Atom: An atom a i te duallear ‘ alt a fetes ” pererea «f the olemmnt, St tartans qage we which veraing 1) Elec two tee 4PCO 9p parole Ay Prefers rey Newhoad Blecher! Elechrona art . — megebroy charred panicles havi chage ef cowie? io aes ening olectical eat ge ern me manent sence Yorlene! preteno are positively charged gored hawig electical change ef 4 46x10? Coulomb - The mano «f o pater 1836 Hmes heavier dha that ef electron Nouhm : Neupon are wecrricelly ‘neutral parbles hawi ng re etecrical chard = The mare “pe nerthror (A Bae OO that oP o proton cornainad dp 9 central om pasl whale stbm never ao rem muchas - ea carbon ve fect) Gmeacnere) (num ees) oper [LAtoric o- 23} Eledrons io “Hu outer muat orbit are imprint for eotebtishing he geariot popes te Aulrotante qulermeat abit are vor loosely, bound ~The elechone in the to cle -pooihvel} charges putes ond such eleehons E27 rove ie ed ert within be molecular shruckert ele auch qecrmne 17 portasler direckon under due achon Hen bu moKon u cetleol erectare CURRENT ~ Bue coulomb is epust to approai mately 24x! electrone A coulomb t& a quantig of electricity , a rate “f flows aaa a rm mt ine aukotante eves of cortete preee™,Blech curred! Blectrt curred: Ue vale of Pleo op dectie charge a ry cuurrenr, oVb Unit called elechic Mastemabicolly | Blectromobre Fer . Blewromotire Frce (EME) 2 The dewing infltunce alice ee flee op elector in o rash, 9% unk tu volt jenat di : i rp fference(pd) : The ameunt 4 voorudene in moving a unit seve phage fm ona past te ancttar per) nits val In anodur oordts yolenener a Preup op neyabrely charted pares ore arated From a pour “t pools char ed partic, ao poral Uifference will develop . “4 fox example: 4 bororge ba tery has potantral dy pference aceoss th te tormvin cura Fave de 71 = gee reasterio) 2 le i render fimo Oe sere fore olocrrona are ref mevigy = len gpeneviie, is applied across He ands 2P the eoncluclr rt ok enznfy anol begin Te more ont tp one direckinn Hular dreckon wrth Hue appltcabon of oletrio presaure a eatted drift weedy, Le ns nov of eectrore per wnat volume (perm?) yc Drift vedo of dectrone (tm reuter por eee ) = piskance moved by electors wo small Hie interval of dt dx gx dt wolume of Bhs condiuclee aweph by tue elertone in time dt = Ad ie Mer ne ef echo woofer across de distance im time dt =? Ate enn wade b, mer charge remofer acress du Aelarce Go Hee Aj eoR ror dq = navedr , glare, @ = charge “f anclethonHence, Da elechic current op - dy nAvedt dt Cant or Age. Ex aeple - Ecawple: |) conductas malarial hae a flee electron dana of 10?* gtechono por”? \nthen a velege & applied, a comstenr dfs AY af (5 xi? m/sec i attained by tus electron 1P +e Cress -secthnal ares opine mates a Pop om, eatcedati the rogpritudt ef currant sal tere, y= to electron per m® A 4 sqare cy07t o> v fg xw? m/sec es vextee pe Pe hes, == ave ° 4 -2 ee? = 0024 107 we HSI AE = 0:24 A Aus Blechic Urugt! AR elecrsic runt Ho clacrol poth conaish'or +P active ancl pasaive element p wWliich euvet flew conti AcHve element: Sources AP olects cad erarty » Bf. Battery anaive clement! diadipalt enenyy in the ferme of buat oF sired 5 the ene, inte fer eleenic re megnetic fe ‘ Reoicer , capaci , iductex . Ley: 4 shienple olechic deuct te. Battery Rooister I capaeiter Encl mf 1 TRESISTANCE! = Resistance iu a pepe an Ueeinic teense er eMe: GAs elects current in ik and UE uslsely eppoces we each dat emgy in neat ous NU se ab converts = The ci cenit element having tte iA lennon ao resis. = GF, Te filamos ofa tall Go RaSh uslieh has domme value gaistence s HM uured Fi Umitedl bo a certain value due wm eppasiey prPHY, of du filament of te Gide , ia a r “fst opresiton , eattainarech steshicat ore comvartal hb omg es = Unit = obm (7) = stpoel s zB wulbple ond Sub rruk pla of one Ce cage Simon obwe (187-1850) ~ Burman mnadhemed' dam ait sebteviation | wal te mage a Wen uilo wan wa cenk on wan miei onan wha ail de won Lows ef Resistance Rorigtene *f avn bey » dire peptone! treks lenstrenre Rot xi) Srversey pepottorsd bd area eee te, ead ni) deport 07 the matin of materi io defersls on Us temp * te cond 1 — \ Neckiny Be Lock tun factrs, “dt 3 4% +hal™ gat ont whore, pz Constant le = Roaistivilf bed y as [mr ese Renee, Resledivids “fa material i. defined ao the maistance be” “the opposite feces +P omete ube of nat maternal 2s nenisliy Ra Mmatedal is dofired ao Ha resiclance Pa madevial 4 anit owing unit eFoss~secttend Ow ealso catltd Goufie eSblenenite of Reais mena : am wenow, 9: AZ > DH = a = afm em se afm’ Heme, nit if geaicriviry . am oF BERGE Ge TEMCERATIORY Gil RESISHAREE. The affect ef rue in hemp ibs i> fo imereace te reustence re rretelt the intrease & lao aud feuir wlar Pes nemad rary tamp - Hente metak hare Ave Hemp - coe ffi ryutes ee oe ayes . . * coe fica oP ny To incttace “te maslante of v Thy inereaoa Us metatively gmat! and irregular, (Zee Hay cst) CtoGeica, manganin) iy to decrease Be Yedislence ef alecrol , ranlalir( such ao paper, nebbee, gine mica oe) anc jypaneab pax Bal conduchys buch 9 Carbon . Hence inawlalng are did & We posodss a negative temp - coeff fe reaishente TemeRaTURE GOBFetCLENT of RESISTANCE Ler q imeatlic and” how a renistane of vd lot ike voaistarte a This trop be Rt- Then tonaideri te F ° ones ad temp stk is found rar the Incrodee real. stance’ AR = Ro dap it, ital Renistene- Ro ar0'C be heated of normal By or nds On - —) 5 ws ysors to bs art arora ob tht rite 49 \arof “the cord! a) dive rr nature of te molerial ¢ ey dap on ey - Fo Hort ; oF, py Roem : ~= he az Hemp . eeffciot ees eT ee > ho: Roe Pot if pee, tttG Hen ae rR = eErRe Hence ta tbmt toefficiert™ {a melirial mag be Aafirad ao the inerease in reaistanee for oON™ origin? resistance jer “c rise io kernp - om eg? pet Ro (it at) Un of arog - Reon oper ®c om yerBcamplt! 4 ceil of capper vive has a reaslance of 45a al 20°C, Determine ae rearstenee a ote if the Lemp conpficiod +P capac at act bs 600394 per’c . ” > "Gen, Ran = IS igs = 000394) Rao = 9 fe tarts = orzo T 5H wR knee dat, Ryo = kao CAt4ee ©] 2 15 (At 0003944 59) 25s a Value op a ay Uifferent tamperaliure = 54 found alr the value f % itself is pot- enuolaw? but daperds on Bee inal tmp on wOluich ‘tha inereammonk 10 ueichence: i ban when the inereasmont u based on the reaistence meaourd 4) °c Hen & thas Ue value of Clos - At otter iniKot tmp te vale Bo oy ont bo 00 - S a cond® “f reaislance Ry ak 0, Neate bo 1” a after fentag Legian ce got feel Re oko LA4%t) ---- “CD . share dp = Hemp wneffiiedt as Oe Neo thar we howe a tond® reaishante = Ry at dump tc , Let UMA cond! be cooled from te t ofc The Final resistance Ro ib yivon in terme ef the janie reaistane by Be follesiny agualion | me LED] ze Ute’) Re - Ro esis. et Neo subuubioy he value of Re from ef, we set, Rol At tot) — Ro ee ht Pe xe BB x Poxot PoC 1 RU * & = Beth , BS 7 A totot na (Aa ettConpucters | 3 Goon BaD sem Cen Porm. conDverons —comAUCTERS GooD CONDUCTORS = The matiriale choo wilver, topper, aluminium, aboms ff possess a roles ange nurobee Ga free deurons ard , , Urtre miltrials offer Leaak waster bb be flo of elethie curroy , tush mmbrialt are unown ao tondunubrs _ Silver Wh the boot corcluctr faut vty use in Limited due by its bh coat. Copper ib nant by tend of Cleetricity and iu mea” common dy tuoed in elechs col eraginecriog Auumniwm i Be Hird ank in, elertncal conduehiviby Ofter ailver and copper and is used > manu- fachuni oy *f anvret» bisbag ) Copacitar fail ond callt sheaths, = The reatstente of the cond’S exgap’ vhorenero esith te (noreaee in Lime ,Hrurfere , on high timp good cond % become toad cond. BAD _conpverons, Cave temp Ca) eleers vi! — The materials duh a mica, glare, alate aud yarceluo » Ue electrons on bund t Ue nucleus ad i te diffult to move he detione Pras the clans, dush matirials offers veg high reaistena tla plow f elettric Curent are teroien ao inautaters - — Tw trentdyra loco Muir inautaking power usith the i nereas in tmp and some even berome geod Lond If thy are arom Neste = Gh tk Affected” by the moishure , Whidn efien converts the imauSatres nko poor vorduitine and guor conducts inte radium cond”, fre temp GHD SEMI compverons: = The mnaliiriale Lyigy bei” od cord ad bac) Cond” duh ao fermanium , sitter , sulphur , carboo aye ‘ener 90 yori cord _ Te resistance domitonduthrs Aecreacss with ancrease in BrP + _ Somitnducra are eo oe d io oleerronic devices, conrol Ete out) - formed by Grolent bond> doury poe Gaul CONde ) gore Gat} CHIR) i ja nef juuiehr 4 eve oe CO candid 2 +@HM'S LAW ——— = The mio bu? wltage across qcirwit olerent & the qurveut pensiny torough Be ocuil Goment abuse remains covet ond iy we vole of casotent of pear Qjeeuid clement oat v L av t oct uf \ AA seurte Lt R Ep: Aare 5on . bh % pas T Lav ot J - oct yeaisdante \R) ig dupplied by a valtgfe source «The velimuer Msi welemecia actress roaistance aud due arorncer roganuno the cures) paasiog brough the renistence « - when pe vot across the realstance i increaced Ba cures thregh Hu -yonislane iVicrearea in He same preter ana fhe ako Y alongs aman evotant avd equal tb R. “ ical , ver = Here $e manaturommct of current and rolrege gan esteblidh Br value of ta verislanee paromeler. rp wo plot the _yroph per? volheye and current 4 “Ut hos the Linear elabonalip born pum and ve can And wx value “f a Fam gore ao: Rt ae x ppud j bio _ ehw's low cant be appred to cirowk comaishiay non x ageusit elurrowt auch 00 powder carbon RriShd , diedss ee i is doral hls uo can't be applied © ereunih coma oy unital - iat alexis etomenr hush 02 alectromic jubes ox prowl oS °when the Peaiging at annected ed we ed, £0 Hur 7 ‘ fxm On for Dua Plow of wire, Lun Raisers an at 1 fr “yi nnected in P Gorida quid uch eireuits are termer 20 served circuits mR 2 Ub va A tov be conneenadin sorter 02 Ahaon in fy awe and) be applial ber? erreme @dé Aand De Lorough all te etaisirs @ 18, awed Ry Lar reetsirrs By, Ry Oh Ra De potential di Fferonte 4 v volts @® Cane pla ef turret I amperes Neo aceordig Ww ehm's |v, valtaye drop cress TWaishe RAR LY, = TR vette doy auvoes roaishey Ra ME EP volrge dep 275s rear Rp My HPO we \tefe dp ec rtse volealh a, J vowed nema 0 4 woliggt ry 077 Be er (RRs +5) astrye dpro g = Te AER TERS M cet Paths 7 Ad acerdipy ty obw's Boy. shy effec? vrai slants low, Y giveo the bral cree t scoaishest, © te Berks cieusit, Ro Rit Rots jos are connected th ty te arWhmnakic sum ¢P their series the joes Rreethet © 77 Be ye aleve dtacuaohve fea doves arult we eprelide Heat > > Same Unront flee sores att park of te rect ve, jed vo ck ap de sum ) ae 7 wast 3 Ae " % voltage drepa genes the bere” 1) piffereat Rraistres howe dir individual voltage does ivy vortege oeesps ave additve Oo Runsianca are additive vip Powers are addi iveRESISTANCES ON PARALLEL = shen a number cuvsion am cennesied (0 bush» 994 angie one nt eet enc! f, Hem & piored ta ummer punt ard jhe other ends W% anottir common punk, tuo Clash, are uaid 7 find gioh irwits We kneon ae paratlet =: iu divided nls mop] paths So te number of bung pet be wanected o> jn ene ciruits vous }antts ured nak g, ec? ,? avMiphad gatatts yt ae TR setad © vjathral . fusing pine, yrhets =F 1 tate estes u sbegh ba art, Lat ce Vet e is | cirow't Thus volun a humor Ff ceaidors are eennected in paral , ths veciproeet! of The urvalet rearstane u given by ate ariinmake AUN Mf The reciprocals of ther Gee eleastenet: Tn gered, if 7 puaishers of reaisbames 1, e/a o-- Re a> connected io parallll . shen tt epuivetir reasstante R @ te crows genfrom te above tiscuaaito, ne conebide that, 1 Same voll wets Aeroes all branches ¢ the cietuit fy Ufferes fasts (ec brancles) have tour pndivilua eur vous WY PRR cure & - individu carrera, 3 eit me stead fo te aur of oreugh tne ivy branch eureends are additive vy powers are oddliive / vip Te ed cot oP the equvalin ec aniel voaistare tt apual ty tue sur of the recipes +f Bae yeaistarces 4f the individual beanches VOLTAGE pIvIDER RUrE 2 mB \ ME Ny Tetat Reaistance v Re rears according & voltage divider Rule Te trclividual vo Lage dps art: yoru Be R Va = Us Be % va sv B& & GURRENT pIvEDER RULE eee a v yotat Ceaislane : Leda de a 7 needing th currant Hvider Rule (he individual current a0Conceer of _sHoet crecutt = valun two poke fret am connecred together by a stat ive are paid be be sthart Girauted a jue metallic TE shert haa practicaty pore resistance Hence, ~ In shank 4S . In ‘no voltage Can exit across ik became VEER TTMO>0 * Current {hough “it is vor wash Cireentically a 1) % Bee 6 we % ¢ % a 2 D Be RIGS ea a Ra tepe 4 Bag EO Reg = Ha covcerr of open erecdrt ~ Two yo ace wait 6 when shure aa tennention ber” them » An opr moans a breale 10 twa nud Ff oF ciewit ? a ne dite ~ In oper x. Renisjance between the Low pods ts infiedte » * saan po fume af warren tim te two 3 in series cirewit oper ip erika crewit Re Re. my open Co Tye) | open io paraiel cirewt ctv dep teapot ow 1 eT? 4 ee Yonge deep ts opt ey “3 4 4 v UT ae ple wrrak Pleo io iia in branch rent Plows ay Ra branch