INTRODUCTION TO TROPICAL DESIGN it.

Orientation also helps in the climate data collection

and other functional analysis of the site.
● Tropical architecture is the design that focuses and What is site orientation in architecture?
responds to the climatic conditions of the tropics. ● Site orientation refers to the direction that your home
It studies the significant influences that impact faces in relation to the sun's path, wind patterns, and
architecture in tropical regions and develops the lot itself.
passive strategies to lessen heat gain. It also What are the advantages of site orientation?
encourages air movement through a home or ● Site orientation drastically increases the energy
building. efficiency of your home while decreasing the effect of
● When designing and building a home in a tropical your building on the natural environment. It affects the
climate, they are vital principles that you should heating and cooling of your building, and when done
consider. These include orientation, solar shading, right will help you maintain an optimal temperature in
and passive ventilation and are all strategies your living environment.
associated with tropical architecture. What is the importance of orientation in architecture?
● The use of passive design principles in the tropics ● Orientation is frequently planned to take maximum
results in a building that is comfortable, energy advantage of the daily and seasonal variations of the
efficient and results in substantial savings in running sun's radiation. Optimum orientation of a structure is,
costs of both cooling and lighting. in the end, a compromise between its function, its
location, and the prevailing environmental factors of
NOTE: The path of the sun changes gradually throughout the heat, light, humidity, and wind.
year between summer and winter.

● Tropical architecture works to achieve thermal comfort SITE CONDITIONS

through the use of design elements, such as
sunshades, cavity walls, light shelves, overhangs, ● conditions and circumstances on, at, near, affecting
roof and wall insulation and even shading from trees. and/or relevant to the Site and/or below the surface of
● Incorporating green spaces and vegetation into the the Site (including weather, climatic, geological,
tropical design provides numerous benefits, including hydrological and geotechnical conditions).
natural shading and cooling, reduced air pollution, ● the physical and other conditions at the Site and
and improved aesthetics. Green roofs and walls can the surrounding area as a whole, including
help regulate indoor temperature and reduce a conditions relating to the environment, transportation,
building's heat island effect. access, waste disposal, handling and storage of
materials, the availability and quality of electric power,
NOTE: The path of the sun changes gradually throughout the the availability and quality of water, the availability and
year between summer and winter. quality of roads, the availability and quality of labor
personnel and local work and labor rules, climatic
conditions and seasons, topography, air and water
(including raw water) quality conditions, ground
HISTORY OF TROPICAL VERNACULAR surface conditions, surface soil conditions, sound
ARCHITECTURE attenuation, subsurface geology, nature and quantity
of surface and subsurface materials to be
● Many people associate tropical architecture with a encountered (including Hazardous Materials), the
specific look or aesthetic. They usually think of geological and subsurface conditions of the Site, all
traditional styles of tropical architecture. We imagine other local and other conditions which may be
grand colonial mansions or small timber huts. As material to Contractor’s performance of its obligations
such, we often picture primitive houses steeped in under the Agreement, and the location of
vernacular or resort-style villas with wrap-around underground utilities, obstructions and equipment and
verandas. facilities needed before and during performance of
● This way of thinking is not surprising since many Contractor’s obligations under the Agreement.
traditional styles of architecture respond remarkably
well to their tropical climates. Despite its sometimes What are unknown site conditions in construction?
primitive appearance, vernacular architecture has a ● a situation on a construction project where there is an
deep understanding of its climate. unexpected or unknown physical condition at the
● Though the vernacular architecture of each region construction site that differs materially from either the
would carry their peculiarities, they often adopted conditions as indicated in the contract documents, or
similar principles. These included steeply pitched from the conditions reasonably discoverable prior to
roofs with large overhangs, generous window contract.
openings and wrap-around verandas. Their ● For example, previously unknown subsurface soil
appearance and craftsmanship were unique to the conditions, or the unexpected existence of hazardous
skilled artisans of the region. However, the aim was materials, may be considered a differing site
usually to respond to the climate. condition.
● Likewise, tropical architecture can take many styles ● When a differing site condition is encountered, it will
and forms. The main reason for this is its design often cause the contractor to experience delays
influence. It is the climatic and environmental and/or incur additional costs, and thereby give rise to
conditions of the tropics and not its appearance. a claim by the contractor for additional time and/or
compensation.

SITE ORIENTATIONS
TROPICAL COUNTRIES
What is orientation in site analysis? ● Many people associate tropical countries with a few
● finding where the north is in the map will give you an islands and palm trees, but in fact, a large section of
idea of how the rest of the spaces are oriented around the world lies within the tropics. In the Western
 Hemisphere, tropical countries include Mexico, all of ● The earliest records of pre-colonial architecture in the
Central America, all of the Caribbean islands from just Philippines are rock shelters and caves in Palawan.
south of Nassau in the Bahamas, and the top half of Early Filipinos are nomadic since they are constantly
South America, including Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, in search for food through hunting or fishing so they
Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, mainly rely on nature when creating shelter and do
French Guiana, as well as the northern portions of not need to build permanent structures
Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil.
● Middle East has four tropical countries: Yemen, which
is entirely in the tropics, and parts of Saudi Arabia,
Oman, and United Arab Emirates. India, in southern
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE
Asia, lies mostly in the tropics, and all countries of ARCHITECTURE
Southeast Asia are tropical countries. Australia,
Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and most of Pre-Hispanic Era
the other island nations of Oceania in the South ● These shelters were predominantly rectangular in
Pacific are tropical countries, as well. shape with thatched roofs and standing on stilts so
● Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Lao that the whole structure may be lifted and transported
People's Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Vietnam, to a new site since early Filipinos constantly travel to
Indonesia, Timor Leste, Brunei Darussalam, and the look for food.
Philippines. ● These structures were of light construction, simple in
● Not all tropical countries have the same climate, but plan and built with the use of locally available
they all have a limited range in their temperatures and materials – with wood, bamboo and palm thatch, a
less climate change over a year than is found in other vernacular architecture created by native Filipinos
zones. Their climate is distinguished chiefly by wet with little to no architectural expertise or knowledge.
and dry seasons. ● The first buildings during the early years of Spanish
occupation were of wood and bamboo, materials with
which the pre-Hispanic indigenous Filipinos had been
TROPICAL COUNTRIES: PHILIPPINES working expertly since early times known as bahay
kubo (later named by the Americans as "nipa hut").
Bahay kubo roofs were made of nipa palm or cogon
● The Philippines has five types of climates: tropical
grass.
rainforest, tropical monsoon, tropical savanna, humid
subtropical and oceanic (both are in higher-altitude
Bahay Kubo
areas) characterized by relatively high temperature,
○ The bahay kubo, also known as payag
oppressive humidity and plenty of rainfall.
(Nipon) in the Visayan languages, is a type
● There are two seasons in the country, the wet
of stilt house indigenous to the
season and the dry season, based upon the amount
Philippines. It often serves as an icon of
of rainfall.[1] This is also dependent on location in the
Philippine culture.
country as some areas experience rain all throughout
○ Bahay Kubo or Nipa Huts were the native
the year. Based on temperature, the warmest months
houses of our indigenous countrymen and
of the year are March through October; the winter
were utilized since the pre-Hispanic Era.
monsoon brings cooler air from November to
This house design remains the house most
February. May is the warmest month, and January,
identified with Filipino culture. It (usually)
the coolest.
features a three-layered structure. There
are three areas in the bahay kubo: bubong
(roof), silid (living space), and the silong
CLIMATIC FACTORS (space underneath). The traditional roof of
● Climatic factors are the temperature of the the bahay kubo is made of long sleeves
region/climatic warming, duration of ablation season, stacked together to form sharp edges.
proportion of winter and summer precipitation.
● The climatic factors include light, temperature, water, Spanish Colonial Era
wind and fire. ● Large churches with towering bell towers and elegant
● Climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and facades distinguish the Spanish colonial architecture
sunshine also affect design strategies. of the Philippines. This style emerged when Spain
● Temperature, precipitation, wind, and sunlight are all invaded the Philippine Islands in the 16th century. The
key factors in defining climate and influencing the Spanish brought Catholicism with them, which
architecture of a building. For this reason, it is eventually became the dominant religion in the
essential to understand these variables and how they Philippines.
affect the design of a building in order to ensure its
safety and comfort. Bahay na Bato
○ Bahay na bato (Filipino for "stone
house"), also known in Cebuano as balay
na bato or balay nga bato and in Spanish as
PHILIPPINES: A TROPICAL COUNTRY casa Filipino, is a type of building originating
during the Spanish colonial period of the
Architecture in the Philippines today is the result of a natural Philippines.
growth enriched with the absorption of varied influences. It ○ The bahay na bato is a Filipino structure
developed from the precolonial influences of our neighboring developed during the Spanish colonial era,
Malay brothers, continuing on to the Spanish colonial period, adapted from the local bahay kubo as
the American Commonwealth period, and the modern evidenced by its skeletal structure being a
contemporary times. house on stilts.
○ Good examples of early Philippine
What is the first architecture in the Philippines? architecture are the Rizal house in Calamba
 and Laguna and the Luna house at Badoc, ventilation for interior space and
Ilocos Norte. The best Spanish quarters are provide view of the outside.
still in existence in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, and ■ Espeho or Espejo: A panel
Taal in Batangas. There are also notable old between the window header and
houses in Ilo-ilo, Cebu, and Manila. eaves for exterior wall and above
○ The bahay na bato is a Filipino structure the door jamb and ceiling for interior
developed during the Spanish colonial era, partition.
adapted from the local bahay kubo as ■ Kalado or Calado: Term for
evidenced by its skeletal structure being a fretwork or pierced board.
house on stilts. Proving that the bahay na ■ Persiana: A louver window with
bato is Filipino was a step forward in wooden frame and thin slanting
reclaiming our independent existence as a wooden slats that is either fixed or
people— one with rich culture, tradition, and movable as solar protection to
heritage long before our islands were admit natural ventilation.
colonized. ■ Bintanilya or Ventanilla: The small
○ VERNACULAR TERMS FOR BAHAY NA window between the floor and the
BATO: window sill used to allow natural
■ Saguan or Zaguan: The space, light and ventilation to the interior. It
after the entrance, that serves as is provided with an external
transition space between the protective enclosure of decorative
entrance and the grand stairs to the wood balusters or ornamental metal
upper floor that is used as storage grille and operable wall.
for carriages, processional floats ■ Balconaje: The second floor
and where other implements are balcony.
kept. ■ Bolada or Volada: A portion of the
■ Bodega: An enclosed room or upper floor structure that protrudes
space where things are stored. the lower floor exterior wall to
■ Escalera or Hagdan: The basic provide additional space on the
means of accessing upper floors upper floor and shade for the lower
comprised of series of steps, floor.
landing and decorative balustrades ■ Bano or Banyo: A room intended
on both sides. for washing and bathing.
■ Dispensa: A service room or pantry ■ Kubeta or Cubeta: A room with a
adjacent to a kusina and komdeor latrina or toilet, a receptacle for
for storing the food supplies and human waste where ash from the
otherr provisions. kusina is poured to eliminate the
■ Kusina or Cocina: A room where odor.
food is prepared and cooked. ■ Brazo: A decorative element of
■ Kuwarto or Cuarto: A bedroom wood or metal provided below the
usually adjacent to the sala having roof's eaves.
a bed, dresser, cabinet and a table. ■ Alero: A colonial term for eaves.
■ Mirador: A viewing space on a ■ Zuelo or Sahig: A Colonial term for
tower like structure built above the floor.
main house or at an Azotea and ■ Alhibe or Aljibe: A cistern or
surrounded by windows or enclosed masonry structure for
decorative latticework. storing water for households and
■ Asotea or Azotea: The flat roof of other uses.
the alhibe usually at the back of the
kusina and is used as an elevated Late 20th Century
outdoor terrace or service area. ● In the late 20th century, modern architecture with
■ Verandah: The ground floor porch. straight lines and functional aspects was introduced,
■ Kolonet or Colonnete: An upright particularly in the Brutalist architecture that
and slender decorative wood characterized government-built structures done in the
column usually placed between Marcos period.
window opening. ● During this period many of the older structures fell into
■ Mala-Abanikong Bintana: A fan decay due to the imposition of martial law. After the
light or a half-circle window above return of democracy in 1986, a new age of Philippine
the door transom with radiating architecture came into focus through modernism.
wood or metal bars typifying an ● Early in the 21st century, a revival of the respect for
open fan. the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture
■ Rehas: An ornamental grille metal returned.
work as screen or barrier for ● During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some
windows, balconies or stair rails. fine houses, usually with solid stone foundations or
■ Rehas na Buntis or Barrigones: brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper
An ornamental grille work with story with balustrades and kapis shell sliding
closely-spaced members in scroll windows, and a tiled roof.
pattern comparable to a bulging ● The beauty of Philippine architecture reflects its
shape. history and culture. It is a blend of indigenous,
■ Bintana or Ventana: An opening in Chinese, Spanish, American, and Asian influences
the external wall of a house or with a mixture of Western-style buildings.
building intended to allow light and ● Who is the most influential Filipino architects of
the 20th century?
 ○ Francisco "Bobby" Tronqued Mañosa ● How do you describe modern architecture? The
(February 12, 1931 – February 20, 2019) term “Modern architecture” describes architecture
was a Filipino architect considered one of designed and built within the social, artistic, and
the most influential Filipino architects of the cultural attitude known as Modernism. It put an
20th century for having pioneered the art of emphasis on experimentation, the rejection of
Philippine neovernacular architecture. predetermined “rules,” and freedom of expression in
■ Batasang Pambansa Complex art, literature, architecture, and music.
■ Cobangbang Ancestral House ● Who introduced modern architecture in the
■ Calvo Building Philippines?
○ Leandro Valencia Locsin (August 15, 1928
The New Millennium – November 15, 1994) was a Filipino
● Modern architecture in the Philippines is architect, artist, and interior designer known
characterized by its use of new materials and for his use of concrete, floating volume and
technologies, such as reinforced concrete, steel, and simplistic design in his various projects. An
glass. The style is also known for its clean lines, avid collector, he was fond of modern
minimalist design, and lack of ornamentation. painting and Chinese ceramics. He was
● Modern architecture in the Philippines is a manner proclaimed a National Artist of the
that emphasizes personal expression, minimalism, Philippines for Architecture[1] in 1990 by the
and utility. It's also about embracing change and late President Corazon C. Aquino. One of
adapting to varying circumstances. the better know pioneers of Brutalist
● The term “Modern architecture” describes architecture architecture in the Philippines is Leandro
designed and built within the social, artistic, and Locsin. In his designs, the primary material
cultural attitude known as Modernism. It put an of concrete is present within structures such
emphasis on experimentation, the rejection of as arts centers, airport terminals, stock
predetermined “rules,” and freedom of expression in exchange structures, and the like.
art, literature, architecture, and music. ■ Calamba City Hall
● Who is the Filipino architect known as modernist? ■ Bacoor City Hall
○ Pablo Sebero Antonio, Sr. (January 25, ■ Malacanang of the South
1901 – June 14, 1975)[1] was a Filipino
architect. A pioneer of modern Philippine
architecture, he was recognized in some
quarters as the foremost Filipino modernist
VISUAL DICTIONARY Part1
architect of his time. The rank and title of VISUAL DICTIONARY Part2
National Artist of the Philippines was
conferred on him by President Ferdinand BRUNEI
Marcos in 1976. Antonio was born in
Binondo, Manila on January 25, 1901. He
was orphaned by the age of 12, and had to Geographical
work in the daytime in order to finish his high ● Brunei is bordered on the north by the South
school education and work at night. He China Sea and on all other sides by the East
studied architecture at the Mapua Institute of Malaysian state of Sarawak, which also splits
Technology but dropped out of school. the country into two unequally sized portions.
Ramon Arevalo, the engineer in charge of The western section, which includes the capital
the Legislative Building project, funded city of Bandar Seri Begawan, is the bigger of the
Antonio's education at the University of
two.
London. He completed a five-year
Climatic
architecture course in three years,
● Brunei has a tropical equatorial climate with high
graduating in 192
temperatures and year-round abundant rainfall. In
■ FEU Main Building Facade
Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital and largest city of
■ Ideal Theater
Brunei, there are two seasons: a wet season with
■ White Cross Orphanage
heavy rainfall and a drier season. At higher altitudes,
■ Captain Luis Gonzaga Building
it's humid subtropical. Tropical monsoon winds
influence Brunei's weather, contributing to its
21st Century Modern Architecture
substantial rainfall.
● A growing tendency in the 21st century is
Religion
ecoarchitecture, also termed sustainable architecture;
● Islam's Shafeitesect is the country's national religion.
buildings with features which conserve heat and
Religious festivals follow the lunar calendar and have
energy, and sometimes produce their own energy
varying dates. Religion and culture are established as
through solar cells and windmills, and use solar heat
part of daily belief, custom, and tradition in the Malay
to generate solar hot water.
Kingdom. They are connected and related to one
● How technology in the 21st century influences the
another.
evolution of architecture? In the 21st century, the
Political
advent of computeraided design, computer- assisted
● Brunei is a constitutional monarchy with the head of
collaboration, construction automation, “intelligent”
state concurrently serving as the head of government.
buildings, and “virtual” places, promise to have as
Brunei society is very hierarchical, with a sultan and
much of an impact on architectural design processes
direct royal family members at the top.
and products as earlier technological advances have
Architectural Character
had.
● The most authentic and oldest form of architecture in
● The beauty of Philippine architecture reflects its
Brunei is domestic home architecture. Since most of
history and culture. It is a blend of indigenous,
the country lies on the water, wooden stilt houses
Chinese, Spanish, American, and Asian influences
were the living arrangements for most of time as they
with a mixture of Western-style buildings.
 tend to be fairly open to let in the breeze to cool the DOMES AND FOUR 58-METER-TALL
house. MINARETS
● In the local language, "Kampong" means village and ○ The inner structure and the outer courtyard
"Ayer" means water. Home to around 30,000 are all marble and decorated with mosaics.
inhabitants, the centuries-old Kampong Ayer consists ○ minaret, (Arabic:“beacon”) in Islamic
of 10 floating villages, and each of them is religious architecture, the tower from which
interconnected with wooden bridges and walkways the faithful are called to prayer five times
Basic Elements in the Bruneian House each day by a muezzin, or crier. Such a
● Pemantung tinggi: It is an unmovable piece of board tower is always connected with a mosque
about 300mm to 450mm in height or could be higher, and has one or more balconies or open
located above the floor finished level at the main door galleries.
entrance. The door panel is raised above the ● SULTAN OMAR ALI SAIFUDDIN MOSQUE
pemantung level to be placed. ○ Built in an artificial lagoon on the banks of
● Pantaran For Kampong Ayer: it is a platform made up the Brunei River at Kampong Ayer the
of timber located in front compound of the house and "village in the water"
considered as a foyer or informal sitting area. Any ○ The mosque has marble minarets and
visitor will pass through the Pantaran area in order to golden domes, a courtyard and is
get in the house. surrounded by a large number of trees and
● Sampaian and Titian Tikus Sampaian: is a ceiling floral gardens.
joist made up of timber which runs through the upper ○ The mosque's most recognizable feature, the
wall all around the House. Titian Tikus supports the main dome, is covered in pure gold. The
Sampaian and is also made up of timber. mosque stands 52 m high. The main minaret
● Tangga Pemandian (Bathing Staircase): Tangga is its tallest feature.
Pemandian is situated at the rear back of the house. It ○ In a unique way it mixes Renaissance and
consists of several platforms for washing and bath Italian architectural styles.
taking. ○ The minaret has an elevator to the top,
Different Types of Houses in Kampong Ayer where a visitor can enjoy a panoramic view
● RUMAH BELAH BUBUNG/BUBUNGAN (Split - Roof of the city.
House): ‘Rumah belah Bubung’ is one of the mostly ○ The interior of the mosque is for prayer only,
used types of house in Kampong Ayer as the roof is with features such as stained glass windows,
shaped like an upsidedown letter ‘V’ and it also has a arches, semi-domes and marble columns.
horizontal bone roof structure. ○ Nearly all the material used for the building
● RUMAH TUNGKUP: Also known as Tongkonan, is were imported from abroad: the marble from
the traditional ancestral house, or rumah adat of the Italy, the granite from Shanghai, the crystal
Torajan people, in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Derived chandeliers from England, and the carpets
from the word 'tongkon’ which means 'to sit together'. from Saudi Arabia.
It has a distinguishing boat-shaped and oversized ● AL-MUHTADEE BILLAH MOSQUE
saddleback roof ○ Architect: Akitek Perikatan
● RUMAH PUTONG LIMAS: Also known as rumah bari ○ The mosque is built over water and is
("old house"), is a type of traditional house found in significant with the roof structure that
Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The shape of provides air ventilation.
the house is elongated and the roof is longtidunal as it ○ This Mosque is built on the water.
is usually built up on the right and left side of the ○ This mosque has a high roof design
house. optimized for passive air ventilation and
● RUMAH BELANGGAR: means (to collide with). This protection from sunlight. The main structure
house is called ‘Rumah Belanggar’ is because the consists of concrete and stell.
front of the house was breached or added to one ○ Style: Contemporary
section that is used for the living room, but this type of ● ASH SHALIHEEN MOSQUE
house is not very popular and there is no more ○ Unique among mosques in Brunei, the Ash
houses like ‘Rumah Belanggar’ in kampong ayer or Shaliheen Mosque was built in the Moroccan
ashore. style.
● RUMAH LOTENG: (Upstair Floor) Rumah loteng can ○ Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil,
be located in one of the Kampong Ayer villages on considered the world’s foremost expert in
which there are only a few lefts that is in Kampong Islamic architecture.
Saba and Kampong Lurong Sikuna as this type of ● ISTANA NURUL IMAN
houses is only owned and can be owned by those ○ The name "Istana Nurul Iman'' is taken from
who is rich and are with high ranking positions. Malay Istana and Arabic Nur-ol Imaan and
● RUMAH MELINTANG: (Horizontal) One of the means Palace of the Light of Faith.
houses that is not so prominent in Kampong Ayer, it is ○ It was designed by Filipino Visayan architect
called Rumah Melintang is because of the positioned Leandro V. Locsin, who utilized the
of the house built horizontally with the river compared architectural motif of golden domes and
to the other houses, this is because of the length of vaulted roofs to echo Brunei's Islamic and
this house resembles long house. Malay influences.
Architectural Example of Brunei Architecture ○ The architecture of the Sultan’s residence is
● JAME ASR HASSANIL BOLKIAH a blend of European and traditional Malay
○ 1988-1994 architecture.
○ Jamer Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque is built in a
modern mosque architecture style.
○ Specifically uses ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE MALAYSIA
○ The roof is decorated with a gold dome What is meant by a Malay house?
made of pure gold. BOASTING 29 GOLDEN
 ● The word 'Malay' itself does not have any one ○ Precast concrete panels are also used for
meaning. quick construction.
● In Malaysia, Malay, as defined in the constitution, is 'a ● Stone
person who professes the Muslim religion, speaks ○ Natural stones like granite, marble, and
the Malay language, conforms to Malay customs” limestone are used for decorative purposes
To describe a house as Malay because it is designed, in high-end architecture. These stones are
built, owned or inhabited by Malays, is inaccurate often incorporated into facades, flooring, and
because one may find non-Malays designing, interior finishes.
building, owning and even inhabiting Malay houses. ● Bamboo
● The word 'Malay' may also mean member of a light ○ Bamboo is used for various purposes,
brown people of mixed Caucasian and Mongolian including as structural elements, wall
stock predominating in the Malay Peninsula and cladding, and decorative features.
Archipelago. ● Steel
Introduction ○ Steel is commonly used in commercial and
● The vernacular house of Malays known as Traditional industrial buildings for its strength and
Malay house evolved along different lines in the flexibility. It is often employed for structural
various regions and states. Each state has main frames and roofing systems.
characteristic, which vary from state to state. The ● Glass
evolution of the architectural design of Traditional ○ Modern Malaysian architecture incorporates
Malay house must have derived from several glass extensively for windows, curtain walls,
influences such as migration and trade. and facades.
Construction System ● Roofing
● Malaysian architecture often incorporates design ○ Traditional Malay houses typically have
elements to suit the tropical climate, including natural steep-pitched roofs made of thatch or palm
ventilation, elevated structures, and wide overhanging leaves. In modern construction, materials
roofs to provide shade and protect against heavy rain. like clay tiles, metal sheets, and concrete
● Dwellings are often built without the use of metal roof tiles are commonly used due to their
including nails. Instead pre-cut holes and grooves durability and weather resistance.
are used to fit the timber elements into one another, Kampong Environment and House Compound
effectively making it a 'prefabricated house. ● The kampong or village is a rural settlement
● Without nails, a timber house could be dismantled sustained traditionally by subsistence
and reconstructed in a new location. The traditional activities like padi-growing, fishing, and other
Malay house relies for its strength on a complex agricultural practices.
jointing system made rigid by the use of timber ● The house compound in the kumpong is
wedges. meticulously well-kept, with the compound
● The traditional Malay house is primarily a timber well swept and planted with vegetables and
structure, built off the ground using the fruit trees, especially coconut and banana,
post-and-beam method by local carpenters or by the and, to a lesser extent, with guava,
owners themselves. pineapple, papaya, and rambutan trees.
● The traditional Malay house is an elegant example of ● The wells and toilets are usually located in
indigenous ingenuity, practicality and a monument to the compound, spaced far apart, and kept
the wonders of tropical timber. away from the house.
● A seemingly simple wooden structure, it was built to ● The well-shaded compounds are favorite
dissipate heat, withstand monsoons and stands as a places for play and social interaction but are
reflection of Malay living. also used as working areas.
● Primarily made of chengal, a dense rainforest tree, ● Attup- and mat-weaving, drying,
some of these classic houses are over 100 years rice-pounding, and carpentry are some
old.The thick planks of chengal wood prevent outside common work activities carried out in the
heat from reaching inside, keeping the interior cool. house compound.
Chengal wood darkens over time, thus windows were ● Another semi-private space commonly used
elongated vertically to let in plentiful sunlight. for work is the open bottom or the stilted
Malay house. Besides being a popular
Common Materials Used workplace and chatting place, it is also used
● Timber to store padi, fuel (firewood, coconut fronds,
○ traditional building material in Malaysia for etc.), building materials, implements for
centuries. planting padi, the kaki lesong (a large
○ Various types of hardwood, such as Chengal pounder operated by leg-power), bicycles,
and Merbau and even cars.
○ used for structural components, flooring, and ● Malay traditional houses are built on stilts. A
decorative elements. house that is built on stilts ensures full
● Brick capture of ventilation as it allows avoidance
○ commonly used in both traditional and of ground cover plants which restricts the air
contemporary Malaysian architecture. movement.
○ They provide good thermal insulation and Orientation
are suitable for walls and facades. Red ● Traditional Malay houses are often oriented to face
bricks are the most common type used. Mecca (i.e. in an east-west orientation direction) for
● Concrete religious reasons.
○ Reinforced concrete is a widely used ● The east-west orientation minimizes areas exposed to
construction material for both residential and solar radiation. This also suits the wind patterns in
commercial buildings. It offers strength and Malaysia (north-east and south-west).
durability and is often used for structural House Planning and Individual Spaces
elements like columns and beams.
 ● The Malay tradition affects a lot of vernacular Malay characterized by the use of bamboo, wood, and
house design. The house has at least two entrances. thatch in building construction.
The main entrance at the front has always been used ● CENTRAL PLAINS ARCHITECTURE: This style
by visitors and males but the entrance at the back is originated in the central region of Thailand and is
mostly used by women and children. characterized by the use of brick and stucco in
● The house is divided into three main areas: building construction.
1. Serambi (verandah) ● SOUTHERN ARCHITECTURE: This style found in
2. Rumahibu (main house) Southern Thailand is characterized by the use of
3. Dapur (kitchen) timber and thatch in building construction.
● To separate the area, slight floor-level changes or ● COASTAL ARCHITECTURE: This style is found in
doorways have been made between the areas. the coastal regions of Thailand and is characterized
● Besides the three main areas, some of the houses by the use of materials that can withstand the harsh
have an anjung and a passageway. The anjung is a marine environment.
covered porch where used as a relaxing area for a
family member or guest. The passageway known as
the selang links the main house to the kitchen and EAST TIMOR
provides an effective fire break between the areas in ● East Timor, (Timor of the Rising Sun) is an island
the house. country of 15,007 sq km in the eastern Lesser Sunda
Traditional Malay Houses Architectural Elements 3 Main Islands, at the southern extreme of the Malay
Zone Archipelago. It occupies the eastern half of the island
● Top zone - roof of Timor.
● Middle zone - wall Geography
● Bottom zone - floor ● East Timor's geography is characterized by rugged
mountainous terrain, especially in the interior regions,
where the highest peak, Mount Ramelau, rises to over
THAILAND 9,000 feet (2,963 meters).
Geography Climate
● Thailand is the second largest nation in Southeast ● East Timor, situated in Southeast Asia, experiences a
Asia. Topographically, Thailand presents a varied tropical climate characterized by distinct wet and dry
landscape of forested mountains, dry plateaus, fertile seasons.
river plains, and sandy beaches. Mountain ranges Religion
extend along the border with Myanmar and down to ● Around 90% of Timorese identify as Roman Catholic
Malaysia. and the remainder mostly as Protestant, Muslim and
Climatic Condition Hindu.
● Located at 20 degrees north latitude, Thailand is Culture and Traditions
generally hot and humid with a climate that is ● Timorese cultural heritage is multi-layered – a
classified as tropical monsoon. A pronounced rainy fascinating combination of traditional Timorese,
season lasts from July to October. From November to Portuguese, Chinese and Indonesian influences. This
February, the northeast monsoon brings a cooler, permeates their local architecture, cuisine, clothing
drier period, when the humidity drops from an styles and artistic endeavors.
average high of 95 percent to an average low of 58 Architecture
percent ● East Timorese architecture and landscaping is a
Vernacular Terms combination of both Portuguese and indigenous
● Sala: A raised, open-sided pavilion that can be used Timorese.
as a resting place, for entertaining guests, or for History of Vernacular Architecture
meditation.An open-sided building typically used as a ● PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD: Before European
shade or relaxation area. colonization, the indigenous people of East Timor
● Bai Sema: A boundary stone used traditionally to practiced traditional building techniques. Houses were
separate temple grounds from non-temple grounds. typically constructed from locally sourced materials
● Sala Thai: A small pavilion with a steeply pitched roof such as bamboo, palm leaves, and wood.
and open sides, used for relaxation or as a reception ● PORTUGUESE INFLUENCE: The Portuguese
area. colonized East Timor in the 16th century and had a
● Baan: A traditional Thai house built on stilts. significant impact on the architecture. They introduced
● Lai Thai: A decorative style incorporating traditional stone construction techniques, which can still be seen
Thai motifs. in some colonial-era buildings, particularly in Dili, the
● Muang: A traditional fortified town or city. capital.
● Suan: A garden area often found in a temple ● INDONESIAN INFLUENCE: During the Indonesian
compound. occupation of East Timor, there was a notable
● Sampan: A low, flat-bottomed boat typically used for influence on architecture. Many Indonesian-style
transportation along rivers and waterways. buildings were constructed, reflecting a blend of
● Klong: A canal or waterway used for transportation or Javanese and modern architectural elements.
irrigation purposes. ● POST-INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENT: After
● Hua Khao: A small stone shrine or spirit house found gaining independence from Indonesia in 2002, East
near people's homes. Timor experienced a resurgence of traditional building
Vernacular Styles practices. Local communities began to revive and
● LANNA ARCHITECTURE: This is a traditional adapt traditional construction methods, using
architectural style found in Northern Thailand. It is materials like bamboo, palm thatch, and local
characterized by natural materials such as teakwood hardwoods.
and intricate carvings. Vernacular Architectural Styles
● ISAN ARCHITECTURE: This is a style commonly ● Constructive Basic Form A is piled upwards with four
found in the northeastern region of Thailand. It is columns, house body, and roof.
 ● Constructive Basic Form B is composed of ridge, roof, ○ Bugis and Orang Asli were the indigenous
and floors, which are all supported by different column people of Malay peninsula. The Bugis
groups. Constructive Basic Form B can be roughly originated from sulawesi.
divided into two types, square or rectangular roof and ○ Some villages, especially those inhabited by
conical roof. the seafaring Bugis and Orang Lauts, were
Uma Lulik located entirely above stilts on the intertidal
● This sacred totem houses connect the Fatakulu regions of mangrove swamps, or over the
people with the spirits of their ancestors. The tall, waters of the river or sea.
elongated Fataluku houses have stilts supporting the ● KELONG HOUSE
main living room and are topped by a high, tapering ○ A particular type of plank-and-attap structure
thatched roof. built on the water for the purposes of
Weimua’s Uma Lulik catching and rearing fishes was called
● The Uma Lulik of the ethnic group Weimua is covered Kelong.
by a big round roof, with the holy room on the highest ○ They often include large enclosures formed
level and four platforms on the four side levels. by stilts driven into the seabed to trap fishes.
Makassae’s Uma Lulik ○ The kelong structure also included houses
● The style and construction system of Uma Lulik of that the fisherman would live in.
Makassae are similar to those of Weimua, except with ○ These houses were often grouped together
a higher roof and naked outer columns to allow users along a common wooden gangway that was
entering beneath the house without having to bend connected to land.
down low. Common Kampong House Roof Forms
Mambai’s Uma Lulik ● These common roof forms in coastal maritime
● The Uma Lulik of Mambai on a high mountain is the Southeast Asia are termed Bumbong Perak,
largest, with two variations: circular and square-like Bumbong Lima and Bumbong Panjang respectively
circular. from left.
Bunaq’s Uma Lulik ● There were also some kampong houses in Singapore
● The ethnic group Bunaq is usually located in with more elaborate roof forms characteristic of
mountain areas. The houses are also composed of highland groups in Southeast Asia.
Uma Lulik and Uma Tidor. The inner circle forms European Influences on Vernacular Houses
indoor space, while the outer circle is half-outdoor. ● Just like how the colonists took inspiration from the
The first inner space reached by the outer circle is for vernacular kampong house during the early
living, while the second inner space is the holy space settlement days, the locals also took inspiration from
equipped with a stove. The holiest area is located at european architectural styles and incorporated them
the corner. into the vernacular houses.
Kemak’s Uma Lulik ● For instance, as the vernacular kampong house was
● The ethnic group Kemak is distributed in a different often elevated from the ground level, stairs were
mountain area from that of Mambai. The houses are needed at the front entrance to the house.
also composed of Uma Lulik and Uma Tidor. ● Some kampong houses started to spot highly
Bekai’s Uma Lulik decorated staircases made of concrete and cement,
● The ethnic group Bekais on the mountain has a small and decorated with colorful patterned tiles.
range and little population. The house, also a ● The wooden stilts that elevated the house were also
combination of Uma Lulik and Uma Tidor, is similar to sometimes replaced with stone or concrete piers, and
that of Kemak, except for the smaller scale. began to resemble pilasters found in Western
Antoni’s Uma Lulik and Lopo Lopo buildings.
● The Atoni ethnic group has three types of houses: ● The attap thatched roofs were also replaced with
holy house (Uma Lulik), house for sleep (Uma Tidor), hipped and gable roof forms and more modern
and barn (Lopo Lopo). The combination of these materials.
elements differs from region to region.

LAOS
SINGAPORE ● Situated in the middle of Southeast Asia
Vernacular Architecture ● Landlocked; has no direct access to the sea and has
● MALAY KAMPONG HOUSE common borders with China, Vietnam, Cambodia,
○ The traditional Malay attap house is usually Thailand, and Myammar
found in rural villages known as ‘kampongs’. ● Called the “Land of a Million Elephants, ” and is
Such houses have thatched roofs made famous for its amazing scenery, ethnic villages, and
using attap leaves while the walls are unexplored lands
constructed with horizontal overlapping Influencing Factors
hardwood planks. The main section of the ● Ancient Roots
house is referred to as the ‘rumah ibu’, which ○ Influenced by the need for shelter and
means ‘mother house’. protection from the elements
○ Materials used: ● Climate and Geography
■ TIMBER - (Chengal Tree) a ○ Exhibits tropical climate with distinct wet and
hardwood tree common to the dry seasons
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, ○ The need for shelter from heavy rains,
were cut into thin sections for use in flooding, and the intense heat of the sun
supports and flooring. ● Cultural and Ethnic Diversity
■ WOVEN ATTAP - (Dried Nipa ○ Different ethnic groups have distinct
Palms/Attap Plant) Used for roof preferences for building materials, design
and wall partitions. aesthetics, and construction techniques,
● KAMPONG BUGIS resulting in a variety of regional architectural
styles.
 ● Religion and Spirituality ■raised on short piles only
○ Design and layout are dictated by Buddhist about one to two meters
principles above ground.
● Available Building Materials ■ front façade boasts an
○ In rural areas, bamboo, wood, and thatch are awning roof that protects
commonly used due to their abundance and the entire front porch from
suitability for the climate. the elements.
○ In urban areas, modern materials like ■ crossbeams that are parts
concrete and steel are becoming more of the roof frame also
prevalent. double as storage for
● Historical and Colonial Influences household essentials.
○ Late 19th to Early 20th centuries: Laos was 2. LAO THEUNG ARCHITECTURE (Lao of the
under French colonial rule Mountain Slopes)
● Cultural Heritage and Preservation Efforts ● Common in the midland regions of Laos,
○ Documenting existing structures, promoting where the terrain is more undulating.
sustainable building practices, and ● often built with a slight elevation above the
encouraging the use of traditional materials ground
in new construction ● known for their simplicity and functionality,
Architectural Character designed to meet the basic needs of the
● STILTED CONSTRUCTION inhabitants.
○ ‘Baand’ or stilted houses ● In many cases, Lao Theung communities
○ Uses wooden or bamboo stilts consist of clusters of houses, reflecting the
○ Often several meters high importance of community and social bonds.
○ Provides protection from flooding during the ● Lao Theung houses are often characterized
monsoon season and pests. by their use of bamboo for walls and
● THATCHED ROOFS thatched roofs, with a practical and
○ Made from materials like palm leaves or straightforward design.
grass common in rural areas. ○ THE KATU
○ Effectively shed heavy rainfall and provide ■ Each house has two
shade and natural ventilation. entrances — one in front,
● NATURAL AMTERIALS the other at the rear.
○ Bamboo, wood (particularly teak and other ■ raised on piles with a
hardwoods), thatch, and laterite thatched roof that extends
WOODEN CARVINGS to cover the front porch,
○ Hallmark of many Laotian homes and balcony, and stepladders.
temples ■ There is an animal figurine
○ Often features (1) Intricate geometric on the ridge of the gable
patterns, (2) Floral motifs, and (3) Religious roof.
symbols ■ There are no room
● MULTI-TIERED ROOFS dividers of any kind.
○ Characterizes Buddhist temples and other ○ THE TALIANG
religious buildings ■ lives in thatched houses
○ Number of tiers can signify the temple’s made of bamboo pallets in
importance generally cooler and wet
● COURTYARDS climates of the Lao PDR.
○ Central courtyards (sanam), serves as open ■ houses are windowless.
spaces for communal activities, ceremonies, ■ comes with three
and relaxation doorways, one on each
Different Styles and Variations of Laos Vernacular porch.
Architecture ■ entire family sleeps
1. LAO LUM ARCHITECTURE (Lowland Lao) together in one big hall
● Prevalent in the central and southern regions that is a shared bedroom.
of Laos, where the land is primarily flat. ■ interior offers a fireplace to
● These houses are often rectangular in keep warm during winter
shape. months.
● Bamboo and wood are commonly used for ■ center court where tribal
construction, with walls made of woven ceremonies and rituals are
bamboo held.
● The choice of materials and design serves 3. LAO SOUNG ARCHITECTURE (Lao of the Mountain
multiple purposes Tops)
● While the design is generally functional, ● Found in the hilly and mountainous regions
some houses may feature decorative of northern Laos, where the landform is
elements like wooden carvings and woven challenging.
bamboo patterns ● Wood is the primary building material,
○ THE KHMU including teakwood for its durability.
■ While the Khmu people ● Some houses have multi-level designs, with
are primarily associated various platforms and elevated sections,
with mountainous regions, accommodating different functions.
some Khmu communities ● Houses are often clustered around central
also inhabit lowland areas, courtyards, which serve as communal
particularly in the northern spaces for gatherings and ceremonies.
and central parts of Laos.
 ● The design and construction often have ○ Shiva: Angkorian Khmer worshipped Shiva
cultural and spiritual significance, with in the form of a linga at most Angkor
religious rituals performed during the building Temples
process. ○ Vishnu: He is one of principle deities of
○ THE AKHA Hinduism.
■ crafted largely of local Angkor Wat
materials, like timber and ● It is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, that was
earth. built in the 12th century by King Suryavarman II. The
■ Basic roof frames and vast religious complex of Angkor Wat comprises more
support beams are than a thousand buildings, and it is one of the great
fastened together using cultural wonders of the world. Angkor Wat is the
vines harvested from the world’s largest religious structure, covering some 400
natural surroundings. acres (160 hectares), and marks the high point of
■ features extended roof Khmer architecture.
eaves on all four sides,
■ has no windows
■ Akha tribe lives mostly in
the northern country
■ known for its temperate
climates.
■ room dividers are a must
in the Akha home
CAMBODIA
● Cambodia is a country in Mainland Southeast Asia,
spanning an area of 181,035 square kilometers
bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the
north, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to
the southwest. The capital and most populous city is
Phnom Penh.
Geological
● Laterite - clay that is soft when taken from the ground
but that hardens when exposed to the sun, for
foundations and other hidden parts of buildings.
Laterite was more commonly used in the Khmer
provinces than at Angkor itself.
● Hard gray sandstones - used by Angkorian builders
were obtained from the Kulen plateau, the closest to
Angkor being some 30 kilometers away. Initially, this
material was used for particular elements like door
frames due to the complicated process of transferring
it from Kulen to the construction site.
● Brick - is the main material to construct the earliest
Angkorian temples such as Preah Ko, Lolei, Bakong.
Decorations were not carved directly into the brick,
but through a stucco applied to the brick because
brick is soft material. Brick is not as strong as stone
so it was used to build relatively small temples such
as Preah Ko and Lolei.
Ancient Khmer Architecture
● the architecture produced by the Khmers during the
Angkor period of the Khmer Empire from
approximately the later half of the 8th century CE to
the first half of the 15th century CE.
● The development of Khmer architecture as a distinct
style is particularly evident in artistic depictions of
divine and royal figures with facial features
representative of the local Khmer population.
● Materials: Khmer master craftsmen used brick,
sandstone, laterite and wood for their main structures.
However, the wood elements have been lost due to
destructive processes so the ruins remain of brick,
sandstone and laterite.
● Motifs:
○ Apsara: celestial dancing girls – found at
Preah Khan, Bayon, Angkor Wat.
○ Devata: minor female deities – found at
Preah Khan, Bayon, Angkor Wat.
○ Garuda: half man – half bird, lord of birds.
○ Naga: a snake with multiple heads, always in
uneven number and arranged in a fan.
○ Quincunx: a spatial arrangement of five
elements