Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 1086–1103

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Parametric design and daylighting: A literature review MARK

⁎ ⁎
Ahmad Eltaweel , Yuehong SU
Department of Architecture and Build Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T RAC T

Keywords: In the history, architecture was exploited to the human being to protect him from unsteady environmental
Parametric design conditions. In the past centuries, architecture was pioneer art which has special features such as; simplicity,
Daylighting organization, clear style, accurate decoration, material assembly, and so on. However, modern buildings become
Solar radiation complex products that have so many parts which have to fulfil different functions. Therefore, new computational
Energy saving
ways and techniques have been developed to facilitate the design of modern complicated buildings and to create
a convenient quantitative relationship between the environment and the envelope, putting into consideration
the obstacles which influence on the building design. This has therefore formed the concept of parametric
design in architecture, in order to deal with complex designs and gain more accurate results. Modern architects
claim that parametric design is the most creative way to understand the development and complexity of the new
era of architectural trends [1]. Meanwhile, it is really hard to deal with sophisticated details in buildings using
our brains to imagine, or conventional ways to design [2]. In addition, building technologies nowadays are
integrated and containing many disciplines in the same time, and each discipline is dependent on the other
disciplines in a very complex vast connections. Hence, they should be organized in a database container, and
this container could be managed parametrically using parametric design as an advanced way to explore and
understand these sophisticated relations [3]. This paper hence presents a literature review on parametric design
in architecture practice and put a focus on its applications in daylighting and solar radiation, which can have an
essential impact on improving daylight availability and energy saving.

1. Introduction according to different disciplines and project magnitude, in addition

to the other design aspects. Accordingly, dealing with these compli-
In the general architectural design, all design aspects and their cated relations will be very difficult, complex, time-consuming and
dimensions can be considered as parameters, such as location, feasibility risky. Therefore, these complicated relations should be
orientation, shape, solar radiation and so on. In the conventional way integrated using parametric methods. As mentioned in the previous
of design, once an initial model has been created, and if the designer diagram, parametric method can work with complex projects as a
wants to change any parameter, the whole process has to be repeated, coordination tool, in order to facilitate the relation between different
which is quite time-consuming. In contrast, the so-called parametric disciplines, moreover, dealing with modifications smoothly. These
design employs a certain software such as Grasshopper to efficiently modifications will influence on the whole project disciplines with no
amend and improve design by integrating and coordinating design need to iterate the whole project process [4], because, all parameters,
components simultaneously. Therefore, any change of parameters like disciplines and elements are connected parametrically.
editing or developing will be automatically and immediately updated in
the model, which is like a “short cut” to the final model. A graphical 2. The origins of parametric term
comparison between the conventional approach and the parametric
design is shown in Fig. 1. Daniel Davis, a researcher in the technology of the building
Generally, the process of conventional design with a simple project industry, RMIT University, his PhD was about computational design;
is known for people as a design and coordinating process, where the wrote a thesis about Parametric Origins titled as “A History of
idea of change, edit or develop is a usual process, and this process could Parametric” [1]. According to his thesis, he claimed that the term
be iterated till achieving the optimum design and best solution. parametric originates from mathematics, and the beginning of using
However, for a company, this process will be more sophisticated this word is not known. Another researcher, David Gerber [5] claimed

⁎
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Eltaweel), [email protected] (Y. SU).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.011
Received 16 October 2016; Received in revised form 27 December 2016; Accepted 2 February 2017
Available online 11 February 2017
1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Eltaweel, Y. SU Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 1086–1103

Fig. 1. Comparison diagram between Parametric design process, and conventional ones, showing the difference in time consuming.

in his thesis Parametric Practices that Maurice Ruiter who is the first 3. The principle and implementation of parametric design
using this term in his book in 1988 which tilted as Advances in
Computer Graphics III [6]. In the same year (1988) mathematician Basically, the term parametric originates from mathematics, and
Professor Samuel Geisberg founded the PTC (Parametric Technology refers to using certain parameters or variables, which can be amended
Corporation) [7] and created the first parametric modelling software in order to manipulate with the equation results [2]. Accordingly, the
called as Pro/ENGINEER, which is an integrated CAD/CAM/CAE principle of parametric design can be defined as mathematical design,
solution, and was the first rule-based constraint applied software used where the relationship between the design elements are shown as
nowadays in mechanical design in many companies [8]. In 1978, parameters which could be reformulated to generate complex geome-
Hillyard and Braid [9] created a system which can combine between tries, these geometries are based on the elements’ parameters, by
two parameters such as dimensions and tolerances in order to design a changing these parameters; new shapes are created simultaneously.
mechanical components, which could be considered as a parametric For example, if we need to draw an integrated model consist of
approach. On the other hand, Robert Stiles argued that the first venetian blinds, and these blinds have specific rotation angles respond-
appearance of parametric concept was earlier in the 1940 by Luigi ing to sun movement. Accordingly, a mathematical equation should be
Moretti in his book Writings of Architect [10] who wrote extensively created for these blinds in order to get the required rotation angle.
about parametric architecture. However, Daniel [11] investigated in his Indeed, we have to substitute in the created equation every time the
thesis that there was also an earlier example; James Dana 1888 who sun change its position, however, this process will be very long and
was using the language of parameters, variables and ratios to define time-consuming. In order to simplify this complex process; this
general steps to draw a range of crystals, which explained in his paper mathematical equation can be gently done in a parametric formula
On the Drawing of Figures of Crystals [12]. using specific software, then the substitution will done automatically or
Moretti defined parametric architecture as the study of architecture in better words “parametrically”. Accordingly, any changes in the data
systems aiming to “defining the relationships between the dimensions’ or parameters will influence on all the other parameters in the
dependent upon the various parameters”. He used a stadium as an equation, which can appear in the final model, as shown in Fig. 3.
example to explain how the stadium's form can be divided into where; δ is the opposing two angles over the slat, Ω is the solar
nineteen parameters, concerning things like viewing angles and profile angle, θ is the angle between reflected light and ceiling, u is the
economical cost of concrete as shown in Fig. 2. His parametric stadium distance from the Point c to the Point a, v is the distance from the Point
was presented as part of his Parametric Architecture exhibition at the a to the target Point b, and β is the slat tilt angle, see Fig. 4.
Twelfth Milan Triennial in 1960 [1,11]. There are previous examples of using integrated modern systems in
designing, such as Antoni Gaudi, who studied the design space using
analogue models [2]. Recently, there are an obvious relation between

Fig. 2. A model of stadium by Luigi Moretti. Exhibited at the 1960 Parametric Architecture exhibition at the Twelfth Milan Triennial. The stadium derives from a parametric model
consisting of nineteen parameters (left). The plans for the stadium (right) [10].

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Fig. 3. The logical sequence of the modelling process; from the mathematical equation (top), which converted to the parametrical formula (middle), going to the final result of the model
respectively (bottom).

parametric term and Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems [13], can be performed simultaneously, by connecting the model elements
where CAD system facilitate the ways to draw a model based on with each other in an algorithmic relation known as “parametric
geometrical relation with specified parameters and dimensions, how- design”. Therefore, parametric design can be considered as an
ever, if we need to edit or modify any element in the model; it will upgraded version of CAD system, while it depends on “Generative
change only the parameters of this element independently regardless of Algorithms” which is a way to explore design and algorithmic solutions
other related elements. For example, if we need to change floor height through formulas rather than using normal geometries.
of a building, we will modify the extrusion of the wall, meanwhile, other
related parameters are needed to be modified as well - such as doors
4. Parametric design software
and windows - in order to match the room height. Accordingly, this
process will be iterative and time consuming when dealing with
Parametric design software is a new tool revealed in 2008 and
complicated model. On the other hand, these modifications process
developed by many firms and software developers such as; Catia, 3D

Fig. 4. Cross section in the model showing the used symbols in the equation (top), detailed cross section (bottom).

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Fig. 5. The pedestrian formula in Grasshopper (top), the shortest solution for the pedestrian pathway (bottom) [4].

MAX, 3D Maya, Rivet, Grasshopper based on Rhinoceros 3D, Dynamo, algorithm editor which serves as a parametric modelling linked to
GenerativeComponents, Marionette, and Modelur. However, the most Rhinoceros 3D, that helps designers with no formal scripting back-
common software used in this field is Grasshopper, while it is providing ground to easily generate parametric forms [16]. Parametric modelling
divergent plugins in many disciplines; such as architecture, urban refers to the automated parameter-based generation of any project
planning, structural study, environmental analysis, mechanical engi- elements. This means that the generation and alteration of the
neering, sonic study, medicine, fashion, decoration and many other elements within a project is controlled with specific algorithm gener-
disciplines. For instance, “Ladybug” [14]a plugin in Grasshopper helps ated rule-sets. Elements are automatically drawn based on user-defined
to create comprehensive information about the environmental state for algorithms and by changing parameters within the algorithm; a design
any specific location by importing the standard EnergyPlus weather file can be easily controlled [17]. Grasshopper thus provides full control
(.epw) which can be obtained online from “https://energyplus.net/ and accurate manipulation of model's elements by defining form-
weather”. In addition, these environmental information can be generating components, which can be optimized through the use of
connected parametrically to the project data in order to understand sliders and mathematical expressions as shown in Fig. 3 (middle), or
the influence of weather and location on the studied project. Another even with simple scripting. While, other software packages do not
example, “Honeybee” a plugin in Grasshopper as well, used as an provide the necessary components for the creation of the work flow in
engine to OpenStudio, Daysim, Radiance and EnergyPlus [14]while as smooth and fluid manner as Rhinoceros and Grasshopper [16]. It
these programs are well-known simulation tools and have vast utilities can be noticed in Fig. 3 that Grasshopper interface consists of
in daylight analysis, solar radiation, ray tracing study, wind speed, components or nodes known as capsules and they are connected as
humidity, heating and cooling energy consumption, etc [15]. All these canvas in order to build the formula of Grasshopper, and this formula
plugins can be connected simultaneously and interact with each other, consists of different parameters. Changing these parameters causes the
accordingly, more accurate and optimum results can be obtained. changes to the whole functions and geometries simultaneously, which
Although, Grasshopper can deal with many parameters simultaneously can be observed in the Rhinoceros window.
using low performance computer, however, it may take (2–5 min) Grasshopper has a significant characteristic in the optimization
longer - comparing to 3D MAX - in order to render a complicated study; a component known as “Galapagos”, is used to obtain the
model. On the other hand, Grasshopper in that case can provide an optimum results between multiple parameters based on the designer
accurate and fast results comparing with other parametric design needs. Many researches used the method of optimization to find better
software such as Rivet and 3D MAX. solutions, such as Pratt and Bosworth [18] in order to get the best
Generally, as mentioned previously Grasshopper is a graphical performance of a shaded window in their building.

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5. Implementations of parametric design relations and connections. Moreover, it can create unlimited options of
modular forms based on simple element, via adding parametric
Nowadays, parametric design is used in many fields, disciplines modifiers, see Fig. 7.
which consist of complex algorithmic relations, interdisciplinary work,
creative forms, and multiprocessing treatments. It is not easy to control 5.4. In fashion
these operations using conventional tools or imagine them using our
minds, so it is needed to use complex operating systems, parametric Nowadays parametric design is used in wide range of design fields,
tools, and specific software. Due to this advancement in our life, we can because it provids new unpredictable idesas with a future styles as
find many implementations of parametric design in many fields like; shown in Fig. 8.
decoration, fashion, architecture, urban planning, sonic study, struc-
tural analysis, medicine and so on. 5.5. In sonic study

5.1. In urban planning Parametric programs can be used in sonic studies to calculate
reflections (bounces), cast multiple rays, calculate flow paths down a
Parametric design can provide several alternatives in a wide range sloped surface like water runoff [27]. (Fig. 9).
of design, while it gives distinctive results in iterative design process,
and these results can hardly obtained using conventional methods. The 5.6. In structure study
discrete method of problem-solving can deal with multiple layers in
urban design case by saving time in writing formula and coordinating Parametric design can calculate algorithmic formulas and manip-
between these layers. ulate complex connections, and create sophisticated relations with
For example, the pedestrian pathway in a previous study [4] was many kinds of materials as shown in Fig. 10.
chosen to determine the connections between the project's area, An example of a spiral building was investigated in a previous
putting in consideration the smaller buildings which block the visual research [4] to study the structural system design. Diagrid system was
connection on streets. The sliced landscape was used to divide the chosen for this building according to the advantages of this shape [30].
pedestrian circulation into patterns. The formula created in this study The parametric method was applied to this building to specify
conducted by Grasshopper was aiming to determine the shortest deflections and material behaviour. This study done by analysing the
pedestrian pathway, as shown in Fig. 5. algorithm, which concluded that spiral columns are no longer needed,
Another example in the same area, investigated by Mohamed and and beam profiles can be smaller than standard ones, additionally, they
Khalid [19] in using parametrical methods to achieve more responsive can be replaced by spring beam system, see Fig. 11.
environmental and sustainable urban morphology concerning human
comfort values, such as wind study, solar envelop and daylight 5.7. In environmental study
availability.
Parametric programs can study and analyse all climatic and
5.2. In architecture environmental changes such as sun movement, date, location, inten-
sity, humidity, illumination, radiation, wind speed, heat gain, shadows,
Parametric design can generate creative solutions, deal with shades, and control them parametrically. In addition, it can make
sophisticated relations and control them parametrically, and it utilizes simulation in the 4th dimension using the time aspect which can
parameters to set relations between design elements in order to define influence on the building in the real time, and how the time can change
a range of formal alternatives. Moreover, parametric design provides the performance of the building parametrically. So we can anticipate
wide exploration of multiple solutions to architectural design problems and solve many design issues the early stages of design [31–33].
using algorithmic methods. Therefore, parametric design provides (Fig. 12).
great opportunities to utopian architect to generate creative solutions
in the design process [20,21], see Fig. 6. 6. Parametric design and daylighting

5.3. In decoration As mentioned before, parametric design can be utilized to solve and
manipulate complex relations based on data availability, and these data
Parametric design provides creative forms, iterative dynamic are connected and depending on each other. Consequently any change
shapes which is inspired from the nature, and depends on algorithmic on a given parameter will influence on the whole data.

Fig. 6. Architectural models created based on parametric design [22], (bottom right designed by Ahmad Eltaweel).

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Fig. 7. Ideas of parametric design in decoration [23].

Fig. 8. Ideas of parametric design in fashion, inspired from nature [24–26].

Fig. 9. Reflected rays calculated in “Sonic”, a plugin based on Grasshopper [27].

Fig. 10. Structure study using algorithmic calculations in Grasshopper [28,29].

In this literature review, daylight will be investigated with the daylighting. The method was done by using a parallel computing
utilization of parametric design. Daylight is an important aspect in our algorithm that allowed a better understanding of the effect of the
life, especially with the architectural decisions, such as design concepts, louvers parameter and their interaction on daylighting performance.
facades, forms, functions, orientation and even materials. Daylight These parameters consists of louvers count, louvers depth ratio, tilt
influenced by many divergent criteria such as longitude, latitude, sun- angle, window to wall ratio and reflectively, which were connected
path, solstice, equinox, sky type, wind speed, solar radiation, humidity parametrically to give 1600 items, and they are divided to 200 groups,
and territory. All these aspects have different parameters and influ- see Figs. 13 and 14. The process was working in a parallel simulation,
enced by each other. Therefore, parametric design can provide this and the simulation process was conducted by linking Grasshopper with
utility by connecting these data together using specific software, which Radiance through a particular algorithm known as Diva which was
can ease the design decision, modelling, and solving problems. used to open Radiance and EnergyPlus interface engines [34].
Furthermore, it could anticipate the optimum solutions for the building The study summarized that, increasing the louvers count from 3 to
design especially via analysing the influence of daylight. 10 leads to decrease of sDA (spatial Daylight Autonomy) from 40% to
30% respectively, at 30% WWR with 1.5 depth ratio. However, the sDA
decreased form 76–61% at 50% WWR with the same depth ratio.
6.1. Louvers design However, when increasing the depth ratio from 0.75 to 1.5 with 20%
WWR, the sDA decreased by 40%, but this decline diminished as WWR
Louvers design was investigated in a previous research [31] using increased till it disappeared at 60% WWR where sDA reached the
parametric approach by exploring all possible screen configurations in

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Fig. 11. Structural design analysis [4].

highest value of 100%. In general louvers count was found that they louvers by using new kind of design method called parametric
have no remarkable influence on the sDA with relevant to the louvers camshaft. The method of this study is done by simulating a workspace
depth ratio, which relatively have more impact on the sDA. in Jakarta with variation of shading angles aiming to provide sufficient
The utility of this study is that all parameters were explored in all daylight inside the workspace. The study summarized that the occu-
screens, thus the evaluation of the experiment was effective, and the pants’ visual comfort can be achieved by varying the shading opening
classification for the parameters was accurate via identifying the angles between 15° and 75°. However, Jaepil, Taekyoung, Euisoon and
optimum solution. However, the disadvantage of studying many Gensong [37] used parametric louvers in their study to optimize the
parameters together did not achieve an accurate results for the overall thermal performance in the building, by analysing the best adjustment
performance, so it would be better to study each parameter individually for the louvers. The study investigated in the louvers’ performance
while fixing the others. from three aspects; the distance from glazing, the louver's depth and
El Sheikh and Gerber [35] also investigated in louvers, through the louver's tilt angle. The simulation of this study was conducting
studying the design of intelligent building skin and its impact on using Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, Ecotect, and Galapagos.
daylighting performance, using parametric approach. The method of In a former literature review, Maria and Aris [38] investigated in
this study is done by using Grasshopper, Rhino, Diva and Galapagos as dynamic and automated shading systems, using sensor points and
parametric tools to control and design exploration of semi-autonomous controlled algorithms which responding to the sun movement and
and fully autonomous configurations of an exterior building envelop weather conditions. The review concluded that the most popular
louver system. The system was created to respond to the daylighting automated systems and motorized Venetian blinds can achieved 20%
conditions and occupants’ performance. The study summarized that and 50% in energy saving for cooling and lighting respectively,
daylighting performance was improved in the interior spaces putting in comparing to conventional louvers.
consideration the occupants’ preferences and building's requirements,
and the research proves that using the automation of independent tilt
6.2. Skylight design
angles can improve the Building Intelligent Skin system to two times
better than conventional system, concerning daylight harvesting.
A research investigated in responsive skylight system by Goncalo,
Sjarifudin and Justina [36] as well investigated in automated
Jose and Vitor [33] which aims to create a skylight system that

Fig. 12. Examples for sun path and daylight analysis, form our work in Grasshopper.

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Fig. 13. The louvers’ parameters [31], A: screen tilt angle, WWR: window to wall ratio.

responds to environmental conditions and internal functional de- apertures of the skylights that provide required illuminance, and
mands. The system uses three aspects; location, time and sky condi- resulting visual contrast value.
tions. This paper studied the process to control daylight dynamically, A further research in the same issue made by Michela, Peter, Axel
using a Tetra-Script pavilion prototype, which targets to provide and Rudi [40] who also investigated in the performance-oriented
adequate illumination and low visual contrast. The experiment was design of large roof structure for semi-outdoor space aiming to enhance
conducted parametrically using an environmental software analysis to the environmental performance of the space in the early stages of the
generate a criteria to evaluate the results. The model was responding to design process, moreover, studying passive solar strategies that reduce
the sun in a Heliotropic response, which is a natural phenomenon of the need of imported energy via analysing the daylight and thermal
some species of plants that follows the sun movement in order to comfort. The study uses parametric geometry to generate design
receive more sunlight, such as the snow buttercup. The automation alternatives, and the exploration performance was studied using a
process of this experiment was done parametrically using Grasshopper, parametric tool called ParaGen which is a plugin connected to
and the configuration of the pavilion is determined by a small set of Grasshopper that studying structural systems and their form perfor-
variables including basic form, tessellation and texture were the static mance criteria using genetic algorithms [41], see Fig. 17.
adaption, and the aperture degrees of the skylight panels adopted The research described that in order to achieve passive strategies
automatically [39], see Figs. 15 and 16. for thermal comfort; the temperature should be decided by the physics
Results calculated using interpolation method showing an approx- of the form instead of building engineer, moreover, the location of its
imate illuminance error between 4.3% and 7.3%, however, the detailed mass, size, orientation of the openings, and shading in order to achieve
results of this research are described in the author's PhD thesis. The zero-energy space [42].
parametric design system used for the generation of skylight config- The study found that the lowest ratio between the yearly incident
urations, can be applied to any pavilion shapes, with other geometries, solar radiation and daylight factor was about 3.5 times smaller than the
at any location. The advantage of responsive system, that the config- highest ratio. Accordingly, this software was utilized to create the
urations of daylight performance can be set in real-time. model parametrically to search for the optimum openings settings, and
The whole results of the study including daylighting simulation, better energy related aspect, which resulted a successful potentials
heuristics, apertures values, and the best-case worst-case situations based on the case study. The study summarized that parametric design
were stored in a data base. This data base can be used to determine the approach can provide full control to deal with complex geometries,

Fig. 14. Parametric algorithm for computing all possible combinations [31].

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Fig. 15. The controlling process using Grasshopper [33].

Fig. 16. The TetraScript pavilion concept, controlled parametrically [33].

which offers a highly visual interface as well as wide variety of different systems to exploit the daylight and bring the light into the building's
scripts, in addition, increase the versatility of the design process, which interior surfaces, by analysing many systems techniques used in
gives further variations of the geometric models. different buildings as shown in Fig. 18.
In the same issue, M. Turrin, E. Van, A.Kilian and S.Sariyildiz [43] The reflective systems used in this study is a pairing of two main
investigated in using parametric design to improve the performance of daylighting techniques; the first is a large north facing window as a
a large span roof in Bologna. The study aims to exploit the use of source of diffuse light, and the second is a south facing mirrored
renewable resources in the site by reducing the summer overheating, reflector hung within inside the atrium skylight as shown in Fig. 19.
enhance the daylight and provide a good ventilation to the project. Jong and Bharat [45] proposed an innovative technique to light a
Parametric design here was occupied to manipulate with the structural gymnasium hall in Korea, which is parametrically bio-inspired by
morphology of the building by controlling the apertures based on superposition compounds eyes of animals [46,47] which can absorb
variation of size and distribution, in order to meet the requirements of wide range of light better than normal eyes. The system consists of
passive building. The 3D geometry of the structural roof consists of reflecting superposition optics which can capture and distribute day-
ETFE pneumatic modules, which is controlled by a moveable layer light inside the building dome structure, furthermore, it can respond to
adjusted to three positions, where the closed position provides an the sun movement. The proposed biomimetic model was designed
opaque state, and the open position can allow the light to penetrate parametrically via using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper. The roof surface
between the patterns. of the gymnasium is subdivided to cuboid structure that was formed as
The study found that in order to achieve the best balance between a a tapered rectangular prism. Each façade component inside the cube
low solar factor and a high daylight transmission; the apertures can adjust itself to respond to the sun movement, by shifting the
opening angles should be between 60 and 70 degrees, which resulting bottom of the components to meet the functional requirements based
approximately 30% of solar energy transmission (G-value) which was on climatic state, see Fig. 20.
the best measured value to improve thermal comfort in summer. The Kinetic mechanism of this system can adapt itself correspond-
Patric, Paul, and Kera [44] suggested multiple designs of an atrium ing to two different objectives; firstly, keeping the playing area
at University of Massachusetts in Lowell in order to lit the building illuminated responding to different sun positions, and secondly,
floors and bring daylight deep in to buildings spaces. They used changing illuminance conditions for the needed functional purposes.
parametric approach in design process such as Diva for Rhino and The study summarized that parametric design tools provides wide
Grasshopper. The methodology of the study depends on using reflective design explorations, and opens more opportunities for innovative

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Fig. 17. The ParaGen cycle [40].

Fig. 18. Different types of reflective system design [44].

building systems to adapt on their own to environmental changes and solve each problem individually, by creating a formula in Grasshopper
to become more passively energy-efficient via exploiting natural containing all data with a specific parameter.
resources. However, in order to perform perfectly, the system still The shadows were investigated in this study by analysing the
need high number of sensors to respond to the environmental changes, neighbouring buildings that overshadow the site, which was utilized
in addition, the complexity of elector-mechanical, and maintenance by the sun-path diagram to create a trace of building's shadow at a
cost. specific hours, see Fig. 21.
The overshadow study concluded that, the western part of the site
6.3. Mass and shadow study would be more comfortable in the afternoon as it is overshadowed by
surrounding buildings after 3 pm, from February to October. Likewise,
William, Aswin and Heru [4] used parametric approach in their in Fig. 22 searching for the most comfortable area along the year, while
study as a tool to solve problems during design process regarding to this overshadowed area will be allocated for public spaces for human
site planning and massing. The study was conducted on office tower in activities. The utility of parametric design in this condition is the ease
Jakarta. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using parametric of controlling sun location which can be iterated during daytime based
design method. Therefore, the method being employed in this study to on specific location imported from weather file.

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Fig. 19. Daylighting redirecting strategies at University Crossing [44].

The mass is another aspect, was investigated in this study to obtain The study founded that lighting and solar energy can be reduced to
the optimum solution by reduce the heat gain, as the mass is a desirable results by adding extra canopy started with 3 m and ended
considered as the landmark for the site. Parametric design was utilized with 1.5 m from east to west respectively. Moreover, the study
in this building to decrease the solar heat gain by determining the recommended to add some bioclimatic elements including passive
rotation degree of the building, which influence on the aesthetic, heating and cooling systems. The study concluded that the perfor-
structural forms, and the tilted wall which can influence on the interior mance of daylight and ventilation levels can be improved by using
spaces, see Fig. 23. The simulation concluded that; the influence of parametric design approach, via changing the morphology parameters
rotating the building 90° will decrease the heat gain to 1.32126 Wh/m2 through bioclimatic analysis. Comparing to other buildings in the same
which was the lowest value of heat gain. area, the use of bioclimatic principals can enhance the quality of
The study summarized that parametric approach is more practical people's lives, regarding to morphological and functional aspects.
than the conventional methods in terms of simultaneous coordinate
and accountable.
According to morphological concept, Vasiliki and Odysseas [48] 6.4. Fenestration design
proposed a parametric residential building in Cyprus that designed
based on the climatic and functional issue. The design method of the El Daly [50] investigated in fenestration allocation design to
building depends on solar radiation and daylight in this location, and optimize daylight inside a multipurpose building in Cairo. He claims
how parametric design could help to perform this design, and provide that conventional windows are now a debatable issue concerning to the
many design alternatives as a bioclimatic system [49]. The study aims environmental rating system (LEED) [51]. He used parametric design
to provide sufficient daylight in all building's spaces, and exploiting the as a heuristic algorithms to be integrated with the LEED rating system
solar energy for heating aspect. These climatic parameters will be in order to achieve the required daylight amounts with a minimum
connected parametrically, in order to manipulate with the units solar radiation inside the building. Hence, the design method depends
orientation to meet the environmental requirements. The model was on finding the suitable allocations for windows to comply with LEED
conducted using Grasshopper as a parametric algorithmic software, the requirements. The reason of using heuristic algorithm in this study, to
climatic analysis was done using Geco as an engine to Ecotect software solve the problems in limited steps, which try to find the optimum
which is used as an environmental software. solution among all possible parameters.
The study analysis proposes four solution for the residential The simulation of the building created in Grasshopper based on
building which can cover all possible bioclimatic requirements, putting Rhinoceros, with the help of Geco plugin which transforming data to
in consideration the structure system, orientation and atheistic aspect, Ecotect to obtain the environmental analysis. Then the data optimiza-
see Fig. 24. tion done with a tool called “Galapagos” and known as a genetic
algorithm, which is the most common optimization algorithm used in

Fig. 20. Configuration of adaptive façade components.

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Fig. 21. Overshadow of neighbouring buildings [4].

parametric design, see Fig. 25. middle of the room.

The use of optimization method in this study contributed to The study concluded that the method can generate an almost
decrease total solar radiation loads to 26%, which was lower than the optimum solution based on the designer concepts, which can achieve
total loads found in the initial parameters. Accordingly, the study indoor environmental requirements.
summarized that the automation of fenestration allocation based on
parametric design and regarding to LEED can be achieved using three
main steps; the first by design the LEED requirements parametrically,
the second step is the automatic selection of solutions through the
integration between simulation program and heuristic algorithm, and 6.5. Windows design
the last one is choosing the optimum solution for the façade design.
For the same issue, Burak and Soofia [52] investigated in using Ma and Hiroatsu [54] used parametric design in their study to
generative algorithms to explore design alternatives for the fenestration optimize daylight and heat gain inside an office building in Beijing. The
system of a building in a hot climate territory in Cyprus. The study study method depends on finding the best size window area on each
aimed to customize shading devices for the building which can wall to minimize the energy consumption and maximize the useful
optimize daylight, and reduce solar heat gain. The method of this daylight illuminance. The experiment done by creating the model in
study conducted by using Diva for Rhino for environmental analysis, Grasshopper based on Rhinoceros, and the climatic simulation was
Grasshopper as a parametric modelling tool, and Galapagos plugin to done using Ladybug and Honeybee as an engines to EnergyPlus,
optimize the simulated results. The ambient bounces in the study was Radiance and Daysim, in order to study the environmental state
kept at 2 in Radiance parameters in order to speed the simulation parametrically. Additionally, the study used Galapagos plugin to
process, on the other hand, this influence on the accuracy of the values achieve the role of optimization, which provides a generic platform
of the DF. The study concluded that average DF was increased by 25%– for the application of evolutionary algorithms to be used on a wide
67% in all alternatives. Accordingly, integrated parametric design variety of problems by non-programmers. Moreover, Galapagos as
software can improve the performance of the buildings, regarding to mentioned previously can provide simple operation, fast speed of
form and function aspects, moreover, provide several alternatives for calculation results, and produces range of optimized solutions.
the design in early stages. The study found that south oriented window is the best orientation,
Pil and Steffen [53] investigated in parametric method in followed by north according to this selected territory, which aiming to
Grasshopper to generate different fenestration systems for a room that minimize the annual total thermal energy. Whereas, heating energy in
fulfils performance criteria regarding indoor climate, daylight and this location is needed more than cooling energy, furthermore, the
energy saving, see Fig. 26. The method includes a new plugin in study concluded that vertical window is the optimum solution in 63%
Grasshopper called ICE bear which can simulate annual indoor climate, of the time, with height 3.063 m and width 1.959 m, in order to
daylight and energy performance of complex geometries based on improve daylight illuminance to be greater than 300Lux, comparting to
hourly weather data. This tool is used simultaneously with Galapagos square and horizontal window with the same area. Generally, the study
optimization algorithm in order to generate design solutions based on summarized that parametric design can optimize the selection of
the designer conceptual idea. The aim of this method is to reach window design strategy concerning to illuminance and energy analysis,
maximum energy used for the building operation (25 kWh/m2/year) in order to minimize the annual total thermal energy and obtain the
while fulfilling thermal class II without having more than 100 h above best orientation. In addition, the use of parametric technology in early
26 C°, and minimum daylight autonomy of 60% in a point in the design stage can improve the design quality and provide generation of
practical global optimization and solution strategy for building design.

Fig. 22. Analysis of overshadowing area [4].

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Fig. 23. Building mass study [4].

6.6. Façades design LEED v4 requirements (75%) and accepted Daylight Availability
standard. The research summarized that LEED V4 requirements can
Daylight optimization was investigated by Y. Elghazi, A. Wagdy, S. be achieved via using parametric techniques, in addition, the integra-
Mohamed and A. Hassan [55] using Kaleidocycle design technique in a tion of daylight simulation tools and genetic algorithm contributes in
residential façade in Cairo based on Origami, in order to enhance the achieving better daylight performance.
daylighting in a living room and achieving the requirements of LEED Another research in the same area investigated in using origami
V4 [56]. The methodology of this research was focusing on using the concept with parametric design, done by Avergauw, Lalegria, Kroovers
parameters of Kaleidocycle logic, which was conducted by applying and Niels [60]. The study concentrated in using an adoptive shading
parametric design based on Rhinoceros, Grasshopper and Diva; while systems which can respond to the environmental circumstances. This
Diva is an engine to Radiance and Daysim [57]. system is based on curved-line folding technique which depends on
It can be observed in Fig. 27. that Origami is a folding paper kinematic behaviour. This technique provides wide opportunity to
techniques, which offers a finite set of paper shapes based on sequence generate flexible shapes, which can be conducted by pushing specific
and relationships between surface and points which can be defined by endpoints in the geometrical shape using the small curved lines which
rules, moreover, it is a type of manual algorithm that can be translated can easily squeezed, as shown in Fig. 28. The significant character of
into parametric shapes [58]. this system that it can give higher displacement in its formation with
The façade concept in this study is formed as Kaleidocycle skin low forces added to its vertices [61]. The model morphology was
based on Origami technique. Kaleidocycle is defined as a rotating rings created and controlled parametrically using Grasshopper.
of tetrahedrons which are usually used with the mathematical ex- The previous study aims to save energy consumed and enhance the
ercises. Each tetrahedron in the cycle is linked to its predecessor and indoor comfort, using the concept of kinematic behaviour based on
successor at opposite edges, where the movement technique treats each parametric design. The study resulted that using adaptive shading
tetrahedron as an independent element [59]. The process of this parametrically can improve the daylight exploitation and energy
research was done using genetic algorithm in order to optimize the saving.
results. In Abu Dhabi, Aedas [62] developed “Al-Bahr Tawers” the two 25
The results showed that Kaleidocycle rings with 30 cm size and 64° story office towers which were parametrically designed, and inspired
rotation angle achieved 100% of daylight distribution which exceeded from an Islamic architectural element called “Mashrabiya”, via using

Fig. 24. The four solutions for the system's geometry, and the environmental analysis for each solution [48].

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Fig. 25. Grid analysis by Ecotect (left), Galapagos interface (right) [50].

the tessellation of the hexagonal shape to create a mosaic scene in the used shapes in modern building envelopes. Daylighting analysis was
façade, see Fig. 29. performed using the available tools in each software. The assessment of
The façade consists of 1000 panels of connected triangular screens results depends mainly on evaluating differences in illuminance values
arranged in a series of scalable hexagonal shape, which are folding up which reported form each software and then comparing them to the
to protect the façade form direct solar radiation. The hexagonal shape values of the physical model.
is responding automatically to the sun movement in an adaptive fitting The study summarized that Rivet is better in using fast and simple
system [63], to achieve better daylight performance and energy saving. geometries with daylight analysis when high levels of accuracy are not
The design succeeded to reduce heat gain and glare by 50%, mean- needed, however, in contrast with 3D Max, which consider to perform
while, giving the Islamic atheistic shape. Moreover, the parametric better with sophisticated geometries. Additionally, the rapid progress
façade, together with solar thermal panels for hot-water heating and of parametric modelling which integrated with fabrication technolo-
photovoltaic panels on the roof, minimize the need of electrical lighting gies, has made daylighting analysis of complex geometries less reason-
and cooling energy, and reduce the total carbon dioxide emissions by able, comparing to the real model. Therefore, the existing daylight
over 1750 t per year. simulation tools need validations and crucial upgrades in order to
Narangerel and Lee [64] investigated in the same area using south control the increasing gap between predictions and physical reality.
oriented 3D façade patterns to enhance daylight performance and In a similar research, Elliot and Christoph [66] used parametric
reduce electricity consumption in Korea without any urban context. design and energy simulation tools to determine the influence of
The process was done using parametric approach based on daylight on façade's shading designs and the expected energy used in
Grasshopper, Ladybug and Honeybee, see Fig. 30. the building, cost optimization for the building and the amount of
The model was created by increasing the points on the rectangular carbon emitted from the building. The study conducted by using
building façade units and connect them with the vertices’ corner of the Grasshopper for simulation modelling, EnergyPlus based on Diva for
façade apertures. The method of this study suggested the optimal the environmental studies, and Galapagos for design optimization. The
extrusion lengths at the given points and the combination of materials study summarized that the designer should put in consideration the
of the surfaces which were generated from the Delaunay triangulation climatic changes and how to deal with a physical parameters of a static
by means of multi-objective optimization [41]. The suggested method building to match the environmental changes over the time.
in this research showed high flexibility and compatibility of generating Accordingly, parametric design can anticipate varieties of scenarios
any façade design using the proposed technique. The authors claimed for the building to get the optimized performance.
that the method could be used effectively to create several design Mahmoud and Elghazi [67] investigated in kinetic facades [68,69]
alternatives of an office building and to assess the daylighting using parametric design to optimize the daylight in a south oriented
performance according to a given location. The study summarized that facade in Cairo. The façade consists of a moveable hexagonal pattern
facade models can save energy and enhance daylighting performances. which is controlled using Grasshopper in order to study the daylight
M. Gomaa and W. Jabi [65] investigated in complex facades using distribution inside the building, aiming to achieve the requirements of
parametric tools (Autodesk Revit and 3D Max) in order to evaluate and LEED v4. The study showed an improvement in daylight between 20–
compare the performance of daylighting analysis by using these two 50% through the four seasons, comparing to traditional facades. The
software. The experiment was done by making three types of model; method of this study based on kinetic system, via controlling the
using Revit, 3D Max and a physical scaled model. The physical scaled rotation of hexagonal components in the façade as shown in Fig. 32.
models were conducted by 3D printing and laser cutting processes,
which was used as a reference case for comparison purposes. The initial
test was done with as simple unglazed opening room. The next set of 6.7. Photovoltaics design
tests used three types of parametric patterns to form the façade
geometries (see Fig. 31), which approximate some of the common Hend, Ayman, Paolo, Robert and John [70] investigated in the
integration between photovoltaics technology and buildings’ structure,

Fig. 26. Examples of parametric models concepts and variables [53].

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Fig. 27. Origami forms based on geometrical rules [55].

Fig. 28. The kinematic behaviour using the curved line adoptive [60].

Fig. 29. Transformation of the hexagonal shape in the façade [62].

while they are recommended renewable energy source. The main aim calculate the stress distribution in different weather conditions and the
of this study is using parametric design with photovoltaics membrane maximum deflection allowed for the membrane surface under different
structure, in order to solve complex relations within the membrane loading conditions. The study argued that these former aspects can be
formation such as; the membrane's geometry, layout orientation, integrated together parametrically, via using Grasshopper algorithms,
shadowing, analyse the daylight pattern on the membrane surface, while this parametric software can provide multiple facilities in a real

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A. Eltaweel, Y. SU Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (2017) 1086–1103

Fig. 30. Façade geometry generation [64].

Fig. 31. The three chosen patterns in a three modelling types [65].

Fig. 32. Patents of the rotation motion for the kinetic façade [67].

time process for these complex aspects. The study summarized that 6.8. Summary
parametric method can optimize many environmental aspects such as
maximum daylighting absorption and energy saving, however, the It can be noted from previous studies that parametric design has a
study require more research to analyse more geometrical solutions with significant influence on daylight performance and energy saving,
different structural parameters. especially for complex projects and innovative concepts, while it can

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Table 1
Daylight performance and energy saved within parametric design.

Reference Type of daylighting design DF improvement sDA improvement Reduce solar heat gain Energy saving

[31] Louvers design 100%

[38] Automated shading system 50%
[40] Skylight design 35%
[43] Skylight design 30%
[50] Fenestration design 26%
[52] Fenestration system 67%
[53] Fenestration system 60%
[55] Façade design 100%
[62] Façade design 50%

provide quick iteration, real time results, data analysis, time saving, and design process. case study: office tower in kebayoran lama. Procedia - Soc
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