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SS 557 : 2010
(ICS 91.200)

SINGAPORE STANDARD

Code of practice for demolition

(Formerly CP 11)

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SS 557 : 2010
(ICS 91.200)

SINGAPORE STANDARD

Code of practice for demolition

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may be
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from SPRING Singapore at the
address below:

Standards
SPRING Singapore
1 Fusionopolis Walk,
#01-02 South Tower, Solaris
Singapore 138628
Email : [email protected]

ISBN 978-981-4278-54-6
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SS 557 : 2010

This Singapore Standard was approved by the Building and Construction Standards Committee on
behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 30 July 2010.

First published, 1980

First revision, 1992
Second revision, 2002
Third revision and re-numbered as SS 557, 2010

The Building and Construction Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of
the following members:

Name Capacity

Chairman : Mr Goh Peng Thong Member, Standards Council

st
1 Dy Chairman : Mr Lee Chuan Seng Member, Standards Council
nd
2 Dy Chairman : Mr Tan Tian Chong Member, Standards Council
Secretary : Mr Kenneth Lim SPRING Singapore
Members : Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Civil Defence Force
Er. Chan Ewe Jin Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Mr Chan Yew Kwong Ministry of Manpower
Mr Paul Fok Land Transport Authority
Mr Goh Ngan Hong Singapore Institute of Surveyors and
Valuers
Mr Anselm Gonsalves National Environment Agency
Mr Desmond Hill Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Mr Benedict Lee Khee Chong Singapore Institute of Architects
Ms Andris Leong Building and Construction Authority
Assoc Prof Leong Eng Choon Nanyang Technological University
Dr Lim Lan-Yuan The Association of Property and Facility
Managers
Mr McDonald Low Real Estate Developers’ Association of
Singapore
Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Urban Redevelopment Authority
Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye National University of Singapore
Mr Davis Ong Wee Choon Singapore Manufacturers’ Federation
Er. Shum Chee Hoong Housing & Development Board
Dr Tan Guan Association of Consulting Engineers,
Singapore
Mr Tang Pei Luen JTC Corporation
Co-opted
Members : Dr Tam Chat Tim Individual Capacity
Prof Choo Yoo Sang National University of Singapore

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The Technical Committee on Construction Management appointed by the Building and Construction
Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives
from the following organisations:

Name Capacity

Chairman : Mr Desmond Hill Member, Building and Construction Standards

Committee
Secretary : Ms Lee Hiok Hoong SPRING Singapore
Members : Dr David Chua Kim Huat National University of Singapoe
Mr Choong Teck Min Building and Construction Authority
Er. Hashim Bin Mansoor Ministry of Manpower
Er. Low Kam Fook Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Er. Ng Say Cheong Housing & Development Board
Er. Tan Joo Chuah Surbana Corporation Pte Ltd
Mr Tan Yew Meng Singapore Polytechnic
Er. Yap Boon Leong Land Transport Authority
Er. Yeang Hoong Goon CPG Corporation Pte Ltd
Co-opted
Members : Dr Ting Seng Kiong Nanyang Technological University

The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in the preparation of this
standard comprises the following experts who contribute in their individual capacity:

Name

Convenor : Er. Low Kam Fook

Co-Convenor : Dr David Chua Kim Huat
Members : Mr Chan Weng Fitt Steven
Er. Chang Heng Choy (WG Secretary)
Mr Koh Ek Yeow (served till June 2009)
Er. Ngan See Pyng
Mr Ng Chun Tat
Er. Ng Peng Yuen, John
Er. Vashdev Atmaram Khialani
Mr Tong Tee Hui

The organisations in which the experts of the Working Group are involved are:

Asset Recovery Pte Ltd

Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S.E.Asia) Pte Ltd
Building and Construction Authority
C & V Engineering Pte Ltd
First Engineers Consultants
Housing & Development Board
LKK Construction Pte Ltd
Ministry of Manpower
National University of Singapore
Surbana International Consultants Pte Ltd

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Contents
Page

Foreword 7

CLAUSES

1 Scope 8
2 Normative references 8
3 Definitions 9
4 Compliance with the authorities’ requirements 10
4.1 General 10
4.2 Risk management 10
5 Development of demolition plan and stability report 10
5.1 General 10
5.2 Survey 11
5.3 Demolition plan and stability report preparations 13
6 Temporary supports 16
6.1 General 16
6.2 Types of temporary supports 16
6.3 Hoarding, covered walkway, catch platform and catch fan 17
7 Health and safety considerations 19
7.1 General 19
7.2 Safety of personnel on site 20
7.3 Safety and convenience of third parties 20
7.4 Protection of property 21
8 Environmental considerations 22
8.1 Dust control 22
8.2 Noise control 22
8.3 Smoke emission control 22
8.4 Water pollution control 22
8.5 Vector control 22
8.6 Hazardous materials 23
9 Debris and waste handling 24
9.1 Waste minimisation and recycling 24
9.2 Removal of asbestos materials – Identification and notification 25
10 Methods of demolition 25
10.1 General 25
10.2 Principles of structural demolition 26
10.3 Top down demolition by machines 28
10.4 Top down demolition by manual method 38
10.5 Mechanical demolition by machine operating from the ground 40
10.6 Mechanical demolition by deliberate collapse 41
10.7 Common demolition techniques 41
11 Demolition of stability sensitive structures 44
11.1 General 44
11.2 Precast concrete structures 44
11.3 Prestressed concrete structures 44
11.4 Cantilever structures 45
11.5 Composite structures (slabs and beams) 45
11.6 Bridges 46

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Page

12 Demolition of special structures 47

12.1 General 47
12.2 Masonry and brickwork arches 47
12.3 Independent chimneys 48
12.4 Spires 49
12.5 Lattice towers and masts 50
12.6 Storage tanks 51
12.7 Chemical works, gas works and similar establishments 51
12.8 Basements and retaining walls 52

ANNEXES

A (normative) List of relevant Acts and Regulations 53

B (informative) Demolition checklist for resource recovery 55
C (normative) Hazards associated with prestressed materials 58

TABLE

1 Propping requirements on the operation of machine 17

FIGURES

1 Demolition scheme for tall buildings 15

2 Hoarding, covered walkway and catch platform 18
3 Typical design of a catch fan 19
4 Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery 30
5 Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete beam 34
6 Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete external column 34
7 Felling of reinforced concrete wall separately from the beam 36
8 Sequence of demolition of slab 37
9a Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab 39
9b Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab and beam 39
10 Demolition of reinforced concrete internal wall by manual method 40
11 Demolition of masonry and brickwork arches 47
12 Demolition of pylons and masts 50
C.1 Post-tensioned beams 60

Bibliography 61

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Foreword

This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Working Group on the review of ‘Code of practice for
demolition’ appointed by the Technical Committee on Construction Management which is under the
purview of the Building and Construction Standards Committee.

This standard is a revision of SS CP 11 : 2002 which was first published in 1980. CP 11 has been re-
numbered as SS 557.

Demolition is an operation which requires special skill and procedures for it to be carried out safely
and successfully. This Code represents a standard of good practice and has been prepared with the
object of formulating the discipline to which these procedures should conform. It is intended for the
use by all those involved or engaged in demolition, or in the preparation, supervision and execution of
demolition contracts. Compliance with it does not confer immunity from conformance to the relevant
statutory and legal requirements.

In revising this Code, the Technical Committee has updated the code with current practices and
statutory requirements on demolition works, including the development of a demolition plan and stability
report, and has incorporated new requirements for public health and safety. Issues relating to the
protection of the environment, including waste minimisation and recycling in relation to demolition works,
have been expanded. There has been a greater emphasis on the demolition of high-rise buildings
especially with the use of machinery. A new section on stability sensitive structures has also been
added.

Relevant clauses of BS 6187: 2000 ‘Code of practice for demolition’ are adopted with the permission
of British Standards Publishing Ltd.

Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above reference.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be the
subject of patent rights. SPRING Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all of
such patent rights.

NOTE

1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new
technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of
either amendment slips or revised editions.

2. Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.

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SS 557 : 2010

Code of practice for demolition

1 Scope
This Code recommends good practices for the safe demolition of buildings and structures. It also
takes into account issues which affect the environment.

Recommendations are included for:

(a) development of the demolition plan and stability report

(b) proper and effective management of the demolition process

(c) maintaining structural stability, through the provision of temporary structural supports, where
necessary

(d) managing deliberate collapse

2 Normative references

2.1 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

BS 5607 : 1998 Code of practice for the safe use of explosives in the construction
industry
BS EN 12811-1:2003 Temporary works equipment. Scaffolds. Performance requirements and
general design
SS CP 14 Code of practice for scaffolds
SS CP 20 Code of practice for suspended scaffolds
SS CP 23 Code of practice for formwork
SS CP 49 Code of practice for noise control on construction and demolition sites
SS CP 84 Code of practice for entry into and safe working in confined spaces
SS 280 Specification for metal scaffoldings
Part 1: Frame scaffoldings
Part 2: Modular scaffoldings
NA to SS EN 1991-1-4 Singapore National Annex to Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures –
General actions – Wind actions

2.2 In Singapore, local Acts and Regulations are applicable. The list of relevant Acts and
Regulations in Annex A should not be considered as exhaustive. Latest version of the Acts and
Regulations shall apply.

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3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Code, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1 Building owner

A person or an organisation having the right to demolish or partly demolish a building, including plant
or other structure, by virtue of legal ownership or other legal authority.

3.2 Catch fan

A protective screen fixed to the face of a building to contain falling debris during demolition.

3.3 Chute

An enclosed shaft used to transfer debris from one level to another, set at an angle to prevent free-
falling debris.

3.4 Demolition contractor

A person, company or an organisation carrying out the demolition.

3.5 Felling

The deliberate collapse of a structure such that the debris falls within a pre-determined area.

3.6 Gas expansion burster

A steel cylinder containing a pressurised gas that expands with great force when energised by an
electric current.

3.7 Grapple

A powered claw mounted on a base machine for use in handling waste material.

3.8 Hoarding

A temporary structure of solid and robust construction separating the demolition site from adjacent
property.

3.9 Hot work

The application of heat (including the use of tools that can produce an incentive spark) to plant, tanks
or vessels that contain or have contained flammable substances.

3.10 Hydraulic burster

A steel cylinder fitted with a number of pistons or wedge arrangements that are forced out under
hydraulic pressure.

3.11 Machine mounted impact hammer

A larger breaker mounted on an excavator and powered either by hydraulics or by compressed air.

3.12 Pre-weakening

Deliberate weakening of a structure as part of a more efficient controlled design collapse mechanism
to be effected shortly after the deliberate weakening.
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3.13 Shear

A powered scissor-action cutting tool mounted on a base machine for cutting metal.

3.14 Shoring

A system of temporary supports to prevent movement.

3.15 Thermal reaction

A process involving cutting a structural steel member by a mixture of a metal oxide and a reducing
agent which when ignited will react to liberate a large quantity of heat. After ignition, which may be
remotely initiated electrically, the steel becomes plastic and a small unbalancing force applied by
means of a rope attached to a winch is sufficient to effect the collapse of the member.

3.16 Thermic lancing

This is used to cut through materials including concrete. The tip of the lance is preheated to start an
oxygen/ion reaction which produces an intense heat source that is then applied to the material to be
cut. Once started it is self-supporting.

3.17 Weakening

Deliberate removal of parts of a structure that can reduce its ability to resist loadings, including
imposed loadings and its own self-weight.

NOTE – Weakening may be undertaken to create openings (for example, in walls and floors) for removal of
materials. Weakening excludes deliberate structural pre-weakening.

4 Compliance with the authorities’ requirements

4.1 General

All demolition works shall be carried out in accordance with appropriate Acts, their Subsidiary
Regulations and relevant standards. All plant, equipment, materials and work processes used in the
works should conform to these requirements.

The building owner or his agent should obtain approval from the relevant authorities prior to
commencement of any demolition works.

4.2 Risk management

Prior to any demolition works, a risk assessment shall be conducted to identify hazards that are likely
to occur. By assessing the risks of accidents that may occur, appropriate risk control measures can
be undertaken so that reasonably practicable steps can be taken to eliminate or control the risks
arising from such hazards.

5 Development of demolition plan and stability report

5.1 General

A demolition plan is important to ensure that all activities and use of equipment in the demolition
works are executed in the right sequence and safe manner, and that proper protection and shoring
works are erected. The demolition plan should only be prepared with findings from a detailed survey
of the building to be demolished and its vicinity. Particular attention should be given to special
features and dangerous elements of the structure, including electrical mains and services.
Throughout all stages of the demolition, it is essential to maintain the structural stability of the building
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being demolished, including neighbouring and adjoining buildings and temporary works. This is to be
supported by a stability report with the necessary and appropriate calculations.

5.2 Survey

5.2.1 Before commencement of any demolition works

A detailed survey and examination of the building or structure and its surrounding shall be carried out
by a Civil Professional Engineer (PE). Photographs should be taken where necessary.

All available plans of the building or buildings should be examined. Where the nature of the
construction is uncertain, a special site investigation should be carried out.

The relationship and condition of the adjoining property, services and other properties which may be
affected by the demolition should also be considered, taking into account the existence of easements,
wayleaves, party rights, boundary walls and other encumbrances.

When the building owner has information available about hazards likely to be encountered during the
demolition process, he should make it available to the contractor when inviting tenders for the
demolition work. Such information should consider the possibility of drains, sewers or special
services passing through or on the property.

Where misfired bombs and world war relics are found, the Police should be notified.

5.2.2 During the survey

Particular attention should be given to the nature of the construction of the building or structure with
particular reference to those components or services detailed in 5.2.2.1 to 5.2.2.8.

The building or structure should be examined and, if necessary, tests carried out to determine its
condition, and whether the constituent materials have deteriorated in strength which could result in
creating instability due to a particular demolition process.

A careful examination of the whole site should be made including basements, cellars, vaults and other
voids and dumps of materials, or rubbish to establish whether there are any drums containing
flammable materials, gas cylinders, domestic aerosol sprays and similar items which could cause a
hazard if they were involved in a fire. A survey on hazardous materials and dust should also be
included.

Enquiries should be made concerning previous usage of the site to determine the nature of any risk of
danger arising therefrom (e.g. from petrol tanks, gaseous materials, flammable or explosive materials,
injurious chemicals and radio-active materials1). In such cases, measures to ensure public safety,
security and to prevent contamination of the demolition debris by such substances and any special
provisions should be implemented.

The action to be taken will depend upon the nature of the material present and relevant authorities
should be consulted.

If there are any survey benchmarks on the building to be demolished, the relevant authorities should
be informed.

5.2.2.1 Roof and framed structures

The overall stability and the possible occurrence of unbalanced thrusts should be checked. All
bracing members should be identified and protected to ensure that demolition is carried out in a
sequence that maintains the stability and safety of the remaining structures and adjacent works.

1
Radio-active substances may be found in certain types of lightning protection elements, smoke detectors and
the like.
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5.2.2.2 Walls

Walls should be checked to determine whether they are loadbearing and whether party or cross walls
are properly bonded into the front and rear walls. The thickness and condition of walls and gables,
including walls to adjoining property, which are to remain in position should be noted. Particularly, the
reduction in thickness of walls at cupboards, etc.to be noted to determine the extent of precautionary
and final support required.

The possible effects on the remaining structures due to the removal of buttress walls should also be
considered.

5.2.2.3 Cantilever structures

The nature of the support or tail-loading of any cantilever construction such as balconies, heavy
cornices or staircases should be investigated.

5.2.2.4 Stability sensitive structures

Stability sensitive structures (refer to Clause 11 for its demolition) include precast concrete panels
and frames, prestressed concrete structures, stressed-skin structures and slung structures (i.e. floor)
that are in some way suspended from an umbrella type framework supported from a concrete core.

It is essential to proceed with caution and to carry out a full investigation to determine the type of
structural framework and the principal details before commencement of any demolition.

This may be done by:

(a) obtaining the necessary information from the engineers responsible for the original design of
the framework and from the contractors responsible for the construction of the buildings. If the
original design engineers are unavailable, then experienced specialists in the relevant field
should be consulted.

(b) obtaining information from the Authority responsible for approving the design and details for
the original buildings.

(c) carrying out a visual inspection of the building by a PE having a good general knowledge of
structural frameworks, and where necessary carefully exposing parts of the structure to
determine the details of construction.

If prestressed members are identified then particular attention has to be given to establish the type of
stressing used at the time of construction.

5.2.2.5 Basements, cellars, vaults and other voids

Basements, cellars, vaults and other voids should be tested for flammable vapours if there is any
suspicion of such vapours being present. These should be carefully examined and it should be
determined whether they extend under public footpaths or beyond the curtilage of the site.
Consideration for the effects of the removal of the cross walls and the stabilizing load of the
superstructure on the existing basement retaining walls should be accounted for. The effects of the
retaining action of the basement walls on adjacent property should also be determined.

5.2.2.6 Wells and underground storage tanks

The position, depth, types of wells and contents of tanks should be determined. This particularly
applies to chemical works, gas works and similar establishments. Before any physical inspection is
made, precautions should be taken to guard against the effects of any residual contents. Wells and
underground storage tanks should be tested for flammable vapour if there is any suspicion of such
vapours being present.

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5.2.2.7 Dangerous structures

When a structure is declared dangerous by the relevant authority, it is important to determine the type
of construction, the cause of any damage and reasons for the structure to be declared dangerous
before deciding on the appropriate method of demolition.

The demolition of dangerous structure or any required remedial work before demolition should be
carried out to the satisfaction of the relevant authority.

5.2.2.8 Mains and services

Mains and services which may have to be diverted, removed, plugged or cut off, in addition to those
which have to remain on or off site, have to be established and protected. These may include:

(a) drainage;
(b) electricity;
(c) gas;
(d) water;
(e) telecommunication cables;
(f) radio and television relay lines;
(g) hydraulic pressure mains;
(h) sewerage; and
(i) any other services.

5.3 Demolition plan and stability report preparations

The PE should prepare the demolition plan and stability report incorporating the necessary
calculations.

The demolition plan should include a site plan, building layout plan, method statement and
supervision plan.

5.3.1 Site plan

The site plan should include the following information:

(a) Location of the building to be demolished;
(b) A detailed topography of the site and its surroundings together with ground level contours,
and sections of the slopes and ground supported by the building where appropriate;
(c) Details of ground removal and/or backfilling; and
(d) Distances from the building to be demolished to its adjacent buildings, streets and structures.

5.3.2 Building layout plan

The layout plan of the building should include the following information for all floors of the building to
be demolished:

(a) The design live loads;

(b) The structural support systems;
(c) Principal materials of construction;
(d) Structural arrangement and construction of unconventional structural elements (refer to
Clauses 11 and 12);

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(e) The conditions of the building, e.g. the degree of deterioration including the appraisal of the
load carrying capacities of the deteriorated building structures where required; and
(f) Neighbouring properties affected by the demolition including all adjoining buildings, shared
staircases, party walls, etc.

5.3.3 Method statement

The method statement should include:

(a) Procedure for the demolition of the building; demolition cycle; detailed sequence of
demolishing particular structural members and the method of demolition to be adopted,
including the use of any particular type of machine. The demolition scheme for tall buildings
is shown in Figure 1.

(b) Where machinery is used, a plan showing the route of movement of the machinery, including
temporary ramp for descent, lifting of the machinery and any structural alterations for
supporting the machinery.

(c) Precautionary measures for the protection of the public including hoardings, covered
walkways, catch platforms, catch fans, scaffolding, protective screens and safety nets.

(d) Shoring and precautionary measures to be provided for all affected adjacent buildings,
slopes, retaining structures and services at each stage of the demolition works.

(e) Shoring and temporary supports to be provided to the building to be demolished.

(f) Methods for handling and disposal of debris, including any temporary accumulation of
demolition debris at upper floors and at ground floor.

NOTE – Debris should not accumulate against the hoarding or external wall. Excessive accumulation of
debris may cause overloading condition and may induce lateral loading on the walls and thus should be
avoided. The propping design should include the debris loading of not less than 300 mm height.

(g) Other provisions such as CCTV may be necessary to monitor demolition works especially for
demolition of high-rise buildings.

5.3.4 Supervision plan

A supervision plan shall be submitted. PE shall state when or at what stage he would inspect the site.
Special attention should be paid to eliminate overloading of floor due to accumulation of demolition
debris.

The PE should brief the site supervisor on the method statements and precautionary measures to be
enforced on site. He should provide a copy of the demolition plan to the site supervisor and instruct
him to monitor the height of demolition debris that can be allowed to accumulate on each floor and
check that the propping requirements are adhered to for the support of the suspended floor.

A full-time site supervisor should be appointed to supervise the demolition works for complex
buildings and bridges. Examples of such buildings are :

– High-rise buildings;
– Buildings in built-up areas;
– Structures with limited redundancy, i.e. cantilever beams and slabs and tensioned structures;
– Buildings with unbonded prestressed elements and limited load transfer capability.

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5.3.5 Stability report (including calculations)

The stability report should cover the following:

(a) Stability of the building to be demolished during all stages of demolition;

(b) Supporting calculations to demonstrate that the use of powered machinery will not affect the
safety of, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services;

(c) Structural calculations for all temporary supports and bracings when powered machinery or
equipment is used;

(d) Stability of neighbouring buildings, adjoining properties, party walls, streets, land and services
which may be affected by the demolition work;

(e) Structural calculations for temporary and permanent supports that are required to support
neighbouring buildings, adjoining properties and party walls; and

(f) Calculations demonstrating that the demolition work will not render the margin of safety
inadequate, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services.

Figure 1 – Demolition scheme for tall buildings

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6 Temporary supports

6.1 General

Temporary structural supports should be used in accordance with the appropriate standards and
should be sufficient and suitable for the work required.

NOTE – Refer to SS CP 14, SS CP 20 and BS 5975 for further guidance on the design for temporary structures.

Proprietary systems should be designed and constructed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.

Temporary structural supports should be in position prior to the disturbance or removal of the existing
supports which are taking structural loads, including vertical and/or horizontal loads. They should be
suitably robust and founded on secure and effective foundations, be adequately laced and braced
and, if appropriate, capable of resisting dynamic loadings. They should be checked both prior to and
during demolition for effectiveness, including for the effects of vibration.

6.2 Types of temporary supports

6.2.1 Scaffolding

Any scaffolding required should be designed and erected in accordance with BS EN 12811-1, SS 280
and SS CP 20. Where scaffolding is required, it should normally be an independent tied scaffold.
When completed, scaffolds should be left in a condition suitable to perform the duty for which they
were intended, and should conform to the requirements of the statutory regulations and with any local
Authority requirements.

To ensure that the scaffold remains stable at all times:

(a) there should be no unplanned removal of scaffold ties;

(b) any debris collected on a scaffold should not exceed the design loading of the scaffold and
signs clearly denoting the permissible loading should be prominently displayed;

(c) measures should be taken to prevent debris from being accidentally dislodged onto or from
the scaffold;

(d) arrangements should be made for the scaffold to be adjusted as necessary and removed in a
progressive and planned manner as the work proceeds, to ensure its continued stability.

6.2.2 Shoring and propping

Shoring should be designed and erected in accordance with SS CP 23. It should be adequate for its
purpose, placed in position at the appropriate time and should be designed not to interfere with
subsequent works.

The shoring should be checked for effectiveness during demolition and should never be loaded in
excess of the design limits.

Table 1 gives the propping requirements under typical loading conditions. Where an alternative
propping arrangement with steel props of different axial load carrying capacities to suit particular sites
is required, it should be appropriately designed.

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Table 1 – Propping requirements on the operation of machine

Minimum design imposed load of floor

Requirement on propping slab (kN/m2)
1.5 3.0 5.0 7.5
Maximum weight of each machine on floor slab
11 11 11 11
(tonnes)
Minimum no. of floors to be propped 7 5 4 3
Maximum spacing of steel props 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m
NOTE – The values are derived based on a 300 mm thick transient demolition debris.

CAUTION :

(a) Table 1 applies for machine weight of not more than 11 tonnes. For machine weighing more
than 11 tonnes, the PE should carry out a design check.

(b) The propping requirements do not apply to special structures and structures with
unconventional layout, e.g. prestressed concrete structure, precast concrete members, silos,
steel framed structures, etc.

(c) In general, no accumulation of demolition debris on any floor is allowed unless checks have
been carried out to ascertain the structural adequacy of the floor supporting the debris.

(d) The use of demolition debris or demolished building elements as temporary access ramp is
prohibited on suspended structures.

(e) The steel props should have a minimum axial load carrying capacity of 25 kN. Closer
spacing of steel props is required for area directly under the temporary ramp.

(f) The steel props should be laterally braced in both the orthogonal directions.

(g) Both the top and bottom of steel props should be firmly secured in positions to prevent
dislodgement.

(h) Spreader beam should be provided for props resting directly on the ground, if necessary, to
prevent excessive settlement.

6.3 Hoarding, covered walkway, catch platform and catch fan

Hoarding, covered walkway and / or catch platform (refer to Figure 2) shall be designed by a PE to
suit individual site circumstances. Hoarding should be provided along the full length of the site
boundary.

The criteria for use of covered walkway for a site depend on the height of the building being
demolished and its proximity to the vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic.

Covered walkway and/or catch platform should be provided if the building with clear space between
building line and lot boundary is less than the building height or where it is deemed necessary.

The roof of the covered walkway and/or catch platform should be designed to support a minimum
uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m2 for buildings less than 10 storey high or 10 kN/m2 for building of
10 storeys and above or any other higher design loading which the PE deems appropriate.

The hoarding, covered walkway and catch platform should be designed to sustain the wind load in
accordance to Singapore National Annex for SS EN 1991-1-4 using 20 m/s as basic wind speed
(hourly mean speed).

The location of the proposed covered walkway should be compatible with existing traffic
arrangements.
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Case 1 – Clear distance ≥ H

Hoardings are required

Case 2 – H > Clear distance ≥ H/2

Covered walkway and hoarding are required

Case 3 – Clear distance < H/2

Catch platform and hoarding are required

NOTE – Drawings are not to scale

Figure 2 – Hoarding, covered walkway and catch platform

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Catch fan should be installed at a distance of not more than 10 m below the working floor. A catch
fan should have a horizontal extension of 1.5 m from the exterior face of the building. The typical
angle of inclination should be 20o to 45o from the horizontal plane. The design loading for the catch
fan should be at a minimum of 5 kN/m2. Figure 3 shows the typical design of a catch fan.

Figure 3 – Typical design of a catch fan

7 Health and safety considerations

7.1 General

Demolition is a hazardous operation and, at all times, the methods, materials and equipment should
comply with the need to safeguard life and property. A permit to work system shall be implemented
as stipulated under the Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations. It is essential that
precautions should be taken both before and during actual demolition for the:

(a) safety of personnel on site;

(b) safety and convenience of third parties; and

(c) protection of properties.

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7.2 Safety of personnel on site

Demolition is an operation which comes within the scope of statutory regulations (refer to Annex A for
list of relevant Acts and Regulations).

The following recommended practices should be adopted to ensure safety on site:

7.2.1 Machinery

The demolition contractor should be responsible for ensuring that the machinery is:

(a) of a required type taking into consideration the location and type of work involved;

(b) in the control of a competent operator; and

(c) maintained in good working condition at all times.

Where appropriate, the machinery should comply with the relevant standards.

7.2.2 Protection of site personnel

All workmen, during demolition work, should wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

Special precautions and procedures should be taken to address specific health and safety hazards
projects such as working in confined spaces (SS CP 84), exposure to chemicals lead paint, asbestos,
dust noise and vibrations which may adversely affect the health of persons using the site;

Care should be taken to guard against the risk of flooding in the demolition of deep basement and
underground structures where flooding can arise from sources such as:

(a) Lack of natural drainage;

(b) Ingress of ground water, either from natural sources or a leaking water main or sewer;

(c) Catastrophic flooding, especially if the demolition site is adjacent to a large body of water
such as lake, river, canal, sea, lagoon or reservoir.

Where works of demolition are likely to result in materials or debris falling on to the site access(es),
protective coverings and covered walkway should be erected.

7.3 Safety and convenience of third parties

7.3.1 A person carrying on demolition operations should make sure that any building that is partly
demolished on its site is, as far as is practicable, properly secured or closed against entry at all times
when demolition operations are not in progress and that the building or structure is left in a safe
condition at the close of each day's work. All practicable steps should also be taken to prevent the
exposure of third parties to substances hazardous to health that are or could be present during
demolition work.

When a building is to be partially demolished, it should be ensured that at no time during the process
of demolition is the safety of any occupant of the remaining portion put at risk. If necessary, the
occupants of the remaining portion should be evacuated.

7.3.2 When demolition works are in the railway protection zone and adjacent to public streets, the
demolition works shall comply with the requirements of the relevant authorities.

The building owner or his agent should plan and execute the demolition works taking into account the
safety of people travelling on the railway and public streets, passing through, under, on, over or next
to the site. The building owner or his agent should adopt safe work methods and observe all

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precautionary measures so as not to endanger or compromise the safe operation of the rapid transit
and road systems.

7.3.3 Where works of demolition are likely to result in materials and debris falling onto the public
access or private property that is not a part of the demolition site, protective hoarding, or catch fans
should be erected, or a temporary closure applied to the public access. Catch fans should be of
adequate strength for its intended purpose.

The site should be secured by means of protective hoarding of appropriate height. Controlled access
should be implemented to prevent unauthorised personnel from entering the site.

7.4 Protection of property

Where shoring of adjacent building is necessary, it should be designed and supervised by a PE (refer
also to 7.4.2).

Temporary protection from the weather, debris and dust should be provided to protect the
adjoining/adjacent buildings.

When grubbing out foundations or reducing to new levels adjacent to existing buildings not being
demolished, care should be taken to ensure that the support to the remaining foundations or land is
not disturbed.

Precautions should be taken also to prevent water penetration to adjoining buildings. Where a
watertight basement has been built in ground having a high standing water table level, the basement
should be filled with material to prevent flotation.

7.4.1 Vibration and impact

Special care should be taken when undertaking demolition works to ensure that no undue vibration is
caused which could result in damage to other properties.

It is recommended that the vibration level should be monitored carefully to ensure compliance with
relevant authority requirements.

7.4.2 Precautions against uncontrolled collapse

The removal of certain parts of the building or structure during demolition can result in other parts
becoming unsafe and it is necessary to predetermine where temporary support will be needed. If the
structure abuts other buildings, the abutting buildings should be given such lateral support as is given
by shoring designed by a PE before the existing lateral support is disturbed. The shoring should be
designed to allow for construction activities with the least possible interference.

7.4.3 Other precautions

7.4.3.1 Adverse weather condition

Before stopping any part of the demolition work for the day, the demolition contractor should consider
whether the remaining structure which has yet to be demolished is capable of withstanding the
adverse weather condition such as wind load.

7.4.3.2 Electrical hazards

When machinery is used for demolition purpose, care should be taken to ensure that no part of such
machines can come into direct contact or in close proximity to overhead or underground electricity
wires or cables. Where such a possibility exists, the relevant authority should be consulted in order to
assess properly the degree of risk and offer advice accordingly. Precautionary measures may include
physical barriers, disconnection, recovery or diversion of the affected wires or cables.

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7.4.3.3 Fire or explosion hazards

Precautions should be taken to prevent the risk of fire or explosion caused by gas or vapour. When
thermal reaction or thermic lancing is used, consideration should be given to the prevention of oxygen
enrichment and the attendant risk of explosion or ignition of flammable vapours. Containers of
oxygen, acetylene and liquified petroleum gas should be handled with care and stored and used in
accordance with accepted practice.

The use of thermal cutting tools in close proximity to timber and other flammable materials should be
avoided unless suitable precautions are taken against the risk of fire or explosion.

Use of explosives should be handled in accordance with BS 5607, and used only by or under the
control of a person competent in their use (refer to 10.7.2).

8 Environmental considerations

8.1 Dust control

The demolition contractor should take measures to control dust emission from affecting the areas
outside the demolition work area. Such measures may include enclosing the demolition work area by
effective mechanical means, dust screens/netting, etc. and/or installation of water spray system to
spray water to reduce dust emission. Where necessary, the demolition contractor should take
precautions to prevent the spreading of mud and debris onto the road and public access by vehicles.

8.2 Noise control

The demolition contractor should take measures to control the generation of noise from the demolition
site. Such measures may include limiting the use of compressors and other plant to stated hours,
reducing the number of such equipment in use at any time, fitting and use of silencing devices and/or
erection of noise barriers to shield the noise generated. The noise abatement measures should
comply with SS CP 49. The noise monitoring to be carried out and the noise emission levels shall
comply with the relevant regulations.

8.3 Smoke emission control

The demolition contractor should ensure that all plant and machinery that are used at the demolition
work area are maintained and operated in a manner such that they will not give rise to smoke
emissions and comply with the relevant regulations.

8.4 Water pollution control

The demolition contractor should ensure that adequate sanitary and treatment facilities are provided.
All effluents that are prohibited to be discharged into the public sewer shall be collected and sent to
approved treatment plants for disposal. All sewage and sullage water are to be discharged into the
public sewer. No sewage or sullage water or water with other pollutants (listed in `Water Pollution
Act’) should be discharged into the open drain at all times. If a standby generator set is used at the
demolition site, the contractor should ensure that it is placed under shelter and within a kerbed up
area to contain any oil spillage. Oil drums, including the empty drums, should also be kept under
cover and within a kerbed up area to contain any accidental spillages of oil. The contractor should
also take adequate measures to ensure that there is no discharge of oil spillages or wastewater in the
open drain.

8.5 Vector control

The contractor upon taking over the buildings for demolition should implement vector control works.
Records of the vector control work/inspections should be maintained and made available for audit
checks by the relevant authorities.

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The following guidelines on vector control should be adhered to. The contractor should:

(a) Prior to demolition

– treat all toilet bowls, gully traps and bamboo holders with insecticide before filling with
sand. Dismantle flushing cisterns, kitchen sinks and wash basins.
– ensure that the windows/doors are properly closed to prevent rain water from gaining
entry, particularly at the balcony area.
– empty the water tank.
– remove all roof gutters.
– check and carry out vector control measures weekly to ensure that the vacant
building is free of mosquito and other vector breeding.
– ensure no ponding of water in drain and the surrounding within the site.
– carry out thermal fogging if there is presence of adult mosquitoes and step up source
reduction efforts to search out potential breeding sites and remove or destroy these
sites to deny mosquitoes of breeding opportunities.

(b) During demolition

– ensure ground depressions caused by demolition works are filled or levelled up daily
at the end of the working day to prevent water ponding.
– continue with vector control measures at least once a week for the duration of the
demolition work.
– all container offices, workers quarters and temporary structures should be provided
with a pitched roof. The pitched roof should not have gutters and should be water-
tight.

(c) After demolition

– ensure that the site is properly levelled to prevent ponding of water.

– continue with vector control measures, including the removal of any water-bearing
receptacles if the site is left vacant for a period of time during the period when the
contractor occupies the site.
– ensure any drainage systems provided are maintained regularly to prevent water
stagnation and breeding of mosquitoes during the period when the contractor
occupies the site.

8.6 Hazardous materials

Where asbestos wastes are found, an approved asbestos disposal contractor shall be engaged for
the collection, transportation and disposal of the asbestos wastes at an approved landfill by the
relevant authority. The asbestos disposal contractor shall obtain a written permission from the
relevant authority for the disposal of asbestos wastes at the approved landfill. All asbestos waste
materials shall be packed in properly sealed and labelled containers before transportation to the
disposal site for landfill.

Building owners or contractors who intend to carry out removal works involving asbestos materials
should comply with the guidelines in 9.2.

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9 Debris and waste handling

9.1 Waste minimisation and recycling

In land scarce Singapore, there is a need to consistently reduce waste sent to the landfills and
incineration plants via the reuse and recycling of scrap materials as much as possible. It is therefore
prudent to factor in the need to minimise demolition waste through careful planning, scheduling and
execution of demolition work.

The following guidelines for pre-demolition audit, sequential demolition and on-site sorting should be
used to facilitate and maximise resource recovery of demolition and waste materials for beneficial
reuse and recycling, without compromising safety measures and practices given in this standard. A
demoliton checklist for resource recovery is given in Annex B.

9.1.1 Pre-demolition audit

A pre-demolition audit should be completed prior to commencement of demolition work to enable

materials suitable of being recovered for reuse / recycling to be identified. The process includes
identifying potential recoverable materials and the level of material segregation required to achieve
this potential which normally depends on the type of buildings to be demolished.

The audit allows the full potential of a building to be properly assessed and to determine the most
effective steps and measures to be put in place for sequential demolition and waste segregation prior
to the demolition. This involves detailed planning which covers:

(a) Site location;

(b) Project site and building structures to be demolished;

(c) Initial design for de-construction where applicable;

(d) Processes to separate different types of materials;

(e) Demolition schedule incorporating sequential dismantling / demolition for recovery of

materials for reuse / recycling;

(f) Debris handling;

(g) Calculation and estimation of the different types and quantities of materials to be recovered
and recycled.

9.1.2 Sequential demolition

The sequence of demolition should be planned so that demolition materials can be efficiently and
effectively recovered by minimising contamination of recyclable / reusable material such as concrete,
bricks, glass, wood, etc. Sorting of materials should be carried out according to prevailing
technological practices or national guidelines to maximise efficiency.

This sequential demolition approach should be adopted unless the PE ascertains that the stability of
the building during demolition is compromised.

9.1.3 On-site sorting

The contractor should submit a waste management plan for the sorting, processing, recovery and
disposal of demolition materials to comply with the relevant authority’s requirement.

The contractor should exercise due diligence in the documentation of the amount and types of waste
produced, the movement of the waste from the site to an approved disposal / recycling facility (for

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materials that need to be sent to external sorting / recycling facilities), and should keep records of this
information. The records should include:

(a) Quantity of each type of material that can be recycled.

(b) Name and particulars of the contractor engaged to convey the demolition waste to the
disposal / recycling facility.

(c) Quantities and types of sorted materials sent out to recycling facilities.

(d) Quantities and types of demolition waste generated from the site that cannot be sorted for
recycling and disposed of at the approved disposal / recycling facility.

To facilitate the checking of the movement of the waste in (c) and (d) above, the contractor
should use a record book to record each vehicle load leaving the site, giving the date, time,
vehicle number, driver’s particulars and disposal receipt number.

(e) Reconciling the total demolition quantities with the quantities sorted and sent for recycling and
disposal on a regular basis.

9.2 Removal of asbestos materials – Identification and notification

The presence of asbestos materials may be indicated in the original building plans or specifications.
Prior to commencement of any demolition works or removal of any part of a building or structure,
checks should be conducted on existing available information.

The contractor should ascertain if materials in the building or structure contain asbestos. Materials
suspected of containing asbestos should be sent for analysis.

If any works involving asbestos is required to be carried out, due notice shall be sent to the relevant
authorities prior to commencement of such works. Contractors should refer to Factories (Asbestos)
Regulations or its succeeding regulations on requirements for notification.

10 Methods of demolition

10.1 General

The sequence in which a building or other structure is demolished can be critical to the safety of the
workers and the general public.

The sequence of demolition will depend on the type of construction. Except in special circumstances,
buildings and structures should be demolished in reverse order to their construction. Multi-storey
buildings or structures should be demolished storey by storey.

Access to areas affected by each phase of the demolition work needs to be restricted or made safe.
Restricted areas and safe distances may be required during:

(a) Dropping of debris;

(b) Operation of demolition machinery;

(c) Pre-weakening activities; and

(d) Deliberate collapse or pulling over of buildings or structures.

Some common demolition techniques used with the demolition methodologies comprising
mechanical, thermal, water jetting or percussive demolition (10.3 to 10.6) are given in 10.7.

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10.2 Principles of structural demolition

10.2.1 General

When selecting the most suitable method, the knowledge of the site should be applied and the
interdependency of elements and the nature of the structure should be taken into account. Each of
the basic principles of structural demolition, i.e. progressive, deliberate collapse or deliberate removal
should be considered.

These same principles should be applied whether there is a full or partial demolition, or where
structural alterations are to be carried out.

The demolition methodologies are given in 10.3 to 10.8.

10.2.2 Types of structural demolition

10.2.2.1 Progressive demolition

Progressive demolition should be considered to be the controlled removal of sections of the structure,
whilst retaining the stability of the remainder and avoiding collapse of the whole or part of the building
to be demolished. Where progressive demolition is adopted, it is essential that the key structural
members on which the integrity of the structure relies should, together with their sequence of removal,
be clearly indicated in the method statement and also identified on site.

Progressive demolition should be considered for the majority of sites and is particularly essential in
confined and restricted areas.

10.2.2.2 Deliberate collapse mechanisms

Demolition by deliberate collapse should be considered to be the removal of key structural members
to cause complete collapse of the whole or part of the building or structure. Where deliberate
collapse demolition is adopted, the key structural members to be removed should be clearly indicated,
together with the sequence of removal, in the method statement and also identified on site.

This method should be employed only on detached, isolated, reasonably level sites where the whole
structure is to be demolished. There should be sufficient space to enable equipment and personnel
to be removed to a safe distance.

Where parts of a structure are to be demolished by deliberate collapse in separate operations, there
should be no potential instability of the remaining structure to cause a hazard to personnel on the site
and to other people near the structure being demolished.

10.2.2.3 Deliberate removal of elements

The deliberate removal of elements should be considered to be the removal of selected parts of the
structure by dismantling or deconstruction. This method can be used, for example, in the lead up to
deliberate collapse or as part of renovation or modification work. The elements to be removed should
be identified and the effects of removal on the remaining structure fully understood and included in
the method statement, with the elements to be removed marked on site.

Sections of the structure should not be removed if instability of any of the remainder could result in a
possible risk to personnel on the site and to other people nearby. Adequate measures should be
implemented for safe removal of such sections.

10.2.3 Load-bearing structural elements

10.2.3.1 Roof trusses

Where a pitched roof is to be removed progressively, the roof structure should be removed to wall

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plate or pad level. Enough purlins and bracing should be retained to ensure stability of the remaining
roof trusses while each individual truss is removed progressively.

Temporary bracing should be added, where necessary, to maintain stability. The end frame opposite
to the end where dismantling is commenced, or a convenient intermediate frame, should be
independently and securely guyed in both directions before work starts. Generally, the bottom ties of
trusses should not be cut in situ.

10.2.3.2 Cantilevers

Cantilevers such as cantilever retaining walls, propped cantilevers, balanced bridge construction,
canopies, cornices, staircases and balconies rely on superimposed loads or balancing restraining
loads for their stability. They should be either demolished or supported before the counterbalancing,
tailing-down or balancing loads are removed.

10.2.3.3 Columns

The engineered removal of columns can aid efficient demolition, but the degree and type of fixity of
the connections at the top and bottom should be determined as these can be crucial to the
predictability of collapse patterns and thus the safety of the demolition.

10.2.3.4 Reinforced concrete slabs

Before demolition is commenced, the load bearing characteristics of the slab should be confirmed by
first establishing the reinforcement details, including the direction of the main reinforcement by, e.g.
electronic sensing or by making small trial holes. The strength and quality of the concrete should also
be determined. The method of demolition should take into account the pattern of reinforcement, e.g.
whether it is one-way or two-way spanning.

In addition, account should be taken of any stress reversal, which can occur in slabs or beams
propped at, e.g. mid span, because the main steel reinforcement will not be situated in the
appropriate position to form part of a continuous structure.

10.2.3.5 Beams

When removing beams by cutting or dismantling, the method adopted should ensure that, for
example:

(a) any weakening of the structure by, e.g. increasing the effective length of columns, should be
taken into account.
(b) before lifting and lowering, temporary support should be provided if required. If dropping is
planned however, the dynamic effects should be taken into account.
(c) effects of stress reversal if continuous beams are to be reduced to shorter lengths are taken
into account.

10.2.3.6 Jack arches

Where tie rods are present, they should not be cut until the horizontal thrusts have been removed by,
e.g. removal of the arch or series of arches in the floor. The floor should be demolished in strips
parallel to the span of the arch rings (i.e. at right angles to the beams supporting the arches).

10.2.3.7 Portal frames

A single portal frame should be considered a combination of two columns and a beam (which can be
continuous or pin-jointed) forming a frame in a vertical plane, where the joint between each column
and beam is designed to be moment-resisting.

The type of rigidity at the base, the rigidity of the connection where the lengths of beam are joined can
differ and should therefore be established.
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10.2.3.8 Walls

The verticality of walls should be ascertained, load-bearing walls identified and the security of bonding
at the ends of cross walls should be established. The type of construction should be identified,
including solid walls and cavity construction. The structural condition of walls which are to remain,
including the walls of any adjoining property, should be established. This should also be applied
where walls have been cracked or fractured. The possible effect on the remaining structure of the
removal of buttressing walls should also be considered with particular regard to wind loading.

The method decided upon for demolishing cantilever retaining walls should take account their
dependency on loading from above, or the propping action from floors or other structural members
which can affect their stability (refer to 10.2.3.2, 10.3.2.3 and 12.9).

10.3 Top down demolition by machines

10.3.1 Provisions for machine movement and access

The adequacy of the existing structural elements should be checked for the imposed loading due to
the machinery. Consideration should be given to the supports, lifting and access of the machine as
follows:

(a) Supports for machinery

The floor structure should be checked for the loadings imposed by the machine. Propping, if
required, should be installed below the working floor to support the safe operation of the
machine. The propping requirements for the operation of the machinery are given in 6.2.2.
The movement of the machine should only be within the propped area.
Steel plates / frames or other appropriate means may be required to transfer the machinery
imposed load to the supports.
Movement of the machine should not be allowed in the following areas:
– within 2 m of the building edge;
– within 1 m of any floor openings; or
– any cantilever structures, unless adequately propped.

The limits of the movement of the machine should be prominently marked and visible at all
times.

(b) Lifting of machinery

The machinery should be lifted onto the working floor of the building using crane or other
appropriate means approved by a PE. Propping should be installed before the lifting
operation. Only machines with a valid Lifting Machine (LM) Certificate should be used for
lifting operations.

(c) Temporary ramp

Temporary ramp is to facilitate the movement of the machine from floor to floor. It should
be designed by a PE. The temporary ramp is to be fabricated using structural steel
members designed to the requirements of the relevant standard. The slope of the ramp
should not be steeper than 45 degree for the safe descent of the machine. If excavators
are used to lower temporary ramps to the next floor, the excavator has to be designed and
manufactured to function as a lifting machine and should possess a valid Lifting Machine
Certificate.

Demolition debris or demolished building element is prohibited to be used as a ramp on

suspended floors.

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Alternatively, the machine may be lowered to the next floor using crane or other appropriate means
approved by the PE.

10.3.2 Demolition sequence

The sequence of demolition should be determined according to the actual site conditions, constraints,
building layout and construction method and sequence. Generally, the sequence of the demolition
should be the reverse of the sequence of construction.

Figures 4 (a) to (f) show the typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery.

For each floor, the following sequence should apply:

(a) Before the demolition of internal structural elements of the floor, all cantilever slabs and
beams, canopies, and verandahs on the floor should first be demolished;

(b) Structural elements of the floor, in general, should be demolished in the following sequence:

– walls (non-structural);
– slabs;
– secondary beams;
– main beams;
– columns and structural walls.

10.3.2.1 Cantilever canopies and balconies

Cantilever canopies and balconies are stability sensitive structures that warrant special attention in
the demolition and should be adequately propped before demolition.

They should be demolished in the following sequence:

– external walls and parapets;

– slabs;
– secondary beams;
– main beams.

10.3.2.2 External walls, beams and columns

Adequate lateral support should be provided to ensure stability before the elements are weakened
and pulled down inwards to prevent the elements from falling out of the building.

(a) Brick in-fill wall

A safe method of demolition from top down should be adopted to avoid any potential hazard
of bricks falling out of the building.

After the in-fill bricks are removed, the reinforced concrete frame may be dismantled by taking
down the individual beams and columns separately and/or by taking down the frame of a bay
between two columns as described in 10.3.2.2 (b), (c) and (d).

(b) External beam

Before demolishing, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external
beam to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the building.

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Figure 4 – Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery

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Figure 4 – Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery (cont’d)

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Figure 4 – Typical sequence of top down demolition method with machinery (cont’d)

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The sequence of demolition of the external beam should be as follows (refer to Figure 5):

– The concrete is broken away at both ends near its column supports using e.g. a
crusher or breaker to expose the steel reinforcement.

– The steel reinforcement at one end should be cut for the beam to be safely lowered
at the same end.

– The same process is then repeated for the other end to remove the entire beam.

The external beam may also be removed together with the external frame [refer to 10.3.2.2
(d)].

(c) External column

Before demolishing, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external
column to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the building.

The sequence of demolition of the external column should be as follows (refer to Figure 6):

– The concrete at the bottom of the external column should be removed to expose the
steel reinforcement. This will reduce the pulling force and ensure that the break
occurs at the desired location.

– The steel reinforcement at the internal face should be cut whereas the steel
reinforcement at the external face should remain; and

– The column should be safely pulled down inwards by appropriate mechanical means.

(d) External reinforced concrete frame

Before demolishing, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external
reinforced concrete frame to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the
building.

The sequence of demolition of the external reinforced concrete frame should be as follows:

– The external reinforced concrete frame may be demolished in sections not more than
3 m in width and within a bay between two adjacent columns.

– The bottom of the two columns should be pre-weakened [refer to 10.3.2.2 (c)]; and

– The steel reinforcement of the beams connecting the frames should be cut off.

The frame should be pulled down by winch and pulley or other systems.

(e) External reinforced concrete wall

(i) Load bearing concrete wall

Before demolition, wire and winch or other systems should be used to secure the external
reinforced concrete wall to the other structural members to prevent it from falling off the
building.

The sequence of demolition of the load bearing concrete wall should be as follows:

– Reinforced concrete walls may be demolished by cutting down the wall into
manageable sections not wider than 2 m.

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Sequence of demolition:

(1) Secure lateral support at beam ends

(2) Remove concrete to expose steel
reinforcement at beam ends
(3) Cut beam reinforcement at Cut 1, Cut 2
and Cut 3 positions
(4) Lower beam to floor
(5) Cut beam steel reinforcement at Cut 4
position
(6) Lower beam to floor.

Figure 5 – Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete beam

Sequence of demolition:

(1) Secure lateral support at column top

(2) Install pull wire at column top
(3) Remove concrete to expose steel
reinforcement at bottom of column
(4) Cut reinforcement at Cut 1 position on
same side of pull direction
(5) Lower column to floor

Figure 6 – Sequence of demolition of reinforced concrete external column

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– The bottom of the wall should be pre-weakened on the interior face of the wall section
using hand held tools to minimise debris from falling out from the building.

– After the concrete along the vertical separation line is removed, the steel
reinforcement should be cut.

– The wall section should be pulled down by the wire and winch or other systems.

(ii) Non-load bearing wall

The dismantling procedures of non-load bearing walls are similar to that of the load bearing
wall (except that beams are removed after the non-load bearing walls are removed). Figure 7
shows the felling of non-load bearing wall sections separately from the beam.

10.3.2.3 Floor slabs

Floor slabs should be demolished by gradually breaking away the concrete. The steel reinforcement
should remain and be cut off after the concrete is broken away. There should not be any imposed
loading including demolition machinery on the slabs to be demolished. The sequence for demolition
of typical floor slabs is as follows:

(a) Slabs supported by beams (refer to Figure 8)

Demolition should begin in the middle of the slabs and advance towards the supporting
beams.

(b) Flat slabs

Demolition of flat slabs should begin at the centre of the bay between the supporting columns
and proceed outwards to the columns and/or members that provide lateral support of the
slabs. Care must be taken not to prematurely weaken the shear capacity at column faces or
other supports. In general, when demolishing a column strip or part of it, adequate temporary
props should be provided before demolition of the relevant strip.

The sequence of demolition of the flat slabs should be designed by a PE taking into
consideration the existing load-bearing columns have to be adequately braced horizontally at
any time and/or the slab propped adequately.

The slab may be demolished by machine with breaker, hydraulic crusher or other appropriate
approved attachments.

10.3.2.4 Internal beams

Beam should not be removed until it is adequately secured and all dead loads imposed on the beam
are removed, including the slabs supported by the beam.

10.3.2.5 Internal columns

Columns may be demolished by using the same procedures as described for the external column in
10.3.2.2 (c).

Internal column should not be removed until it is adequately secured. It may be dismantled by pre-
weakening at its base.

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External reinforced concrete wall

(view from inside)

NOTE – For suspended floor, one of the ropes should be

tied to the upper beam to ensure controlled falling.

Figure 7 – Felling of reinforced concrete wall separately from the beam

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Sequence of demolition:

(1) Install required temporary props

(2) Hack and remove slab concrete
(3) Cut and remove slab steel reinforcement

(a) One-way slab

Sequence of demolition:

(1) Install required temporary props

(2) Hack and remove slab concrete
(3) Cut and remove slab steel reinforcement

(b) Two-way slab

Figure 8 – Sequence of demolition of slab

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10.4 Top down demolition by manual method

10.4.1 General

The demolition sequence is typically the same as the top down mechanical method. In general, the
following sequence should apply:

(a) Before demolition of main building and its internal structures on each floor, all cantilever
structures in particular should first be removed.

In demolishing the external wall or parapet wall, the procedure as stated in 10.3.2.2 should
apply.

(b) Demolition of the floor slabs should begin at mid span and work towards the supporting
beams.

(c) Floor beams should be demolished in the order as follows:

– cantilever beams;

– secondary beams; then

– main beams.

If structural stability of beams is affected, e.g. due to loss of restraints, the affected beams
should be propped prior to loss of support or restraint.

(d) Non-load bearing walls should be removed prior to demolition of load bearing walls.

(e) Columns and load bearing walls should be demolished after removal of beams on top.

10.4.2 Cantilever structures and balconies

The demolition sequence of cantilever structures and balconies is generally as follows:

(a) The external wall should be demolished first, and detail is referred to in 10.3.2.2;

(b) Any structure or dead load supported by the cantilever system should be removed prior to
demolishing the cantilever slabs and beams;

(c) The concrete should be broken down gradually starting from the exterior edge of the
cantilever floor, working inwards and toward its supporting beams (refer to Figure 9a);

(d) The cantilever beam should be demolished after the demolition of the connecting floor slab.
Demolition of the cantilever beam should not advance further than the floor slab so that the
support for the slab is always maintained. Figure 9b shows the sequence of demolition of the
cantilever slab and beam; and

(e) Saw cut and lift may be used to dismantle the cantilever features. The slab should be cut into
a manageable size and lifted away. The cantilever beams should be cut and removed after
the removal of the slab load and any load supported by them.

10.4.3 External walls, beams and columns

The methodology is similar to 10.3.2.2 except that manual means / by wire and winch method is used.

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Sequence of demolition:

(1) Install required temporary props

(2) Hack and remove slab concrete
(3) Cut and remove slab steel reinforcement

Figure 9a – Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab

Sequence of demolition:

(1) Install required temporary props

(2) Hack and remove beam concrete
(3) Cut and remove beam steel reinforcement

Figure 9b – Sequence of demolition of cantilever reinforced concrete slab and beam

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10.4.4 Floor slabs

The sequence for demolishing slabs supported by beams and flat slab is the same as described in
10.3.2.3 respectively.

Reinforced concrete floor slab should be demolished by first breaking away the concrete followed by
cutting off the reinforcement steel. There should not be any imposed loading including demolition
machinery on the slab to be demolished.

10.4.5 Internal walls, beams and columns

Demolition of internal beams and columns as described in 10.3.2.4 and 10.3.2.5.

The internal beams / columns may be dismantled by cutting the reinforcement at their ends and
lowered by wire and winch system (refer to Figures 5 and 6).

Demolition of internal walls as described in 10.3.2.2 (e) (refer also to Figure 10).

Sequence of demolition:

(1) Secure lateral support at wall top

(2) Install pull wire at wall top
(3) Cut vertical slots
(4) Remove concrete to expose
reinforcement at the bottom of
the wall
(5) Cut reinforcement at Cut 1 position on
same side of pull direction
(6) Lower wall to floor.

Figure 10 – Demolition of reinforced concrete internal wall by manual method

10.5 Mechanical demolition by machine operating from the ground

10.5.1 General

Buildings can be demolished by using machine operating from the ground outside the building. Such
machines are typically equipped with long boom arm. The machine should operate with a minimum
clear space of half the remaining building height to be demolished. This serves as a safety buffer
against falling debris.

10.5.2 Demolition sequence

The structural elements, in general, should be demolished top down in the following sequence:

– cantilever along the building peripheral;

– perimeter beam;
– slab;
– secondary beam;
– main beams;
– wall;
– column.
The PE shall assess the stability of each section of the building to be demolished during all stages of
demolition.

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10.6 Mechanical demolition by deliberate collapse

Mechanical demolition by deliberate collapse involves the removal of the key structural members and
causing complete collapse of the whole or part of the building or structure being demolished.

The demolition sequence should be competently designed. It should be employed only on detached,
isolated, reasonably level sites and where the whole structure is to be demolished. There should be
sufficient space to enable equipment and personnel to be moved to a safe distance.

Sections of a structure should not be pulled down by deliberate collapse in separate operations if this
causes the remaining structure to be unstable.

CAUTION : This activity is potentially hazardous and effective control and monitoring systems should
be implemented to ensure that the designed requirements are complied with.

10.7 Common demolition techniques

10.7.1 Demolition by wire rope pulling

NOTE – This method of mechanical demolition involves attaching wire ropes to a structure, usually of steel, and
pulling the pre-weakened structure to the ground by winch.

The results of risk assessments and the availability of many other demolition methods should
demonstrate whether wire rope pulling is appropriate. However, wire rope pulling should not be used
on brick or masonry structures.

When undertaking the risk assessment, the following considerations should be included:

(a) Wire rope pulling should only be used on structures where it is possible to safely attach the
ropes.

(b) Provision of a second (stand-by) rope, in case the first rope breaks or becomes detached.

(c) Ropes should be attached prior to any pre-weakening.

(d) Only steel wire ropes should be used, and these should be inspected to ensure they are fit for
the purpose.

(e) Provision of restraining ropes from before pre-weakening until it has been completed to
prevent premature collapse before the pull commences.

(f) Use of a pulley system so that the pulling machine and operator(s) are moved away from the
direct line of fall of the structure.

(g) Protection of the pulling machine operator against failure of the rope system, as well as
projected demolition material by suitable positioning, possibly within an enclosure.

If attempts to cause collapse are unsuccessful, an alternative remote method of demolition should be
selected and used, following an assessment of the then current state of stability of the structure.

CAUTION : It could be dangerous for anyone to approach the structure which is partially demolished.

10.7.2 Demolition by explosives (refer also to 7.4.3.3)

Where explosives are to be used for demolition, a specialist or specialist firm or company
experienced in the controlled application of explosives for the safe removal of buildings and structures
should be employed subject to obtaining approvals from the relevant authorities.

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10.7.3 Other demolition techniques

Other demolition techniques such as mechanical, thermal, water jetting or percussive demolition
available are generally more limited in application, and in a number of cases are useful for smaller
demolition works. Some of these demolition techniques are listed in 10.7.3.1 to 10.7.3.5. As with the
previously described methodologies (10.2 to 10.6), they may be used in combination with other
techniques. In all cases, they should be carried out by persons experienced in the use of the
particular equipment involved, and the equipment should be used in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.

Any other demolition techniques not listed in this section, such as high pressure water jetting and
demolition by chemical agents etc, should be undertaken only by, or under the supervision of
appropriately trained personnel as they are highly specialised activities.

10.7.3.1 Machine mounted impact hammer

NOTE – Demolition by impact hammer involves the progressive demolition of masonry and concrete structures by
applying heavy blows to a point in contact with the material, and may be pneumatically or hydraulically operated.

When impact hammers are working on upper floors, regular inspections of the supporting floors, the
areas around these floor and any temporary works should be made from places of safety to ensure
that there is no deterioration in stability, e.g. due to vibration from its operation. Access to floors
beneath, other than for the purpose of inspections, should be prohibited during these activities.

If it is necessary to cut the steel reinforcement, remote means should be considered. The steel
reinforcement should be cut so that it does not spring and injure workers during the operation.

Impact hammers should not be used to demolish tall vertical features such as walls or columns from
the side where there is the possibility of debris falling onto the machine or the workers.

10.7.3.2 Power grapples and shears

Power grapples and shears are frequently hydraulically operated. Power shears may be used as an
alternative to oxyacetylene cutting or the like to crop and cut through metal such as reinforcing steel
or beams, particularly where there might otherwise be a risk of fire or where the more precise cutting
possible with a torch is not required. Care should be taken to ensure that any member to be severed
is either effectively supported or if to be allowed to fall, will neither endanger personnel nor the
remaining structures.

Power grapples may be used to handle waste material, either to move it about a site or to load other
vehicles when disposing of the waste. As some debris resulting from demolition has a high density,
care should be taken to avoid overloading the equipment itself and the risk of the machine overturning
as a result of instability induced by a heavy load.

10.7.3.3 Cutting by drilling and sawing

Drilling and sawing are used either to remove totally part of a structure or to produce a potential
fracture zone (e.g. by stitch drilling, which is drilling a line of overlapping holes), and are frequently
used in conjunction with other methods of demolition, particularly bursting. Diamond or tungsten
tipped drills or saws are normally used. These methods can be employed in confined spaces, or for
work that requires a high degree of accuracy, or where the noise, dust and vibration resulting from
some other methods would be unacceptable. They may be used to cut up floors and suspend slabs
into manageable sizes, or to cut holes and slots in parts of a structure. Whilst this is being done, the
piece to be removed should be adequately supported. Use of these methods avoids damage to the
surrounding area.

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In order to flush out the resulting dust, and to cool the equipment during use, it is usual to employ
running water in volume as a coolant. This needs to be borne in mind if it is proposed to adopt this
method of demolition, i.e. measures should be taken to provide a suitable supply of water, and to
collect and safely dispose of the resultant waste water. Care should be taken that any sparks
produced during sawing does not constitute a health or fire hazard.

10.7.3.4 Bursting

Bursting techniques can be used for the demolition of concrete, masonry and rock, and should be
considered, e.g. where environmental constraints such as reduction of noise, dust and/or vibration
need to be taken into account.

An estimate of when failure will occur should be made even though it can be difficult to predict the
exact timing of structural failure because of the slow build-up of internal forces. Work should be
planned so that when the structure or mass does fail, it does so in a manner that does not create a
risk.

10.7.3.4.1 Gas expansion burster

The effect of the burster is obtained by inserting it into a prepared cavity in the mass to be
demolished. Upon being energised, the resultant increase in pressure of the gas ruptures a
diaphragm, releasing the gas into crevices in the surrounding structure which is then fractured.

A gas expansion burster should be effectively restrained within the prepared cavity in order to prevent
it from becoming projected in an uncontrolled manner.

10.7.3.4.2 Hydraulic burster

Hydraulic bursters work on the same principles as gas expansion bursters, in that they use an
expanding device to force apart a mass, but the process is not as rapid as in a gas expansion burster.
Pistons or wedges are placed in a prepared cavity and are gradually jacked out under pressure, the
resulting increase in size of the device fractures the surrounding material.

Work should be planned and controlled to ensure that dislodgement of the hydraulic bursting
equipment is not a risk, e.g. when failure of the structure occurs.

10.7.3.4.3 Expanding demolition agents

This method of bursting employs the use of expanding chemicals that are mixed, e.g. with water to
form a liquid or paste. The mixture is poured into pre-drilled holes in the material that is to be
demolished, and expands to cause a fracture.

The handling, mixing, pouring and use of the chemicals should be undertaken in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. An assessment of the products being used should form the basis for the
selection and use of appropriate, safe methods of work, including the provision of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE).

10.7.3.5 Thermic lancing

NOTE – Thermic lancing is used to cut through materials including concrete. The tip of the lance is preheated to
start an oxygen/ion reaction which produces an intense heat source that is then applied to the material to be cut.
Once started it is self-supporting.

During thermic lancing, combustion typically produces molten material and thick smoke, therefore
suitable precautions should be taken, particularly where there is limited ventilation.

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11 Demolition of stability sensitive structures

11.1 General

PE instructions should be obtained and, at all stages of the demolition, supervision should be by
persons fully experienced in this type of work to ensure the structure is stable at all times.

NOTE – Where explosives are to be used for demolition, a specialist or specialist firm or company, experienced
in the controlled application of explosives should be employed subject to obtaining approvals from the relevant
authorities.

11.2 Precast concrete structures

A precast reinforced concrete structure consists of prefabricated members that are jointed together in
position on site. It should be borne in mind that the joints may not provide stiffness and the structure
may rely on panel walls for its stability.

Joints may be of insitu construction depending for their strength on the bond between steel
reinforcement and concrete grout, or they may depend on a mechanical connection.

Where a building has been constructed with an industrialised system, detailed information on the
method of design and construction should be obtained before any demolition works are considered.

Attention should be paid to the principles of the structural design to determine which parts of the
structure depend on each other to maintain overall stability. Temporary supports to individual
elements of the structure may be necessary.

For precast structures, special attention should be paid to the connection details between the various
precast elements to ensure that stability of these elements are maintained during the course of the
demolition as the connections are not cast monolithically. Where there are prestressed precast
members, the same precaution should be exercised with reference to the section on Prestressed
concrete structures under 11.3. There may be mechanical joints used to connect precast members to
in-situ reinforced concrete members, and reference should be made to the design and construction of
these members to determine the method of demolition.

11.3 Prestressed concrete structures

11.3.1 General

The nature of prestressing is such that effective measures should be taken during the demolition of
elements containing prestressed materials to ensure the control of inherent stored energy. Summaries
of the methods for recognizing different forms of prestressed materials and the safety aspects to be
considered during demolition are contained in Annex C which should be read in conjunction with this
clause.

11.3.2 Preliminary examination

The first and foremost activity is to inspect all available records of the structure of the building and try
to establish whether the construction conforms to these records. If none is available, a careful visual
examination may show whether a structure is prestressed or not.

If after such examination there is still doubt as to whether the structure is prestressed, the advice of a
PE experienced in this type of construction should be sought.

CAUTION : In some instances, the inherent properties of the stressed section can delay failure for
some time and the presence of the large prestressing forces can cause sudden and complete
collapse with little or no warning.

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11.3.3 Pretensioned members

Consideration should be given to demolition by lifting down elements after the removal of any
covering materials, for breaking up away from the structure.

Where in-situ demolition is deemed appropriate, consideration should be given to the use of
temporary support systems.

11.3.4 Post-tensioned members

11.3.4.1 Independent precast units

Units should generally be removed from structures before being broken up. Demolition of individual
units can take place insitu, but this should in a predetermined manner and with restraint provided to
movement and appropriate prop support systems.

Hazards associated with prestressed materials are given in Annex C.

Transverse stability and strength can be affected and should be taken into account, and appropriate
lateral support should be provided, if required.

Detensioning of the prestressed strands should be carried out before demolition of the prestressed
members. Adequate shields should be installed prior to detensioning to prevent any hazard due to
possible fly-out.

11.3.4.2 Progressively pre-stressed structures

As the loading and reaction effects on these types of buildings are highly specialised, appropriate
specialist engineering advice should be obtained and the demolition carried out in strict accordance
with that advice.

It is essential to obtain the advice of a PE, and to demolish the structure in strict accordance with the
method statement supplied by him. The stored energy in this type of structure is large. In some
cases, the inherent properties of the stressed section may delay failure for some time, but the
presence of these prestressing forces may cause sudden and complete collapse with little warning.

11.3.4.3 Monolithic prestressed structures

Engineering advice should be obtained before any attempt is made to expose the tendons or
anchorages of structures in which two or more members have been stressed together.

11.4 Cantilever structures

Cantilever structures such as cantilever retaining walls, propped cantilevers, balanced bridge
construction, canopies, cornices, staircases and balconies rely on superimposed loads or balancing
restraining loads for their stability. They should be either demolished or supported before the
counterbalancing, tailing-down or balancing loads are removed.

11.5 Composite structures (slabs and beams)

Some basic structural elements have little inherent strength and rely upon the composite nature of the
complementary members for their stiffness. The nature of any dependency can be broken by early
demolition activities and this should be identified as it may be necessary for temporary supports to be
used.

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Any demolition sequence involving composite structures should take into account the following
factors:

(a) Prior to achieving composite action, steel beams will probably have been checked for their
ability to support, unpropped, the loads on them during the construction phase, however this
should not be relied upon and further assessments should be carried out.

(b) Lateral restraints to the compression flange provided possibly by the slab (whether in situ
concrete or precast units) or by temporary bracing during the construction phase.

(c) Restraint, or composite action, can rely upon e.g. friction between the slab and the top flange.

Steel beams, in which the lower flange is prestressed by encasement in high grade concrete, should
usually be removed intact from their working position before being processed. There can be
movement of the beams when lifting the overlying slabs prior to removing the beams, this should be
taken account of in the proposed method of work.

11.6 Bridges

11.6.1 General

Bridges should be demolished in the reverse order of construction using, e.g cutting and lifting (or
removing the entire deck as one unit). Work should commence by removing as much dead load as
possible without interfering with the main structural members.

On isolated sites, a deliberate method of collapse may be possible provided the ends of the girders
are previously freed and the work is carried out under the supervision of a person possessing special
knowledge of this type of work.

After removal or deliberate collapse, if required, those parts of the structure should generally be
broken up before removal from site, if required. Precaution should be taken to ensure that the
collapse structure does not present a hazard when being cut into smaller pieces.

Special care should be taken where work is being carried out over water.

11.6.2 Temporary works

Temporary works should be designed to carry the required loads and temporary bracing should be
incorporated in the bridge structure, where necessary, in order to maintain stability under the most
severe conditions. Before transverse members are removed, if appropriate, temporary supports and
guys should be fixed to the main beams or girders.

Where the horizontal thrusts from the abutments are designed to be taken by the deck, these should
be dealt with by, e.g. inserting temporary struts prior to removal of the deck.

Where temporary support is required as part of the demolition method, e.g. in the case of skew
bridges, it should be in place before the stability of the bridge is compromised.

On a confined site, the section to be demolished should be supported by suitable lifting equipment,
then cut and lowered to the ground under control.

11.6.3 Counterbalancing

Where bridges have been constructed using a counterbalanced cantilever design, the demolition
technique needs to ensure stability by taking into account considerations such as act of balance
loadings and the lack of fixity at supports by using , e.g. temporary supports.

Where counterbalancing is used, the balancing materials should be securely and safely fixed. If
necessary, the bridge or elements of it should be transversely braced.

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11.6.4 Continuous structures

Where a bridge is continuous over one or more supports, consideration should be given to either cutting
the deck above the piers to form a simply supported structure, or cutting the deck at midspan to form
statically determinate cantilevers, taking into account the ability of the structure to maintain stability in
these forms.

12 Demolition of special structures

12.1 General

There are numerous special structures that have not been specifically noted in this standard.
Although the general principles of demolition apply, each case should be considered carefully on its
merits bearing in mind the particular construction, previous use and age of the structure.

12.2 Masonry and brickwork arches

As arches carry load by exerting horizontal thrusts outwards at their spring points over the length of
the construction, to ensure that the stability of the arch is maintained, the horizontal thrusts should be
resisted.

Methods to maintain stability during demolition in the vicinity of arches and of the arches themselves
should ensure the balance of the forces by, for example:

(a) shoring to transmit horizontal thrusts to the ground;

(b) building in temporary tie bars;

(c) reducing vertical imposed loads;

(d) demolition of the arch in whole strips;

(e) temporary props;

(f) some combinations of (a) to (e).

CAUTION : Failures in arches can occur both because the horizontal resistance has been removed or
reduced, or because horizontal forces have increased as a result of increased downward loads.
Ultimately resistance to these loads may be at some distance from the arch being considered, such
as at the end arch, where there are multiple arches.

Expert advice should be obtained and, at all stages of the demolition, the closest supervision should
be given by persons fully experienced and conversant in this field to ensure the structure is stable at
all times.

The normal sequence of demolition is as shown in Figure 11.

Sequence of demolition:

(1) Remove spandrel infilling down

to springing line
(2) Remove arch ring
(3) Remove abutments

Figure 11 – Demolition of masonry and brickwork arches

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12.3 Independent chimneys

12.3.1 Methods

12.3.1.1 General

Expert advice should be obtained and, at all stages of the demolition, the closest supervision should
be given by persons fully experienced and conversant in this field to ensure the structure is stable at
all times.

In general, machine demolition should be used in preference to hand demolition. Any internal lining
should be demolished progressively with the rest of the structure or removed prior to collapse, if
appropriate. As material will generally be dropped inside the chimney, debris should be cleared
according to a planned method and in a controlled sequence in order to prevent a build-up of internal
pressure in the chimney.

Openings should be large enough for the safe removal of debris and should be designed to ensure
continuing stability until collapse initiation, if appropriate.

12.3.1.2 Progressive demolition by machine

Consideration should be given to progressively lowering the structure from the top using machines.
Machines that should be considered will depend upon the particular circumstances and can include
independent machines on the chimney top, that may or may not be suspended during operation. The
security of the machine on the chimney should be ensured at all times. Consideration should also be
given to the use of machine mounted attachments. The method by which the debris is allowed to fall
and is subsequently collected, including any means of access, should be planned.

12.3.1.3 Progressive demolition by hand

Hand demolition should be carried out from a safe place, such as a working platform.

NOTE – This may be provided either internally or externally.

A careful inspection and survey should be made to determine whether existing ladders, climbing irons
and bands are safe if it is proposed to use them for access. No reliance should be placed on existing
features without a full assessment.

Work methods should ensure that any cornice or similar projecting feature is adequately supported or
tailed down before the weight of the structure above is removed.

12.3.1.4 Demolition by other means

If demolition by other means such as deliberate collapse, wire rope pulling and explosives are to be
deployed, expert advice should be sought.

12.3.2 Masonry and brick chimneys

Where progressive demolition by hand is used, the chimney should be demolished course by course.
The debris may be allowed to fall to the ground internally, but should be cleared in a planned way as
the work proceeds in accordance with 12.3.1. Where the masonry, brickwork or mortar is of poor
quality, this should be taken into account, e.g. by not enlarging existing openings. Where adequate
access cannot be provided, debris should be lowered in suitable containers outside the chimney
rather than dropped internally.

12.3.3 Steel chimneys

Where progressive demolition techniques are used, the chimney should be taken down from the top,
and the plate should be cut into manageable sizes and lowered to the ground. If the lining is concrete,
difficulty may be experienced in burning the plate with it in position, the lining should be removed first.
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Guys, if any, should be cut systematically as the shaft is lowered. Where necessary, temporary guys
to be first fixed at other points.

12.3.4 Reinforced concrete chimneys (in-situ, precast and prestressed)

The type of concrete construction should be established so as to determine whether they are in-situ,
precast or prestressed. If they are post-tensioned, work should be carried out in accordance with
specialist engineering advice.

Where it would be appropriate to use progressive demolition techniques, the chimney should either
be taken down in sections from the top in panels of manageable size which should be lowered to the
ground, or should be broken up in-situ.

When chimneys are progressively removed in cut panels, the concrete should be broken out locally to
expose the reinforcement at the edges of each panel. Each section should be supported, if required,
prior to the reinforcement being cut.

Remaining panels at the top of the chimney should not be left in an unstable condition. At the end of
work periods, e.g. at the end of the working shift, the top should be left level with no unstable parts.

12.3.5 Fibre reinforced concrete chimneys

Normally these chimneys are constructed inside a framework and should be demolished in a similar
manner to that employed for masts (refer to 12.5).

12.4 Spires

The fabric of the spire should have been examined to determine its condition and whether there has
been any deterioration in the strength of the materials. The surveying of spires should include
structural materials that are obscured by cladding. Measurements should be taken to determine the
verticality of the spire. Examination of the structure should be carried out to ensure that vibration
caused by pre-weakening and drilling does not cause any of the structure, such as masonry or
brickwork, to be dislodged. If necessary, specialist engineering advice should be obtained with
respect to any pre-weakening that may be necessary. Reference should be made to any relevant
information.

The same demolition principles should be applied to spires as for chimneys, when both deliberate
collapse and progressive demolition should be considered, particularly using remote machine
techniques. Demolition by deliberate collapse should be considered only on sites that are detached
and reasonably level, where the whole structure is being demolished and where there is sufficient
space all around the spire for an adequate exclusion zone to be provided.

When progressive demolition is being used, the heavy solid stonework at the peak of a masonry
spire, which can normally be removed only after releasing the central tie rod, should be reduced to a
suitable size if manually handled before being lowered to the ground.

Other considerations should include the following, as appropriate:

(a) Any hand demolition should be carried out from a safe working platform, such as by scaffolding
encircling the spire.
(b) Flame-cutting tools should not be used to remove metal fittings or clamps from timber
components in a spire, because of the risk of fire.
(c) An assessment to establish whether the stonework above the spider should be supported
temporarily in position before the tie rod is released, particularly where the structure is in poor
condition.
(d) Any overhanging or corbelled stonework when the weight of the structure above is removed.
(e) Need for temporary bracing.
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12.5 Lattice towers and masts

12.5.1 General

Before any demolition work commences, all power supply to overhead cables that are carried by
pylons and masts should be disconnected. Lattice towers and masts should be adequately earthed
during the demolition process. As stability is often provided by tensioned guy ropes, the amount of
tension and thus the overall balance of forces in the guys, which is critical to the stability of the mast,
should be known from the survey and should be taken into account. Independent (tubular) structures
that are secured only at the base should be considered to act as cantilevers.

12.5.2 Structural condition

Although all prime members of the structure should be visible for inspection, a check for corrosion
should be undertaken particularly at base plates and connection materials.

Assessments of wire ropes should also be made, taking into account the difficulty of inspection as
corroded or broken strands can be hidden inside or covered by grease.

12.5.3 Access and safe places of work

Works on the lattices, towers and masts should be carried out by a competent person who is trained
to work on such structures. All personnel working at height should at all times be equipped with a
safety harness.

12.5.4 Demolition methods

Before felling, a steel wire rope should be attached to a spreader near the top of the structure and the
slack in the rope taken up. The two legs nearest to the direction of fall should be partially severed
and then the two legs further away should be completely severed. The pylon or mast may be pulled
over when all personnel are clear (refer to Figure 12).

Sequence of demolition:

(1) Fix spreader

(2) Take up slack on rope
(3) Partially cut posts at (A)
(4) Completely cut posts at (B)
(5) Pull over

Figure 12 – Demolition of pylons and masts

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The selected methods of demolition should minimise the need for work at heights. If felling is used,
sufficient space should be ensured.

For progressive dismantling, the operations should be carried out in a predetermined order, based on
a structural analysis of all stages to determine the degree of residual stability.

CAUTION : Removal of bolts by hand can be difficult due to loads imposed on them from the structure
or other reasons. For the demolition of lattice towers or pylons, progressive demolition techniques
should be considered, so that assemblies of manageable size can be safely lowered to the ground by
crane or attached derrick.

For guyed structures, the removal of guys should be carried out in a controlled sequence to ensure
continued stability during demolition.

12.6 Storage tanks

12.6.1 General

CAUTION : The preparation and cleaning of plant that has contained flammable or combustible
materials for internal inspection, hot work and demolition is a specialised activity. There is always the
possibility that storage tanks can contain hazardous atmospheres. Unsafe work practices can result
in fires or explosions, not only from such obvious sources as hot work, but also, e.g. from friction
sparks, an increase in temperature, or build-up of electrostatic charge.

Consideration should be given to ensuring that during any of the activities discussed in this section,
the external environment of the tank(s) is similarly free from potential hazards.

Depending on the size, weight and type of construction of the storage tank, consideration should be
given to cutting and then removing the roof in one piece by crane. If this is not appropriate, provision
of temporary roof supports should be considered to ensure the stability of the roof during the
demolition.

The underside of the floors of storage tanks should be investigated for leakage and/or trapped vapour
in any voids beneath the base plates which can give rise to a risk of fire and explosion. Preferably,
where possible, they should be lifted prior to cold cutting into manageable sized pieces.

12.6.2 Storage tank cleaning and making safe

The demolition contractor should ensure that the storage tank is cleaned and made safe by a
specialist prior to commencement of demolition works. Similar preparation / decontamination
procedures should be applied to associated pipeworks and equipment, prior to its dismantling and/or
entry.

CAUTION 1 : If storage tanks have contained even a small amount of flammable or combustible gas,
liquid, sludge or solid, including dust or powder, and have not been cleaned effectively, an explosion
can occur on application of the flame cutting blow torch. Cold cutting by remote means should be
considered

CAUTION 2 : If storage tanks contain water, the atmosphere inside the storage tanks can be depleted
of oxygen and contain flammable hydrogen due to corrosion.

Reference should be made to the SS CP 84.

12.7 Chemical works, gas works and similar establishments

The demolition or dismantling contractor is to make certain that wherever the demolition or
dismantling of plant or equipment is to be undertaken, a full investigation should be made of the
previous use and substances contained within the plant. Advice should be sought from the relevant
authorities before any demolition work is carried out on storage tanks which have contained any
explosive or flammable materials.
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A very careful inspection should be made of all elements of construction so as to determine whether
there is any deterioration or deformation.

It is strongly recommended that the construction in this type of works is examined by a competent
person experienced in this field so as to determine the nature of any explosive / flammable materials
and / or chemical deposits and how they may influence the method of demolition or dismantling.

12.8 Basements and retaining walls

12.8.1 General

Before commencing the demolition of deep basements or retaining walls, the contractor should check
whether any intermediate walls or diaphragm slabs are supporting the retaining or perimeter wall, so
that suitable support may be provided if necessary. Any previous structural assessments should be
referred to for additional information. The relevant authorities should have been consulted before any
wall supporting a road or highway is to be removed.

Appropriate precautions should be taken to prevent uplift to basement and water penetration to
adjoining buildings.

12.8.2 Open basements, cellars, vaults and other voids

Where basements, cellars, vaults or voids need to be left open, provision of shoring should be
considered to maintain the stability of the open walls.

12.8.3 Filled basements, cellars, vaults and other voids

Where basements, cellars, vaults or voids need to be back-filled, all organic matter should be first
removed.

Where the basements, cellars, vaults or voids adjoin any other property, any party or adjoining cellar
walls should be inspected as these may not be of adequate strength to withstand the resultant ground
pressure imposed on them by the fill. If the party or adjoining walls are inadequate, specialist
engineering advice should be sought to determine the method of strengthening of such walls prior to
backfilling. Provision should be made for adquate damp-proofing.

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Annex A
(normative)

List of relevant Acts and Regulations

NOTE – In Singapore, local Acts and Regulations are applicable and therefore the following list should not be
considered as exhaustive and further enquiries are advised.

The latest version of the Acts and Regulations shall apply.

Building Control Act, Cap 29

Building Control Regulations 2003

Environmental Public Health Act, Cap 95

Environmental Public Health (Registration of Environmental Control Officers) Regulations, Cap 95,
Regulation 2
Environmental Public Health (Public Cleansing) Regulations, Cap 95
Environmental Public Health (General Waste Collection) Regulations, Cap 95
Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations, Cap 95

Environmental Protection and Management Act, Cap 94A

Environmental Protection and Management (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations, Cap
94A
Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations, Cap 94A
Environmental Protection and Management (Air Impurities) Regulations, Cap 94A
Environmental Protection and Management (Prohibition of the Use of Open Fires) Order, Cap 94A
Control of Vectors and Pesticides Act, Cap 59

Radiation Protection Act, Cap 262

Radiation Protection (Ionising Radiation) Regulations
Radiation Protection (Transport of Radioactive Materials) Regulations

Sewerage and Drainage Act, Cap 294

Sewerage and Drainage (Sanitary Works) Regulations, Cap 294
Sewerage and Drainage (Sewage Treatment Plants) Regulations, Cap 294
Sewerage and Drainage (Surface Water Drainage) Regulations, Cap 294
Sewerage and Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations, Cap 294, Regulation 5

Explosive Substances Act, Cap 100

Planning Act, Cap 232

Petroleum (Storage Licence Fees) Rules Cap 229, Rule 2
Petroleum (Transport and Storage) Rules Cap 229, Rule 1
Petroleum (Transport By Land – Fees) Rules Cap 229, Rule 3

Public Utilities Act 2001, Cap 261

Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations Cap 261

Rapid Transit Systems Act, Cap 263A

Rapid Transit Systems (Development and Building Works in Railway Corridor and Railway Protection
Zone) Regulations
Rapid Transit Systems (Railway Protection, Restricted Activities) Regulations

Street Works Act, Cap 320A

Street Works (Works on Public Streets) Regulations

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Workplace Safety and Health Act, Cap 354A

Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations 2007
Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations 2006
Workplace Safety and Health (Abrasive Blasting) Regulations 2008
Workplace Safety and Health (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2009
Factories (Asbestos) Regulations, Cap. 104, Regulation 4
Factories (Operations of Cranes) Regulations, Cap. 104
Factories (Scaffolds) Regulations 2004

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Annex B
(informative)

Demolition checklist for resource recovery

1 Before demolition: Pre-demolition audit

1.1 Site location

□ Identify site location, neighbouring conditions, and site restrictions such as specific
restrictions on the time of operation, limitation on the noise and vibration, traffic
conditions, etc which may hinder mobile/on-site recycling.

1.2 Project site and building structures to be demolished

□ Identify the building/structures to be demolished, verify dimensions of site, building
set backs, available working spaces for on-site sorting processes and equipment,
and temporary storage space of sorted materials, and feasibility for mobile/on-site
recycling.
□ Assess the method of construction of the building and special structural features that
need special treatment during sequential demolition.
□ Create a detailed inventory of each type of material used in the construction of the
building (concrete, bricks, glass, wood, inert and non-inert materials, etc).
□ Assess the existing fixtures: any features which may affect the demolition progress
and need to be removed prior to demolition of the structure, such as furnitures, doors,
water tanks, air conditioning units and other mechanical services.
□ Determine the amount and type of reusable and recyclable materials and fixtures that
can be recovered with the help of the local recyclers/collectors.
□ Assess the conditions of the building including the history of building use and any
potential risk of contamination with regards to the concrete / materials used, such as
finishes, Alkali silica reactivity potential, etc.
□ Propose an arrangement for the removal/disposal of hazardous materials and/or
chemical wastes if they are present in accordance to prevailing Acts and Regulations.

1.3 Initial design for de-construction

□ Define the sequence of demolition with a view to maximise recovery of materials to
be reused and recycled, and also reduce the potential risk of contamination to the
materials to be reused and recycled.
□ Demolition should preferably be done in the reverse order of construction.

1.4 Processes to separate different types of materials;

□ Dedicated site for material recovery processes and equipment for the sorting and
storage of different types of materials for maximising recovery of materials and
recycling;

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Contractor should:
□ Propose processes to sort each type of identified materials to be reused and
recycled to maximise recovery of materials (e.g sort into categories such as concrete,
bricks, glass panes, wooden fittings such doors, metal or plastic fittings such as
pipings, inert and non-inert materials, etc),
□ Separate materials on-site with adequate number of chutes and containers of
appropriate size. Separate containers will be used for each type of material to be
recovered.
□ Propose processes and equipment (eg crushers, screens, conveyors, etc) to recycle
demolished concrete.
□ Identify external recycling facilities to which materials are to be sent for sorting and
recycling if in-situ processing is not possible.

1.5 Demolition schedule

□ Develop a realistic schedule which will reflect the time required for installation of
precautionary measures, testing and removal of hazardous materials, removal of
materials for reuse/recycling, sequential demolition process, on-site sorting and site
restoration.

1.6 Debris handling

□ Identify potential on-site sorting works and removal of non-structural materials such
as timber, doors, partitions, ceilings, windows, bricks, tiles, etc. and disposal to
recycling facilities.
□ Plan for an adequate number of chutes and containers of appropriate size ,
depending on the rate of debris generation, and the disposal route.
□ Label all material collection containers based on the materials to be collected and
sorted.
□ Make transport arrangements to external sorting/recycling facilities to ensure
sufficient in-situ storage space for sorted recyclable materials.

1.7 Recovery / recycling target

□ Establish a clear recovery/recycling target for the demolition project with respect to
the demolition waste identified based on the pre-demolition audit carried out before
demolition.
□ Establish a proposed method for sequential demolition that would effectively deliver
the specified target to maximise resource recovery without compromising safety and
the quality of the recovered materials.

2 Sequential demolition
□ Demolition to be executed in conformance with the method statement approved by
the PE.
□ Removal of hazardous materials such as asbestos waste and unwanted toxic
chemicals, are completed before demolition.
□ Removal of non-fixtures and domestic remains such as furniture, household
appliances, etc. for recovery and recycling.

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□ Stripping and removal of metal components such as window frames, pipes, etc.,
timber components such as doors, wooden floors, etc., and other wastes such as
bricks, tiles, asphaltic materials, ceramic products, and any other parts of the
buildings which may contaminate the debris of building bearing structure for recovery
and recycling.
□ Demolition of the bearing and main structure in a manner to maximise material
recovery. The building demolition should begin after all the above non-structural
materials have been stripped and removed.

3 On-site sorting
□ A method statement for the on-site sorting, processing and storage of recyclables,
and disposal of construction and demolition materials arising from or in connection
with the demolition work should be submitted.
□ A proposed plan for conveyance of recyclables and debris required for off site
transportation.
□ Means to reduce the dust, noise and vibration impacts.

□ Proper packaging, labeling and storage of sorted waste generated in the demolition
process.
□ Submit details of debris disposal in terms of the amount and types of demolition
waste generated from the site.
□ Submit details of debris management system and the movement of the waste from
the site (either to be used as hardcore for road access or sent to an approved
disposal / recycling facilities for further processing into recycled products and
aggregates for beneficial reuse/recycling).
□ If on-site sorting is not possible, materials can be collected as co-mingled waste to be
sent to approved recyclers for recovery.

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Annex C
(normative)

Hazards associated with prestressed materials

C.1 Classification of prestressed concrete structures – Types of prestressed
members
There are five main categories of prestressed member. The form of the members in a structure
should be identified before attempting demolition, bearing in mind that any prestressed structure can
contain elements of more than one category.

Category 1 – Members prestressed before the application of the superimposed loads and having all
the cables or tendons fully bonded to the concrete or grouted within ducts.

Category 2 – As category 1, but the tendons are left deliberately ungrouted. This type of construction
can sometimes be recognised from the access points provided for inspection of the cables and
anchors.

More recently, unbonded tendons have been used in the construction of beams, slabs and other
members; these are protected by grease and surrounded by plastic sheathing, instead of the usual
metal duct.

Category 3 – As category 2, but with the tendons placed external to the structure. This type of
construction is easily identifiable as the protective plastic sheath or concrete layer covering the cables
can be seen during inspection. The use of external unbonded cable has become more common in the
construction of bridges as it has the advantage that the tendon can be replaced.

Category 4 – Members that are post-tensioned progressively as the building construction proceeds
and the dead load increases, using bonded tendons as category 1 (refer to Figure C.1a).

Category 5 – As category 4, but using unbonded tendons as in category 2, which could present an
even greater hazard if it is not possible to reduce the prestress gradually.

Examples of progressively prestressed members may be found in the podia of tall buildings or some
types of bridge, particularly segmental. The greatest care should be exercised in demolishing such
members to avoid upward or hogging failure, which could have catastrophic results. Such failure may
occur when part of the dead load has been removed. Therefore, it is essential that cables or tendons
are cut in succession as the load is removed, in order for a reasonable state of equilibrium to be
maintained.

C.2 Hazards

C.2.1 Stored energy

Post-tensioned tendons contain a large amount of stored energy which makes demolishing structures
that contain them a problem. This is particularly the case when the tendons are unbonded or partly
bonded, since there is nothing to contain the energy and prevent the anchorages being projected
from the end of the member like a missile. Therefore, it is important that the following safety
precautions are taken when demolishing prestressed concrete structures:

(a) No personnel should pass behind the end anchorages during the demolition process.

NOTE 1 – If anchorages remain unprotected, no cutting of cables should be allowed and alternative methods
should be found.

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(b) End anchorages should be covered and shielded by timber, concrete or steel plates and the
demolition method approved by the PE in advance of the works.

(c) The minimum number of people necessary to carry out the work should be in the area of the
cutting operation.

(d) All cutting operations should be supervised and monitored.

(e) Propping or counter-balancing should be provided where necessary.

NOTE 2 – The capacity and positioning of props should be such as to allow for a sudden, uncontrolled release of
prestress.

It should be remembered that locking nuts are used as anchorages at the ends of prestressed bars
and these are as potentially dangerous as other forms of anchorage. Any inadvertent release of
prestress due to the unscrewing of these locking nuts should be avoided.

C.2.2 Handling

Prestressed members are usually designed to resist applied loads in one direction only and should be
handled with this in mind. Sudden failure of the element can occur if handled incorrectly. Elements
with multiple tendons are normally prestressed symmetrically and asymmetric release of stress
should be avoided where possible, so as to minimise any uncontrollable sideways buckling.
However, damaged members may fail even though handled correctly.

Segmental structures need to be handled with particular care since any reverse or transverse bending
can cause the section to become unstable, particularly when no steel crosses the joints. Where the
member contains corroded and partially bonded cables, mishandling may lead to a sudden loss of
prestress that could cause the section to fail at a joint.

C.2.3 Continuous members

Members continuous over more than one support may have tendons which run over more than one
span or along the full length. Demolition of one section may release and collapse the adjoining
spans. Progressive collapse is a real possibility, particularly in the case of category 2 partly grouted
tendons and structures (refer to Figure C.1b).

C.2.4 Progressively prestressed members

Category 4 and 5 structures provide additional hazards, as the construction process cannot easily be
reversed during demolition. It is important to ensure that the removal of dead weight does not impair
the stability of the structure and cause premature collapse. Possible secondary effects of this failure
should be considered, such as the collapse of wall cladding panels as a result of the removal of dead
load. Rupture may be preceded by upward deflection, with excessive deformations causing collapse.

C.2.5 Signs of damage or deterioration

In a prestressed concrete element, if the concrete is found to exhibit signs of damage or deterioration
or if the tendons or anchorages show signs of damage or corrosion, extreme care should be
exercised when lifting the member. In some cases, such as in the deterioration of high alumina
cement concrete or in structures affected by alkali-silica reaction, it may be advisable to add
temporary bracings before the element is removed.

C.2.6 Inadvertent collapse

In some cases, sudden collapse can occur where incorrect demolition procedures have inadvertently
been used. Failures of this type occur with little or no warning and as such are of particular danger to
site personnel.

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(a) Progressively tensioned beams

(b) Elevation of a two-span beam with post-tensioned tendons

Figure C.1 – Post-tensioned beams

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Bibliography
Code of Practice for Railway Protection, Land Transport Authority (LTA)

Code of Practice for Works on Public Streets, Land Transport Authority (LTA)

Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone, Land Transport Authority (LTA)

Workplace Safety and Health, Risk Management: Risk Assessment Guidelines, Ministry of Manpower
(available at www.mom.gov.sg)

Guidelines on the Removal of Asbestos Materials in Buildings, Ministry of Manpower (available at

www.mom.gov.sg)

Code of Practice for Demolition of Buildings (2004), Hong Kong Buildings Department

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ABOUT SPRING SINGAPORE

SPRING Singapore is an agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry responsible for helping
Singapore enterprises grow and building trust in Singapore products and services. As the national
standards and accreditation body, SPRING develops and promotes an internationally-recognised
standards and quality assurance infrastructure. SPRING also oversees the safety of general
consumer goods in Singapore. As the enterprise development agency, SPRING works with partners
to help enterprises in financing, capability and management development, technology and innovation,
and access to markets.

SPRING Singapore
1 Fusionopolis Walk
#01-02 South Tower, Solaris
Singapore 138628
Tel: 6278 6666
Fax: 6278 6667
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.spring.gov.sg

ABOUT THE NATIONAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME

Under the national standardisation programme, SPRING Singapore helps companies and industry to
meet international standards and conformity requirements by creating awareness of the importance of
standardisation to enhance competitiveness and improve productivity, co-ordinating the development
and use of Singapore Standards and setting up an information infrastructure to educate companies
and industry on the latest developments.

SPRING Singapore is vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to advise on the
preparation, publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards and Technical References and
their implementation.

Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for materials and products, codes of practice,
methods of test, nomenclature, services, etc. The respective committee or working group will draw
up the standards before seeking final approval from the Standards Council or the relevant Standards
Committee. To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of Singapore
Standards, all committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest groups which
include government agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and
manufacturing organisations.

Technical References are transition documents developed to help meet urgent industry demand for
specifications or requirements on a particular product, process or service in an area where there is an
absence of reference standards. Unlike Singapore Standards, they are issued for comments over a
period of two years before assessment on their suitability for approval as Singapore Standards. All
comments are considered when a technical reference is reviewed at the end of two years to
determine the feasibility of its transition to a Singapore Standard. Technical References can
therefore become Singapore Standards after two years, continue as Technical References for further
comments or be withdrawn.

In the international arena, SPRING Singapore represents Singapore in the International Organisation
of Standardisation (ISO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) Sub-committee for
Standards and Conformance (SCSC) and in the ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and
Quality (ACCSQ). The Singapore National Committee of the International Electrotechnical
Commission which is supported by SPRING Singapore, represents Singapore in the IEC.

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The Singapore Standardisation

Programme is managed by
SPRING Singapore
1 Fusionopolis Walk,
#01-02 South Tower, Solaris
Singapore 138628
Tel : +65 6278 6666
Fax : +65 6278 6667
www.spring.gov.sg