Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University

for Women, Delhi

Bachelor in Technology in Electronics and

Communication Engineering-Artificial Intelligence

Communication Systems
BEC-209
Practical File

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Ms Isha Malhotra Nandini Baliyan

13001182021
ECE AI-2(Gp-2)

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 Index
S no. Title Date Sign

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 PRACTICAL-1
Objective: To study DSB/FC Amplitude modulation and observe all
the waveforms on DSO.

Theory:
Modulation is a process of translating information signal from low band
frequency to high band frequency that is suits the transmission medium.
Information signal is usually of low frequency, so it cannot travel far. It
needs a carrier signal of higher frequency for long distance destination.
The inputs are carrier and information (modulating) signals while the
output is called the modulated signal. Amplitude Modulation (AM) refers
to the modulation technique where the carrier’s amplitude is varied in
accordance to the instantaneous value of the modulating or baseband
signal’s amplitude.

Modulation is required for High range transmission (effective length of

antenna), quality of transmission, to avoid the overlapping of signals.
Sinusoidal carrier wave given as: c(t) = A cos wct

A = Max amplitude of the carrier wave, Wc = carrier frequency

AM wave can be expressed as

Double sideband is a type of Amplitude modulation in which the

frequency spectrum of the message signal is symmetrically situated
above & below the carrier signal’s frequency.
The upper & lower frequencies are known as sidebands of the
modulated signal. Upper sideband (USB) has frequency components
higher than the carrier frequency and the lower sideband (LSB) has
lower frequency components than the carrier frequency.

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Block diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the mains cord of the trainer Scientech 2201 unit to AC
220V, 50 Hz supply.
2. Switch ON the trainer kit. The neon lamp will glow indicating that
the unit is ready for operation.
3. Connect DSO connecting pins to trainer’s modulating signal output
and DSB output.
4. Observe the waveforms of modulating signal, carrier signal and
AM envelopes in an Oscilloscope

Observation- Wave formation:

1. Message signal

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2. Carrier signal

3. Mid modulated signal

4. Full modulated signal

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 5. Over modulated signal

Conclusion:
Waveforms of modulating signal, carrier signals, and various modulated
signals have been observed.

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 PRACTICAL- 2
Objective: To study and calculate percentage modulation of DSB /FC
Amplitude modulation and observe all the waveforms on DSO.

Theory:
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude
of the carrier wave c(t) is varied about a mean value, linearly with the
baseband signal.

An AM wave may be dscribed as a function of time as

S(t)=Ac{1+Kam(t)}cos(2πfct)

Where Ka- Amplitude sensitivity of the modulator

S(t) –Modulated signal

Ac- Amplitude of carrier signal

m(t) –modulating signal.

Modulation Index (m): The amount by which the amplitude of the carrier
wave increases and decreases depends on the amplitude of the
information signal and is known as modulation index or depth of
modulation.

m = Vm = Vmax-Vmin
Vc Vmax+Vmin
1. Mid Modulation: If less than 100% modulation is applied, then the
carrier will not fall to zero, nor will it rise to twice the level, but the
deviation will be less than this from the quiescent level, i.e. m<1
i.e. Vc>Vm.
2. Full modulation: modulation level for a signal that has 100%
modulation. Under these circumstances the signal level falls to
zero and rises to twice the value with no modulation, i.e.m=1 i.e.
Vc=Vm.

3. Over modulation: If the level of modulation is raised up above a

modulation index of 1, i.e. more than 100% modulation this causes
what is termed over-modulation.The carrier experiences 180°
phase reversals where the carrier level would try to go below the

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 zero point. These phase reversals give rise to additional sidebands
resulting from the phase reversals (phase modulation), i.e. m>1 i.e.
Vc<Vm.
Block Diagram:

Modulating Signal Modulator Modulated signal

Base Band signal RF PowerAmplifier

Carrier

RF Oscillator

Procedure:
1. Switch on the trainer kit and check the O/P of the carrier generator
on oscilloscope.
2. Observe the modulator output signal at AM O/p Spring by making
necessary changes in A.F signal
3. Vary the modulating frequency and amplitude and observe the
effects on the modulated waveform.
4. The depth of modulation can be varied using the variable knob
provided at A.F input
5. Observe and calculate Vmin and Vmax of each signal and calculate
modulation index.

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Observations:
1. Message signal

2. Carrier signal

3. Mid modulated signal

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 4. Full modulated signal

5. Over modulated signal

Calculations:
Vmax (mV) Vmin(mV) m Percentage
modulation
Mid 2.8X50=140 1.2X50=60 80/200=0.4 40%
modulation
Full 1.4X50=70 0 70/70=1 100%
modulation
Over 1.2X50=60 -0.3X50=-15 75/45=1.66 166%
modulation

Conclusion:
Studied and calculated percentage modulation of DSB /FC Amplitude
modulation and observe all the waveforms on DSO.
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 PRACTICAL-3
Objective: To Study DSB-FC Amplitude modulation and demodulation
and observe all the waveforms on DSO.

Theory:
Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit
is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands.
Since the envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the
message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase, demodulation
can be accomplished by extracting envelope. The depth of modulation at
the detector output is greater than unity and circuit impedance is less
than circuit load (Rl>Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of
modulating signal. It is called “negative clipping “

Double side band transmitter: The transmitter circuit produces the AM

signal which is used to carry information over transmission to the
receiver

To demodulate a DSB-FC signal, it is multiplied with the carrier signal

(coherent frequency). The demodulated signal contains two terms,
a message signal and a high frequency term. The high frequency term
is filtered out by passing through Low Pass Filter.

Block Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. The circuit connections are made on the Scientech 2201 and 2202
kits.
2. The DSB-FC signal from DSB-FC generator is given as input to
the demodulator circuit.
3. The demodulated output is observed on the DSO.
4. Observe DSB-FC demodulated output waveforms.

Observations:
1. Message signal

2. Modulated signal

a) Before amplification

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 b) After amplification

3. O/P of RF amplifier

4. Mixer output

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5. O/P of IF Amplifier 1

6. O/P of IF Amplifier 2

7. O/P of diode detector

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 8. Demodulated signal

Conclusion:
Studied and observed all the waveforms of DSB-FC amplitude
modulation and demodulation on DSO.

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 PRACTICAL-4
Objective: To study amplitude modulation of SSB-SC signal and
observe all waveforms on DSO.

Theory:
A SSB signal is produced by passing the DSB signal through a highly
selective band pass filter. This filter selects either the upper or the lower
sideband. Hence transmission bandwidth can be cut by half if one
sideband is entirely suppressed. This leads to single-sideband
modulation (SSB). In SSB modulation bandwidth saving is accompanied
by a considerable increase in equipment complexity.

Mathematical expressions being:

Modulating signal: m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt)

Carrier signal: c(t)=Accos(2πfct)

SSB-SC signal:

a) For upper side-band

s(t)=AmAccos[2π(fc+fm)t] /2

b) For lower sideband

s(t)=AmAc2cos[2π(fc−fm)t]/2

Block Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. The power supply is connected to the trainer kit.
2. Take the waveforms of message signal and carrier signal.
3. Set the amplitude and frequency of message sinusoidal signal at
mid position for noting SSB-SC.
4. Observe all the waveforms on DSO.

Observations:
a) Message signal

b) Carrier signal

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c) DSB-FC signal

d) DSB-SC signal

e) SSB-SC signal

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 f) SSB-SC along with 1MHz carrier

g) Final amplified signal

Conclusions:
Studied and observed all the waveforms of SSB-SC amplitude
modulation on DSO.

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