IISER Mohali

[August 2021 Session]

PHY 310 (MM-I)

Exercises

Instructor: Ambresh Shivaji (email: ashivaji)

TAs : Mandeep Kaur (email: ph18092), Pramod Sharma (email: ph19010)

2021-11-25 19:33:51+05:30

I-Complex Analysis

1. Find the real and imaginary parts of following functions.

(a) ln z
(b) eiz
√
(c) z

2. Check that z 1/5 is a multivalued function. Identify branches on which the funtion is single
valued.

3. Check that given function f (z) = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy satisfies Cauchy-Riemann(CR) conditions

or not.
y−ix
4. Check the analytic nature of function f (z) = x2 +y 2
.

5. Prove that u = e−x (x siny − y cosy) is harmonic. Further, find its harmonic conjugate v
such that f = u + iv is analytic.

6. Find singular points of the following functions.

(a) tanhz
ln(z−2)
(b) (z 2 +2z+2)4
√
7. Find the branch points of z 2 + 1 and identify possible branch cuts.

8. A particle moves in the (x, y) plane so that its position (x, y) as a function of time t is given
by
i + 2t
z = x + iy =
t−i
Find the magnitude of its velocity and acceleration as the function of time.

9. In which domain(s) of the complex plane is f (z) = |x| − i|y| an analytic function?
10. The behaviour of f (z) as z → ∞ is not well defined. One way to address this issue is to
study the behaviour of f (1/ξ) as ξ → 0, where ξ = 1/z. Following this definition, find the
behaviour of following functions at infinity.
(a) z(1 + z 2 )
(b) ez
R
11. Evaluate C dz/z for the following three choices of the open contours.

dz e3z /(z − ln2), where C is a square with vertices ±1 ± i.

H
12. Evaluate C

13. By applying Cauchy’s theorem to C dz z n−m−1 where C is given by |z| = 1, show that
H

Z 2π
dx einx e−imx = 0, n 6= m. (1)
0

The above is an example of orthogonality relations.

14. Divergence theorem in two dimensions: Consider a closed contour C in the xy-plane
enclosing a region R. Show that, for P (x, y) with finite and continuous derivatives,
Z Z I
dxdy ∂x P (x, y) = dy P (x, y) (2)
Z ZR CI

dxdy ∂y P (x, y) = − dx P (x, y). (3)

R C

15. Obtain Taylor expansion of 1/(z − 2) around z = 0 and find the radius of convergence.
16. Find Laurent series about singularities for following functions and extract residues. Verify
residues using the formula derived in the class.
2−z
(a) 1−z 2
1
(b) (z − 3)sin z+2
17. Show that if f (z) has simple pole at z = z0 and f (z) = g(z)/h(z), where g(z) is analytic
and g(z0 ) 6= 0 and h(z0 ) = 0, then
g(z0 )
R(z0 ) = . (4)
h0 (z0 )

18. Evaluate the following integrals,

Z π
1
I = dθ (5)
2 − cosθ
Z0 ∞
1
I = dx (6)
1 + x4
Z0 ∞
x 1
I = dx ; sinhx = [ex − e−x ] (7)
0 sinhx 2

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19. Obtain the following symbolic result.
1 1
lim ≡ PV ∓ iπδ(x) (8)
→0+ x ± i x
where, δ(x) is Dirac-delta distribution and it satisfies,
Z ∞
dx δ(x) = 1. (9)
−∞

20. Use extremization principle to show that the function g(θ) = sinθ − 2θ/π ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ θ ≤
π/2.

21. Evaluate the integral and verify the result numerically.

∞
xa−1
Z
I = dx ; 0 < a < 1 and b is real (10)
0 x2 + b2

22. Evaluate the following integral.

√
z2 − 1
Z
1
I = dz (11)
2πi |z|=2 z−5

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 II-Differential Equations

1. Check that y(x) = a1 sin 2x + a2 cos 2x is a general solution of the DE,

y 00 + 4y = 0 (12)

Find the particular solution consistent with the boundary conditions : y(0) = 0, y(π/2) = 1.
Where have you come across such a DE in Physics ?

2. Show that a separable equation is always exact.

3. Solve the following DE.

2y 4 + x4
y0 = (13)
xy 3

4. We have seen that a linear DE of order one given by,

y 0 + p(x)y = q(x) (14)

can be converted in to an exact form if we multiply it with eI(x) , where I =

R
p(x)dx. Use
the technique of solving exact DE in order to solve the above linear DE.

5. Find the integrating factor for y 0 − 2xy = x.

6. Consider the free fall of a point mass m from rest under gravity in a medium which offers
a resistance proportional to its speed. Derive the DE which governs this motion and find
v(t).

7. Consider a one parameter family of curves given by f (x, y, c) = 0. Find another family of
curves g(x, y, c0 ) which intersect the curves of f (x, y, c) = 0 at right angles. The new family
of curves are called orthogonal trajectories.

8. Show that the Wronskian, W (y1 , y2 ) where y1 (x) and y2 (x) are solutions of a homogeneous
linear ODE of second order, satisfies a first order differential equation. Solving this you
would get an alternative expression for W (y1 , y2 ).

9. Show that if y1 (x), y2 (x) and y3 (x) are solutions of a homogeneous second order ODE, then
only two of them are linearly independent.

10. Apply the technique of solving homogeneous second order ODE with constant coefficients
discussed in the class to solve the DE for spring-mass system,

d2 y
m = −ky. (15)
dt2
Further, extend it to the study of spring-mass system with damping (a term proportional
to dy/dt).

11. Solve the equation of motion for a simple harmonic oscillator in presence of a driving force,

ẍ + ω02 x = acosωt, (16)

under the intial conditions x(0) = ẋ(0) = 0.

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12. Discuss the ordinary and singular points of the Bessel’s equation,

x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − n2 )y = 0; n is a constant. (17)

13. Obtain series solution of Legendre’s equation about x = 0.

(1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + `(` + 1)y = 0; ` is a constant. (18)

14. Show that the Frobenius series solution of a 2nd order homogeneous ODE about an ordinary
point, say x = 0, gives two independent solutions characterized by α = 0, 1.

15. Obtain series solution of Bessel’s equation about x = 0 for n = 0.

16. Find general solution of y 00 − xy 0 + 2y = 0 about x = 0.

17. Apply the power series method to find general solution near x = 0 of the inhomogeneous
DE,

(x2 + 4)y 00 + xy = x + 2. (19)

18. If f (x) and g(x) are elements of a Hilbert space, show that

||f || ||g|| ≥ | hf |gi | (20)

||f || + ||g|| ≥ ||f + g|| (21)

19. Determine boundary conditions required for L ≡ d2 /dt2 to be Hermitian over the interval
[0, T ].

20. Put Hermite equation in S-L form.

y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2ny = 0 (22)

21. Following the example discussed in the class, discuss the eigenvalue solution of the DE for
harmonic oscillator under the periodic boundary conditions : y(0) = y(π), y 0 (0) = y 0 (π).

22. Find Green’s function for the operator L ≡ d

dx with G(x = a, x0 ) = 0.

23. Solve exercise 11 using Green’s function technique.

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 III-Special Functions

1. Express J±1/2 (x) in closed form.

√ √
2. Verify that y(x) = c1 xJ1/2 (x) + c2 xN1/2 (x) is the general solution of y 00 + y = 0.

3. Using recurrence relation express J−3/2 (x) in terms of trigonometric functions.

4. For integer ν, show that Nν+1/2 (x) = (−1)ν+1 J−ν−1/2 (x).

5. Show that Jν (x) and Nν (x) are linearly independent for all values of ν.

6. Show that the Legendre polynomials satisfy following recurrence relation.

0
Pn+1 − 2xPn0 + Pn−1
0
= Pn (23)

7. Using the following recurrence relation for Lagguerre polynomials,

Ln−1 = L0n−1 − L0n (24)

derive the generating function in the closed form.