence 12 24 38 76
on my career choice.
My age limits the knowledge I 23 46 27 54
have of my preferred career.
My age affects how I see my 23 46 27 54
preferred career.
My age stops me from 5 10 45 90
choosing my preferred career.
My age is currently a 18 36 32 64
disadvantage in my pursuit of
a career.
My age is an influence in my 19 26 31 74
understanding of careers.
My age bounds me to a certain 23 46 27 54
occupational field.
My age has nothing to do with 29 58 21 42
my career choice.

The table above shows the socioeconomic factor in regards to age. It indicates
that only 24% of the respondents agree that their age has a significant influence on
their career choice. On the other hand, 76% agree that their age has no influence on

their career choice, supporting this is the 90% that agreed that their age does not
stop them from choosing their preferred career.

This table is opposed by the study that found out how adolescents in their early
teenage years start to consider the occupations that are socially acceptable, this
ultimately depends on their competence, ability and social class (Helwig, 2001). In
addition, a grade 10 student states that their current age does not really matter in
their career choice, but the maturity that comes with age can change a person’s
priorities when it comes to deciding their career.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

FACTOR 2. SEX
SEX YES % NO %
My sex has a great influence 28 27 22 73
on my career choice.
My sex is meant for a specific 19 38 31 62
career.
My role model’s sex influences 27 54 23 46
my career choice.
My sex is the motivating factor 18 36 32 64
that made me choose my
career.
My sex limits what career path 13 26 37 74
can I choose for myself.
My sex made me face certain 27 54 23 46
barriers in pursuing certain
career paths.
My sex pressures me into 15 30 35 70
choosing certain career paths.
My sex does not affect my 39 78 11 22
career choice.

The table above shows the socioeconomic factor in regards to sex. It indicates
that 78% of the students answered that their sex has no impact on their career
choice. To add, 74% of our respondents agreed that their sex does not limit their
career choice, and 70% are not pressured into choosing certain career paths due to
their sex.

This result opposes the study of Rojewski & Hill, (1998). Their study states that
one of the most significant factors which impacts professional development and
career decisions in male and female adolescent behavioral traits is their sex.
However, our study is supported by Ms. Onggao, a 10-Beta student who stated, “I
don’t think sex impacts career choices much, especially with the progress of gender
equality.”

FACTOR 3. BIRTH ORDER

BIRTH ORDER YES % NO %

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
My birth order pressures me 13 26 37 74
into choosing certain careers.
My birth order hinders what I 10 20 40 80
want to do for my future.
My birth order teaches me 28 56 22 44
certain knowledge which
affects my career choice.
My birth order provides me an 32 64 18 36
advantage.
My birth order influenced my 31 62 19 38
career choice through shaping
my personality.
My birth order makes my 8 16 42 84
career options limited.
My birth order is taken into 20 40 30 60
consideration in choosing a
career path.
My birth order does not 20 40 30 60
influence my career choice.

The aforementioned table illustrates the socioeconomic factor in relation to birth

order. 60% of the respondents answered that their career choice is influenced by
their birth order while 40% are not. The table further shows that 64% of students
believe their birth order gives them an advantage when choosing a career, and 84%
of our respondents agreed that their birth order does not limit their career choice.

This result is supported the study of Stewart et al. (2001) states that the birth
order of an individual in their family plays a substantial role in the development of
their personality, character, intelligence, and career choices.

Additionally, the study of (Collins, 2006) states that an individual’s birth order is
the first predictor of how one will behave, think and feel. The position a child is born
into has the potential to shape their personality, self-esteem, intelligence, and
eventually their career choices. From an interview, a students states that birth order
has a significant impact, especially because she speaks from experience as a first-
born, along with this, another student states that he also feels that birth order has a
an affect on his career choice as an only child.

FACTOR 4. FINANCIAL STATUS

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
FINANCIAL YES % NO %
My financial situation 42 84 8 16
influences my career choice.
I have sufficient financial 31 63 19 38
support for my chosen career
choice.
My financial situation limits my 33 66 17 34
choices for my career.
My financial situation opens up 36 72 14 28
resources for my desired
career choice.
Money has been an issue in 37 74 13 26
choosing a career.
The financial impact of a 39 78 11 22
career choice affects my long-
term plans.
My chosen career is what my 22 44 28 56
parents can afford to train me
in.
My financial situation does not 30 60 20 40
affect my career choice.

The table above shows the socioeconomic factor in relation to our respondents'
financial status. It reveals that 84% of our respondents believe their financial
situation has an impact on their career choices. Following this, 78% state that the
financial impact of their chosen career choice influences their long-term plans. 56%
of our respondents agreed that the career they choose must be in line with what their
parents can afford to train them in.

“There are some things I can’t really do because of our family’s financial state. A
student, especially us minors, depend on adults to provide us with the money to
support our studies”, states a student from 10-Alpha. To further our findings, the
study of Obiyo & Eze (2015) are aligned with ours where they expressed that
children from high-income families usually have high career aspirations while
children prefer skilled jobs when they come from lower income families.

FACTOR 5. PARENTAL INFLUENCE

PARENTAL INFLUENCE YES % NO %

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
My parent/s chose my career. 4 8 46 92
My parent/s push me to take up 14 28 36 72
a certain course.
My parent/s always give 45 90 5 10
guidance and advice in
decisions regarding my career
choice.
My parent/s’ occupation is my 21 42 29 58
basis for a career path.
My parent/s encourage me in 43 86 7 14
my academics.
My parent/s support me in 47 94 3 6
whatever career path I choose.
My parent/s’ educational 27 54 23 46
attainment push me into
pursuing certain careers.
My parent/s have no influence 10 20 40 80
on my career choice.

The table above presents the socioeconomic factor in relation to our

respondents' parental influence. 80% of the respondents answer that their career
choice is influenced by their parents. The results also reveal that 94% of our
respondents believe their parents fully support their career choice. In addition, 92%
of our respondents agreed that their parents do not choose their career, and 90%
are given guidance and advice regarding career decision making, so the
respondents’ parents are not a hindrance in deciding which career they want to
pursue.

This result is alike with the study of Ouano et al. (2019) who agree that parents’
influence is a large factor for a student’s decision in a career path, along with another
10-Alpha student, Mr. Wandaga’s answer that his parents’ support has helped him
come far in his academics.

FACTOR 6. FAMILY SIZE

FAMILY SIZE YES % NO %

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
My family size has an influence 26 56 24 48
on my career choice.
My family size teaches me to 24 48 26 52
be practical.
My family size pushes me to 36 72 14 28
choose what I really want to
pursue.
My family size can support my 44 88 6 12
future goals.
My family size sets a boundary 23 46 27 54
between me and my passion.
My family size is a drawback in 30 60 20 40
regards to my career choice.
My family size limits my 21 42 29 58
resources.
My family size has nothing to 24 48 26 56
do with my career choice.

The table above shows the socioeconomic factor in relation to the family size of
our respondents. It reveals that 56% of the respondents’ career choice is affected by
their family size and 48% are not. 88% of our respondents believe their family size
will enable them to achieve their future career goals. Furthermore, 58% of our
respondents agreed that the size of their family does not limit their resources in their
future career.

Our findings are supported by the study of (Conley, 2004) which states how in
each individual family, family size alters the family structure, and this is a result of
issues in resources, as well as competition. Moreover, another student from 10-Beta,
with 3 siblings, says that family size does affect career perspective, because often
times, the number of people in a family can affect the amount of resources, attention
and opportunities that can be distributed between each person.

CHAPTER V
I. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Regarding the socioeconomic status of the 50 Grade 10 students who were the
respondents of the research, majority of them were 15 years old, numbering 42 and
making up 84% of the whole data. 7 students were 16 years old, which is 14% and a
single respondent was 14 years old, the final 2%.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
In terms of sex, a majority of the respondents were
found to be female, numbering 38 out of the 50, being interpreted as 76%. On the
other hand, the male is composed of 12 students or 24%.

The data that was recorded also included the number of siblings each student
had. There was an equal distribution among the answers 3 and 4 which was 13
(26%) student for each. Following that, the students who have 2 siblings numbered
12 (24%). 5 students (10%) answered that they have 5 siblings. 2 students (4%)
have 6 siblings, and 2 students (4%) also have 7 siblings. The lowest frequency
under the factor in regards to the number of siblings is 1, where a single student
(2%) answered that they have no siblings.

For the birth order of the respondents, we recorded that 17 of them are first-
borns which turns to 34% and in turn being the one with the highest frequency. 13
students (26%) are born second in their family, followed by 9 students (18%) born as
the fourth child. 7 (14%) are born third, 3 (6%) are born fifth, and making up the
lowest frequency is 1 student (2%) born as the sixth child.

In regards to the father’s occupation of the respondents, 10 (20%) answered that

their fathers worked in the military, following this, are the 9 (18%) students who have
fathers working as farmers and the 6 (12%) students whose fathers work as
government employees. In the field of engineering, 5 students (10%) have fathers
who work in relation to it. There are 5 (10%) students who answered that their
fathers are self-employed, and another 5 (10%) who have unemployed fathers. 4
students (8%) have fathers working in the business sector, and 3 (6%) students
answered that

their fathers work in the education field. Lastly, under seaman, OFW, and unknown,
1 (2%) answered for each separately.

For the respondents’ mother’s occupation, 38% answered that their mothers are
unemployed, following this, 10% are working in the education field and 18% work in
the government. 8% of the students have mothers working as farmers, and a

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
percentage of 4% each for the three: self-employed,
engineering, and unknown were answered by the students. Lastly, 2% each
answered that their mothers are in the medical field, and work as businesswomen.

The career choices that we categorized under the medical field made up 46% of
the entirety of our data, or 23 students answered that their career choices were
aligned with the medical field. Those interested in engineering were 6 students
(12%); same with the number of those who are still undecided. In the military
department, there were 3 (6%) who wanted to pursue it as a career, same with law
where 3 students (6%) also answered. The occupations that all had 2 students (4%)
each were those related in education, accountancy, and architecture. Under flight
attendant, seaman, and aviator, 1 respondent (2%) answered for each as their
chosen career path.

For the data under the socioeconomic factor related to age, the data shows that
majority of them, numbering a frequency of 38 or 76% of the students are not
influenced by their age in choosing a career path. In regards to sex, 39 students or
78% do not consider their sex as a factor in choosing a career path. Additionally,
under the birth order, 30 students (60%) are affected by their birth orders while 20
(40%) are not.

From the data collected, a number of 42 students (84%) answered that their
financial status is a factor that affects their career choice. Following this, the parental
influence factor affects 80% of the respondents and does not affect the 20%. Under
the socioeconomic factor in regards to family size, 28 students or 56% of the data,
consider their family size as a factor that affects their career choice.

II. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, most of our respondents are 15 years old which comes to 84%,
and 76% of them are female. There was an equal distribution of 26% on respondents
that have 3 and 4 siblings. In the birth order, the highest percentage was 34% which
are the firs-born.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
For the respondent’s parents’ occupation, 20% was
the highest percentage in terms of their father’s occupation where they worked in the
military field. Meanwhile, for the mother’s occupation, the highest frequency was 19
or 38% wherein their mothers are unemployed.

In terms of career choice, 46% have career choices that are in line with the
medical field. The jobs connected to sea and air travel have the lowest percentage
with only 2% in sea travel and 4% in air travel.

The listed socioeconomic factors that may have an affect in a student’s career
choice in the study were: Age, Sex, , Birth Order, Financial Status, Parental
Influence, and Family Size. Under Age, 76% stated that their age does not influence
their career choice. 73% of the respondents state that their Sex does not affect their
career choice. For the factor that is Birth Order, 60% answered that their birth order
has an influence on their career choice; and under Financial Status, 84% answered
that their financial status has an impact on their career choice. 80% of the total
respondents agree that their parents have an influence in their career decisions.
Finally, 56% answered that their family size has an influence in their career choice.

Our data shows that the socioeconomic factors that do affect most of the Grade 10
students of Kalinga State University in their career choice are:

1. Birth Order
2. Financial Status
3. Parental Influence
4. Family Size

III. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. A career should be chosen with many other factors in consideration, not just those
mentioned in the study.
2. Students’ career plans must be developed continuously and should begin as early
as high school. This is done in order to help students in thoroughly identifying the
best career for them.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
3. Parents should be included in the development of
students' career programs so that they can sympathize with and help students in
choosing the most suitable path for their child.
4. Parents must be understanding and considerate in order to provide proper
guidance to their children when the time comes to choose their path.
5. Guidance councilors and teachers should critically consider all aspects of a
student’s life, including their socioeconomic status, when it comes to identifying a
career for a student.

APPENDIX
I. CRONBACH ALPHA RESULTS
Age:
Questions
Respondent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

42
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
7 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
10 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
CRONBACH ALPHA: 0.703812

Sex:
Questions
Respondent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
3 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
5 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2
6 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
9 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
10 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
CRONBACH ALPHA: 0.753799

Birth Order
Questions
Respondent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1
4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
6 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
7 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
9 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
10 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
CRONBACH ALPHA: 0.722876

Financial:
Questions
Respondent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

43
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
4 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
6 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
7 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1
8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
CRONBACH ALPHA: 0.727632

Parental Influence
Questions
Respondent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
7 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
10 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
CRONBACH ALPHA: 0.696742

Family Size:
Questions
Respondent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
4 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
6 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
7 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
9 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
10 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
CRONBACH ALPHA: 0.70838

II. LETTER TO THE PRINCIPAL

44
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Dear Madam Principal
Greetings!

We would like to ask your permission to allow us to conduct a survey among the
selected grade 10 students in your school. In partial fulfillment of our research study
entitled, “Socioeconomic Background: The Factors that Affect the Career Choice of
the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State University- Laboratory High School School
Year 2023-2024”.

The survey would last only for about 20 minutes or the respondents can take the
survey questionnaires at home and would be arranged at a time convenient to their
schedule. Rest assured that the data we will gather will remain absolutely
confidential and to be used in academic purposes only.

We believe that you are with us in our enthusiasm to finish the requirement as
compliance for our subject Practical Research 2. We hope for your positive response
on this humble matter. Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly
appreciated. Thank you in advance.

Respectfully yours,

The researchers:
Abaoag, Jasmine Claire B.
Bucalen, Rosalyn G.
Dangilan, Jillian L.
Donggayao, Neftali W.
Macaranas, Joyce L.
Puday, Wynonna O.
Rivero, Rima Gail G.
Wandag, Zorin Aleera N.

Noted by:

Ma’am Grethen Tuquilar

Research Adviser

Approved by:

Ma’am Sudemai Pauline Buen

School Principal

III. LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

45
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Dear Respondents:
Greetings!

We are currently conducting a study entitled “Socioeconomic Background: Its

Effect on the Career Choice Among the Grade 10 students of Kalinga State
University- Laboratory High School School Year 2023-2024”. In partial fulfillment of
the requirements for our subject Practical Research 2.

In this regard, we are respectfully requesting for your time and participation in
answering the given survey questions for our study. Rest assured that all of the data
gathered will be treated with respect and confidentiality and for research purposes
only.

Your participation is highly appreciated.

Thank you very much for your support and cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

The researchers:
Abaoag, Jasmine Claire B.
Bucalen, Rosalyn G.
Dangilan, Jillian L.
Donggayao, Neftali W.
Macaranas, Joyce L.
Puday, Wynonna O.
Rivero, Rima Gail G.
Wandag, Zorin Aleera N.

Noted by:

Ma’am Grethen Tuquilar

Research Adviser

Approved by:

Ma’am Sudemai Pauline Buen

School Principal

IV. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

46
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
PART I:

Name (Optional): Grade and Section:

Age:
Sex:
Number of Siblings:
Birth Order:
Career Choice:

Father’s Occupation:
Mother’s Occupation:

PART II:

AGE: YES NO
My age has a great influence on my career choice.
My age limits the knowledge I have of my preferred career.
My age affects how I see my preferred career.
My age stops me from choosing my preferred career.
My age is currently a disadvantage in my pursuit of a career.
My age is an influence in my understanding of careers.
My age bounds me to a certain occupational field.
My age has nothing to do with my career choice.

SEX: YES NO
My sex has a great influence on my career choice.
My sex is meant for a specific career.
My role model’s sex influences my career choice.
My sex is the motivating factor that made me choose my career.
My sex limits what career path can I choose for myself.
My sex made me face certain barriers in pursuing certain career paths.
My sex pressures me into choosing certain career paths.
My sex does not affect my career choice.

BIRTH ORDER: YES NO

My birth order pressures me into choosing certain careers.
My birth order hinders what I want to do for my future.
My birth order teaches me certain knowledge which affects my career
choice.
My birth order provides me an advantage.
My birth order influenced my career choice through shaping my
personality.
My birth order makes my career options limited.
My birth order is taken into consideration in choosing a career path.
My birth order does not influence my career choice.

47
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
Laboratory High School
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
FINANCIAL: YES NO
My financial situation influences my career choice.
I have sufficient financial support for my chosen career choice.
My financial situation limits my choices for my career.
My financial situation opens up resources for my desired career choice.
Money has been an issue in choosing a career.
The financial impact of a career choice affects my long-term plans.
My chosen career is what my parents can afford to train me in.
My financial situation does not affect my career choice.

PARENTAL INFLUENCE: YES NO

My parent/s chose my career.
My parent/s push me to take up a certain course.
My parent/s always give guidance and advice in decisions regarding my
career choice.
My parent/s’ occupation is my basis for a career path.
My parent/s encourage me in my academics.
My parent/s support me in whatever career path I choose.
My parent/s’ educational attainment push me into pursuing certain
careers.
My parent/s have no influence on my career choice.

FAMILY SIZE: YES NO

My family size has an influence on my career choice.
My family size teaches me to be practical.
My family size pushes me to choose what I really want to pursue.
My family size can support my future goals.
My family size sets a boundary between me and my passion.
My family size is a drawback in regards to my career choice.
My family size limits my resources.
My family size has nothing to do with my career choice.

The following questionnaire was lifted from the study of International Journal of
Current Aspects in Social Sciences (IJCASS), ISSN 2616-6976, Volume 2, Issue2,
June 2018, PP 1-9 and from the study of Cervera, A., Divino, D., & Verjom, S.
(2016). Factors Affecting Grade 10 Students in Choosing Their Preferred Tracks for
Senior High School.

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