M

OGAITHIMIC FUNCTIONOF ACOMPLEXVARIABLE

19.13 LOGARITHMICFUNCTION OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE
said to
(1) Definition. Ifz(=x + iy)and w(= u+iv) be so related thatew =z, then w is
he base eand is written as w= log, z.
Also pw +2inT = ew, eZint = z
log z = W + 2int
 CouP
logarithm of a
ie,the
function. complex number han an
general valuo of the
The principal infinite number of voluea
its
itfromThus from (i) and
Value whichlogarithm
in of in
written ond 4, therefore, n multi talued
(i), Log (x writlen
+ iy)
As aa
log , This Lg
eyinning
with rapital Lias a
Ify 0, then
that the
Log t
2inn 4logx 2inn+ log ( yrincipal
iv) nle ja
dined by taking
to istinsh
in Lg
ehou*
This
loggarithm ofn rval qantity i nlso
He know that the ulth aled
logarthm of a
log 2) log, 2negntie quantty ho po prinig
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2 i Rut ne ra Art #sate thi4
(2) Real ond imaginary of parts
log (N + iy) 2inn 4Lag (x +iy).
log (x + iy)
2inn 4+ log Ir (eos
9+i sin 0)1 Put Pes 9,y r sin 9 that
-2inn 4log (re) |ri)and 9 tan(y
2inn +logri0 mlog v'
Roai and imaginary parts of (a +iBy +)+2nR tanylk)
Put asr eos 9,rin 9 Mthat
rsiapand 9 tan
iy)|2inn loy re ox+iy)
hm ÅEI log r -y (2nt + 6) and Bylogr+x(2nn +
A*iBA(co% B+iBin B),(lgr(2a91
0).
the reguired real part = e^ cos B and the
imaginary part sin B.
Esuspie 19.38, Find the general value of log (-i).

Soiution. Log (-i) = 2inn + log [0 + i- 1)) (Put ) reos 9, | rsins 92

8othat rland9-/2
= 2inn + log (r (cos 0 + i sin 0)) = 2inr + log (re)
= 2inn +log r +i9= 2inn+ log 1+i -N2) =i 2n

Ixample 19.39. Provethat i) i =e ns Im/2 and Logtn2n

Mumba., 2004

bolution. i) By definition, we have

i ' l a y p(2inn log )s x +loylexp(iN2

Taking logarithns, we get (ii)

Nuw
 IGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMAl

Hence =etia where a = 4J2

= e , el =e (cos a+isin a).
Example 19.40. If (a + ib) = m+ ), prove that oneof the values of y/x is
2 tan' (bla) + log (a? + b).
Solution. Taking logarithms, (a+ ib)P = m+iy gives plog (a + ib) = (x + iy) log m
Or
Plog(a?+b°) +i tan . =x log m+iy log m
Equating real and imaginary parts from both sides, we get
log (a'+ b2) = log m ...), p tan-1 6
2 a
=y log m
Division of (ü) by () gives
ylx = 2 tan-' (b/a)/log (a? + b2).
Example 19.41. If =A + iB, prove that tan TA/2 = B/A and A2 + B2 = e-t/B

Solution. =A + iB i.e. /A +iB = A+ iB

(C.S.V.T.U., 2011
or
A+ iB=elA+ iB) log i =pA + iB) log (cos U2 +i sin /2)
= exp (A + iB) log (ein2)] = elA +iB) (iN2)
=e-Bu2, eitA/2=e-Bu2 cos + isin
2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
A=e-Br/2 cos
2 ..i) B=eBr/2 sin
Division of (ii) by (i) gives BIA = tan A/2 2 ..

Squaring and adding () and (ii), A2 + B² = e-Br.

a + ib
Example 19.42. Proue that log=2i tan Hence evaluate cos i log a+ ib
a-ib

Solution. Putting a= r cos 0, b =r sin

(P.T.U, 2006
so that = tan-' bla, we have
a+ ib r (cos + isin 0)
log a-ib = log r (cos -i sin 0) = log (e +ee)
= log e0 = 2i9 = 2i tan- bla.
Thus cos i log a+ib
a-ib = cOs |z (2i0)] = cos 20 = 1-tan 1-(b/a)2 a-b'
1+ tan2 1+ (b/a)? a +6'
Example 19.43. Separate intoreal and
Solution.
imaginary parts log sin (x + iy).
log sin (x+ iy) = log (sin x
cos iy + cos x sin iy)
where = log (sin x cosh y
r cos 0= sin x +i cos x sinh y) = log r (cos
cOsh yand r sin 0 = cos x + i sin 0),
so that r= V(sin x cosh2 cos?
sinh y,
y+ x sinh y)
cos 2x 1+ cosh 2y 1+ cos 2x cosh
2 2 2
2y-1
and 0 = tan-l (cot x
tanh y). (cosh 2y- cos
Thus log sin (x + iy) = log (re") =
logr+ i0
=;log (cosh 2y - cos 2) +itan (cot x
tanh y).
 667
COMPLEX NUMBERS
AND FUNCTIONS

Erample 19.44. Fùnd all the roots of the equation

(i) sin z= cosh 4 (ii) sinh z =i.
Solution. (i) sin z = cosh 4 = cos 4i = sin (T/2 - 4i)
If s i n =sin .
z = nt + (-1)" (T/2 - 4i) then = nT+(-1y O.

e
(ü) i= sinh z =
2
e2e 2ie? 1= 0, i.e. (ee- i)2=0 i.e., e = i

z= Logi= 2inn + log i= 2inn + log ei2 = 2inn + i/2 = i 2n+ T .