B.TECH.

FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

Course Name: Engineering Materials and Mechanics

COURSE CODE : CV1001
CREDITS : 04
MODE OF DELIVERY : OFFLINE
FACULTY : DR TEJ BAHADUR
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
MODULE : 1&2
DATE OF DELIVERY : 2023 1
Module_1:
Engineering materials: Classification and properties of materials, Engineering
properties and testing of materials as per Indian standards:

Stones, Bricks, Cement, Concrete, Timber, Steel

Relevant Course Outcome

To know various types of engineering materials such as cement, concrete,
timber and steel, and their suitability in sustainable construction works.

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 CEMENT
Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates & other calcium
compounds having hydraulic properties.
Type of Cement
1. Hydraulic Cement. 13. Sulphates resisting cement
2. Natural Cement 14. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
3. Portland Cement 15. High Alumina Cement
4. Portland lime-stone cement 16. White Cement
5. Blended Cement 17. Coloured cement
6. Pozzolan lime Cement 18. Pozzolanic Cement
7. Masonry Cement 19. Air Entraining Cement
8. Aluminous Cement 20. Hydrographic cement
9. Fly Ash Cement
10. Rapid Hardening Cement
11. Quick setting cement
12. Low Heat Cement 3
CEMENT

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 TEST OF CEMENTS
Normally two types of cement tests are conducted: 1. laboratory test & 2. field test

Laboratory test of cement

For examining the suitability of cement in
the laboratory, the following tests are
performed
1. Fineness test
2. Specific gravity Soundness test using
Fineness test
3. Consistency test Le’Chatelier Mould Compressive strength test
using sieve
4. Initial and Final setting time test
5. Soundness test
6. Compressive strength test

Field test of Cement

1. Cement colour
2. Feel
3. Checking of any hard lumps
Fineness test using Setting time test
4. Water sinking test Soundness test Vicat Appratus
Hydrometer
5. Glass plate test using Autoclave 5
 CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material made from several readily available
constituents such as Aggregates, Sand, Cement and Water.
Advantages
1. Ability to cast in any shape
2. Economical
3. Durable
4. Fire resistant
5. Energy efficient
6. On-site fabrication

Disadvantages
1. Low tensile strength
2. Brittle failure
3. We need to use reinforcement

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 Types of Concrete
1. Conventional concrete.
2. Coloured concrete
3. High density concrete
4. Light weight concrete
5. Reinforced cement concrete
6. Air entrained concrete
7. Pre-stress concrete
8. Pre-cast concrete
9. Smart concrete 7
Properties of
Fresh Concrete
1. Workability
2. Segregation
3. Bleeding
4. Setting Time
5. Unit Weight
6. Uniformity

Bleeding Segregation 8
Properties of
Hardened Concrete
The principal properties of hardened
concrete which are of practical importance
can be listed as:
1. Strength
(Compressive, Flexural, Split Tensile)
1. Permeability & durability
2. Shrinkage & creep deformations
3. Response to temperature variations

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 Admixtures
Introduction: Admixtures is defined as a material,
other than, Cement, Water & Aggregate. That is used
as an ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch
immediately before or during mixing.
Classification of admixtures
1. Chemical admixtures
2. Mineral admixtures
Chemical admixtures: Mineral admixtures:
According to the characteristics and effects produced • Cementitious Pozzolanic
by chemical admixtures they are of following types. • Ground Granulated Blast
• Plasticizers Furnace Slag(GGBS)
• Super Plasticizers • Fly ash
• Retarders and retarding admixtures • Silica Fume
• Accelerators • Rice Husk
• Air-entraining admixtures 10
 Why are admixtures used?
To modify properties of fresh & hardened concrete to ensure
the quality of concrete during mixing, transporting, placing &
curing overcome certain unexpected emergencies during
concrete operations (i.e., set retarders)
• Increase slump and workability or accelerate initial
setting
• Reduce or prevent shrinkage
• Modify the rate or capacity for bleeding
• Reduce segregation
• Retard or reduce heat evolution during the early
hardening
• Increase strength (compressive, tensile, flexural)
• Decrease permeability of concrete
• Increase bond of concrete to steel reinforcement
• Increase bond between existing and new concrete
• Improve impact and abrasion resistance(hardness)
• Inhibit corrosion of embedded metal
• Produce colored concrete.
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 Timber
TIMBER: The wood which is suitable or fit for engineering
construction or engineering purpose is called timber
WOOD: The organic matter obtained from trees is called wood.
TYPES OF TREES :
Trees are classified into two groups depending upon growth pattern.
1. Endogenous trees: The trees which grow, inwards in longitudinal
fibrous mass are called endogenous trees.
2. Exogenous tress: The trees which grow in out wards across horizontal
section of stem are called exogenous trees. These trees are only fit for
engineering construction. Exogenous trees are again subdivided in to
two types.
a) Conifers or Evergreen: They give soft wood. They have pointed
leaves. Examples: Deodar, Pine, Chir, Kail, etc.
b) Deciduous: These have hard wood. These have broad leaves.
Examples: Teak, Sal, Shisham, etc. 12
 Cross Section of Tree

Fresh timber which is obtained from trees contains about 30 to 40 % sap or moisture. This sap is very harmful
for the life of a timber. Therefore, it is necessary to remove that sap by applying some special methods.
All those methods which are used for removing the sap from timber are collectively termed as Seasoning of
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Timber.
 Seasoning of Timber
Types:
The main types of timber seasoning are -
1. Natural Seasoning,
2. Artificial Seasoning,
(a) Kiln Seasoning
(b) Chemical Seasoning,
(c) Electric Seasoning,
3. Water Seasoning,
Advantages of seasoned timber: It has reduced weight,
It is strong and durable, It has resistance to decay or rot,
It takes high polish, It is easier to work, Its life is more.

Uses of timber :
• Construction of beams, rafters, bridges, piles,
poles, railway sleepers, furniture, etc.
• For packaging of materials.
• For manufacturing of agricultural implements,
• For making toys, etc.
• For manufacturing of veneers and ply woods. 14
 Defects in timber
A defect is an irregularity or abnormality occurring
in or on wood, which is responsible for its
• Strength reduction and decay
• Lowering of durability
• Lowering of utility
• Poor appearance

Most common defects in timber are as follows:

Natural defects Artificial Defects
• Heart Shakes • Warp
• Star Shakes • Bow
• Cup Shakes • Cupping
• Radial Shakes • Twisting
• Rind Galls • Checks
• Wind Cracks
• Knots
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• Dead Wood
 What is steel?
Steel
•Steels are essentially alloys of iron and carbon, but they always contain other elements, either as impurities or
alloying elements.
•Steel is man made metal containing 95% or more iron and 1 – 2% carbon, smaller amounts (around 1.6%) of
manganese and nickel to improve certain properties.
•Addition of carbon improves strength and hardness but reduces ductility and toughness.
• Low carbon steels are not used as structural materials.

Carbon steel is steel where the main Different types of steel

alloying constituent is carbon.
Stainless steel, is a steel alloy with a
Low Carbon Steel (up to 0.25%). Carbon Steel Stainless Steel minimum of 10.5% and up to 30%
Medium Carbon Steel (0.25% to 0.45%).
chromium content by mass.
High Carbon Steel (0.45% to 1.50%).
Steel
Alloy steel is steel alloyed with a variety Tool steel refers to multiple carbon and
of elements in amounts of between 1 alloy steels that are particularly well-suited
and 50% by weight to improve its Alloy Steel Tool Steel to be made into tools.
mechanical properties. Better hardness, abrasion resistance,
Ex. Aluminum, Copper, Manganese, resistance to deformation at elevated
Silicon, Vanadium, etc. temperatures
Stress vs Strain graph
of Mild Steel

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Stress vs Strain graph
of Mild Steel

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Stress vs Strain graph of Mild Steel

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Merits of steel:
• High strength to low weight - good for long span bridges, tall buildings.
• Lightweight compared to concrete - can be handled and transported and prefabricated.
• Uniformity in its properties due to manufacturing in a controlled environment.
• It’s a ductile material, hence, does not fail suddenly and gives visible evidence of failure by large
deflections.
• Modifications of structural alignments can be made easily.
• Fast construction pace as compared to reinforced cement concrete.
• Steel has the highest scrap value.

De-merits of steel:
• Possibility of corrosion is too high.
• Overall construction cost increases multifold as compared to reinforced cement concrete structures.
• Steel structure or any item prepared, requires high maintenance cost.
• Needs fireproof treatment, looking into the possibility of fire breakout where the overall temperature
can rise beyond 1000℃.

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 Brick
• Brick are the clay products
• Produced by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform
size then drying and burning these blocks.
• Its uses during construction of building, bridges, dams,
culverts,, and as fire resisting structures, ornamental works etc.
Composition of Good Brick
CONSTITUENT % FUNCTION EXCESS QTY.
LEADS TO
Clay 20 to 30 Plasticity Shrinkage

Sand 50 to 60 Prevents cracking and shrinkage Brittleness

Lime 10 Prevents shrinkage Swells and

Helps binding disintegrate
Iron oxide 4 to 5 Gives red colour Becomes dark blue
Magnesia Small Imparts yellow tint and Decay of bricks
quantity decreases shrinkage
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 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICKS
Preparation: Moulding: Drying: Burning:
Unsoiling, Digging, Hand moulding on In the clamp or kiln,
Natural drying In air and
Cleaning, Weathering, ground (for small scale) Temperature range
artificially drying
Blending and Temping Machine moulding on from 800 to 1100 ℃.
through dryers OR
table ( for large scale)

The harmful ingredients present in brick earth

Lime: When it is present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and cause disintegration of bricks.
Pebbles, gravel and stones: Spoil appearance. IS:2212-1991 Code of practice of brick
Alkalis : Cause efflorescence if come in contact with moisture. work deals with construction of clay
Organic matter and vegetation: Increases loss of ignition. brick 22
 QUALITY OF GOOD BRICKS:
Size and Weight of Brick Shape and size Uniform with straight edges

 19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm o Colour Deep RED, cherry

(Nominal Size, BIS) Texture and Compactness No fissures and holes
 20 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm Hardness and Soundness No fingernail impression
(including mortar) Compressive strength [ 10.5 N/mm2]
 3-3.5 kg
Water absorption [ Not more than 20%]

Classification of brick Density [ 17 to 19 kN/m3 ]

Based on the manufacturing process: Shear strength 5 To 7 N/mm2
 FIRST CLASS BRICKS Fire Resistance High
 SECOND CLASS BRICKS
Soluble salts Free
 THIRD CLASS BRICKS
 FOURTH CLASS BRICKS Breakage When dropped from 1m height it
should not break.
Tests on bricks:
(As per IS 3495- 1992 )
 Compressive strength test
 Water absorption test
 Efflorescence test
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 TESTS ON BRICKS: IS 3495- 1992
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 Both faces made smooth
 Immersed in water for 24 hrs for three days
 The specimen is then placed between the plates of the compression
testing machine
 Load is applied axially at a uniform rate 14 N/mm2and maximum
load at which the specimen fails is noted for determination of
compressive strength not less than 3.5 N/mm2
 Again, immersed in clean water for 3 days
 Tested in compression testing machine.
Compressive strength = Load at failure
Area of the cross section of the brick

2. WATER ABSORPTION TEST

 Dry brick weighed (W1) Percentage of water absorption = [W2 – W1]
 Immersed in water for 24 hrs W1
 Again weighed (W2)
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 TESTS ON BRICKS: IS 3495- 1992
3.EFFLORESCENCE TEST:
 Bricks placed in water of 2.5 cm depth till water is
absorbed or evaporated
 After drying again placed in water
 Examined for efflorescence
 Efflorescence is classified as follows:
Nil 0%
Slight 10%
Moderate 10 to 50%
Heavy more than 50%

Typical Test Results of Brick Samples

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ADVANTAGES OF BRICKS:

• Brick do not burn, buckle or melt.

• Brick do not rot and allow termites to invade.
• Brick do not rust and corrode.
• Brick do not dent.
• Brick do not fade from the Sun's UV Rays.
• Brick do not get damaged by high winds, rain or hail.
• Brick do not require constant maintenance.
• Brick do not limit your personal aesthetics.
• Brick do not limit your design options.
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 Stone
Stone: It is naturally available construction material derived from rocks.
Rock : A large concreted mass of earthy or mineral matter or broken pieces
of such a mass. Rocks are made up of two or more minerals. Such as
• Rocks are made up of minerals. Such as
• Feldspars
• Quartz
• Micas
• Hornblende
• Kaolinite
• Calcite (CaCO3)
• Dolomite (MgCO3)
Civil Engineering Uses
• Construction of residential and public buildings
• Construction of dams, weirs, harbors, bridge abutments, etc
• Face work of structures for appearance and ornamental value
• Road metal and railway ballast
• Aggregate for concrete
• Stone dust as substitute for sand
• Thin slabs for roofing, flooring and pavements
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• Limestone for manufacture of lime, cement
 GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks Formed by cooling
and thus solidifying from a molten
state. (Granite, Basalt).

Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks Formed by a process of
cementation of small particles that result from
the disintegration of rocks. (Limestone,
sandstone)

Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks Formed by gradual changes
in the structures of either igneous or sedimentary
rocks caused by heat, water, pressure. (Marble,
Slate).
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 COMMONLY USED BUILDING STONES

GRANITE BASALT LIMESTONE SALTE MARBLE

Granite: It is an Intrusive igneous rock which Limestone: It is a Sedimentary rock. It is used

get crystallized slowly within the earth. It is as coarse aggregates for concrete production. It is
strong, hard & non-porous rock. It is a desirable also being used in the production of cement &
foundation & building material. lime
Basalt : It is an Extrusive igneous rock which get Marble: It is a Metamorphosed limestone but
rapidly crystallized on the surface of earth. It is harder than limestone. Used for interior works or
hard & strong, but porous & have internal fractures. wall or column facing.
Slate: It is a Metamorphosed clay and being majorly
used for flooring, interior or exterior wall facing. 29
Desirable propertıes of stones Merits of Building Stones
• Durability : mainly abrasion • Stone is natural construction material.
• Strength • Highly sustainable and durable building material.
• Porosity • Better resistant against water, fire and wind than other
• Water Absorption building materials
• Coefficient of thermal expansion Demerits of Building Stones
• Fire resistance
• Stone is an expensive construction material.
Note: Both strength & durability are affected by
the texture & mineral composition, chemical • Stone constructions need very skilled labour because of
charactersitics & physical characteristics. its characteristics.
• Highly time-consuming process from collection to supply
• High transportation cost and time in construction.

Typical range of compressive strength for

different building stones 30
References:
• https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/105/102/105102088/

• Modules to go through in above given link are 2, 3, 5, 6, 11 and 13. However, students can go
through all Modules as per their interest.

Books:
1. S.K.Duggal, Building Materials, New Age International Publisher, 2021.

2. S.C. Rangwala, Engineering Materials, Charotar Publication, 2017.

3. M. L. Gambhir and N. Jamwal, Building Materials Products, Properties and Systems, McGraw Hill Education, 2017.

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…Thank you
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