CHAPTER 9 : RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Formula List :
Reflection :
1. R = 2f
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
2. Mirror Formula : + =
𝒗 𝒖 𝒇
 Focal Length :
Concave : -ve Convex : +ve
3. Magnification Formulas :
𝒗
 m=-
𝒖
𝒉𝒊
 m=
𝒉𝟎
𝒇 𝒇−𝒗
 m= = (*for MCQ when F & u or F & v are given)
𝒇−𝒖 𝒇

Refraction :
4. Snell’s Law : n1sinϴ1 = n2 sinϴ2
𝒄
5. Absolute Refractive Index : n =
𝒗
𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒊 𝒗𝟏 𝝀𝟏
6. Refractive Index : n21 = = = =
𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒓 𝒗𝟐 𝝀𝟐
𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝒓
7. Real & Apparent Depth : = : d1 : apparent depth
𝒅 𝒅𝑰

Total Internal Reflection :

𝟏 𝟏
8. Critical Angle : sinc = : c = sin-1 ( )
µ µ

Lens Formulas :
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
9. Lens Formula : - =
𝒗 𝒖 𝒇
10. Magnification:
𝒗
 m=
𝒖
𝒇 𝒇−𝒗
 m= =
𝒇+𝒖 𝒇
𝟏
11. Power : P =
𝒇

𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏
12. Refraction at curved surface : 𝒗
-
𝒖
=
𝑹
 n1 : Incident Medium
n2 : Refracted Medium

13. Lens Maker Formula :

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝟐
= = (𝒏𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏) (𝑹 − ) (n21 = )
𝒇 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝒏𝟏

When Lens is immersed in Liquid :

𝟏 𝒏𝒈 𝟏 𝟏
=( − 𝟏) ( − )
𝒇 𝒏𝒍 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
where : 𝒏𝒈 = refractive index of glass
𝒏𝒍 = refractive index of liquid

Combination of Lens:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
14. Focal Length : = + + …. +
𝒇 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 𝒇𝒏
15. Magnification : m = m1 + m2 + … + mn
16. Power : P = P1 + P2 + … + Pn
Prism :
17. δ = i + e - ∠A
18. A = r1 + r2
19. Minimum Deviation (Dm) : i = e : r1 = r2
𝑨+𝑫𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐
)
20. Refractive Index n21 = 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐)

21. For Thin Prism : 𝜹𝒎 = A (n21 -1)

Optical Instruments :
22. Simple Microscope :
𝜷 𝑫
m= =
𝜶 𝒖
 Minimum Magnification :
𝑫
mmin =
𝒇
ve→ ∞
Eyes are relaxed

 Maximum Magnification :
𝑫
mmax = 1 +
𝒇
 ve→ D
Eyes are strained

23. Compound Microscope :

𝜷 𝒗𝟎 𝑫
m= =
𝜶 𝒖𝟎 𝒇𝒆
 Minimum Magnification :
𝒗 𝑫
mmin = 𝟎
𝒖𝟎 𝒇𝒆
𝑳 𝑫
= ( )
𝒇𝟎 𝒇𝒆
ve→ ∞
 Tube Length / Distance of Separation
L = v0 + |fe|

 Maximum Magnification :
𝒗𝟎 𝑫
mmax = (𝟏 + )
𝒖𝟎 𝒇𝒆
ve→ D

 Tube Length / Distance of Separation

L = v0 + |ue|

24. Telescope :
 Minimum Magnification :
𝒇𝟎
mmin =
𝒇𝒆
ve→ ∞
 Tube Length / Distance of Separation :
L = f0 + fe

 Maximum Magnification :
𝒇𝟎 𝒇
mmax = (𝟏 + 𝒆 )
𝒇𝒆 𝑫
ve→ D
 Tube Length / Distance of Separation
L = v0 + |ue|
Derivations :
1. R = 2f
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
2. Mirror Formula : = +
𝒇 𝒖 𝒗
𝒗
3. Magnification Equation : m = -
𝒖

4. Snell’s Law General Equation : n1 sin i = n2 sin r

𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏
5. Refraction at Spherical Surface : - + =
𝒖 𝒗 𝑹
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
6. Lens Maker Formula : = (𝒏𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏) ( − )
𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

7. Lens Formula from Lens Maker Formula

8. Magnification of Lens : m = v/u
9. Combination of Lens
10. Prism Equation : δ = i + e – A
𝑨+𝑫𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐
11. Prism Equation for Refractive Index : n21 = 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐

12. Derive : 𝜹𝒎 = A (n21-1)

13. Simple Microscope
(i) m = 1 + D/f :Normal Vision (ii) m = D/f: Infinity
𝑳 𝑫
14. Compound Microscope : m = ×
𝒇𝟎 𝒇𝒆
𝒇𝟎
15. Refracting Telescope : m =
𝒇𝒆
CHAPTER 9 : RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
TOPICS :
Ray Optics :
 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
 Laws of Reflection
 Definitions
 Sign Conventions
 Ray diagrams : Concave & Convex Mirror
 Derivation : R = 2f
 Mirror Equation
 Magnification

 Refraction of Light :
 Refraction of Light
 Laws of Refraction
 Refractive Index
 Snell’s Law & derivation
 Optically Denser & Rarer medium
 Lateral Shift
 Real & Apparent Depth

 Total Internal Reflection

 Explanation & Derivation
 Technological Applications of Total Internal Reflection
1. Prism
2. Optical Fibres

 Refraction of Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses

 Refraction through Spherical Surface
 Refraction through Thin Lens : [Lens Maker Formula]
 Derive LENS Formula from LENS MAKER Formula
 Image formed by Lens
 Magnification of Lens
 Power of Lens
 Combination of Thin Lens in contact:
(Equation for Focal Length, Power, Magnification)
  Refraction through Prism
 Derive : δ = i + e – A
 Graph between Deviation Angle (δ) vs incidence angle (i)
 Derive formula for refractive index for material of prism
𝑨+𝑫𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐
: n21 = 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐)
 Derive : 𝜹𝒎 = A (n21-1)

Optical Instruments :
 Microscope :
1. Simple Microscope
 Image formed at Normal Vision Distance
 Image is formed at infinity

2. Compound Microscope
 Image formed at Normal Vision Distance
 Image is formed at infinity

 Telescope :
 Refracting Telescope : Derivation
 Astronomical Telescope
 Reflecting Type of Telescope
 Cassegrain Telescope
CHAPTER 9 : RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Notes :
Reflection :
 Phenomenon of bouncing back of light rays when it strikes back
opaque surface is called Reflection of Light
 Angle of Incidence (i) : Angle between incident ray & normal
to reflecting surface
 Angle of Reflection (r) : Angle between Reflected Ray &
Normal to reflecting surface
Laws of Reflection :
1. Angle of Incidence is equal to Angle of Reflection (i =r)
2. Incident Ray, Reflected Ray & Normal lies in same plane
3. Incident Ray & Reflected Ray lie on opposite sides of normal
Terms used for Curved Mirror
1. Centre of Curvature (C) : Centre of spherical shell
2. Radius of Curvature (R) : Radius of spherical shell from which
mirror is made
3. Pole (P) : Centre of reflecting surface of mirror
4. Principal Axis : Imaginary line passing through pole & centre
of curvature is called Principal Axis of Mirror
5. Aperture : Diameter of reflecting surface
6. Principal Focus (F) : Point where rays parallel to principal axis
meet (concave) or appears to meet (Convex)
7. Focal Plane : Plane passing through principal axis & normal to
principal axis
8. Focal Length : Distance between Pole & Principal Focus of Mirror
9. Paraxial Rays : Rays close to principal axis
Sign Convention
Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
Real Image Virtual Image Virtual Image
Object distance -u -u -u
Image distance -v +v +v
Focal Length -f -f +f
Radius of -R -R +R
Curvature
Object Height +h +h +h
Image Height -hI + hI + hI
Linear -m +m +m
Magnification
Derive relation between Focal Length & Radius of Curvature : R = 2f

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

 C = centre of curvature of mirror
 F = principal focus of mirror
 R = radius of curvature of mirror
 Consider rays parallel to principal axis (paraxial rays) striking mirror at M.
CM ⊥ M
 ϴ = angle of incidence
 MD = perpendicular from M on principal axis
 ∠MCP = ϴ
 ∠MFP = 2ϴ

 In ΔMDC
𝑴𝑫
tan ϴ =
𝑪𝑫
ϴ is very small for paraxial rays
tan ϴ ≈ ϴ
𝑴𝑫
ϴ=
𝑪𝑫

 In ΔMDF
𝑴𝑫
tan 2ϴ =
𝑭𝑫
ϴ is very small for paraxial rays
tan 2ϴ ≈ 2ϴ
𝑴𝑫
2ϴ =
𝑭𝑫
𝑴𝑫 𝑴𝑫
2( )=
𝑪𝑫 𝑭𝑫
𝟏 𝟏
2( )=
𝑪𝑫 𝑭𝑫
But : CD = - R , FD = -f
𝟐 𝟏
=
𝑹 𝒇

R = 2f
 Mirror Formula :

 Let Focal length = FP = -f

Radius of curvature = CP = - R
Object distance = BP = -u
Image Distance = BI P = -v
 An object AB is placed in front of mirror at some distance from centre of
curvature
 3 rays emanating from A are reflected by mirror & converge at point A I
 Image of object AB is given by AIBI between C & F

 In ΔMPF & ΔAIBIF

ΔMPF ≈ ΔAIBIF (Triangles are similar)
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰 𝑩𝑰 𝑭
=
𝑴𝑷 𝑭𝑷
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰 𝑩𝑰 𝑭
= … (1) (AB = MP)
𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑷
 In ΔABP & ΔAIBIP
ΔABP ≈ ΔAIBIP (triangles are similar)
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰 𝑩𝑰 𝑷
= … (2)
𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑷
 Comparing (1) & (2)
𝑩𝑰 𝑭 𝑩𝑰 𝑷
=
𝑭𝑷 𝑩𝑷
𝑰
𝑷𝑩 −𝑭𝑷 𝑩𝑰 𝑷
=
𝑭𝑷 𝑩𝑷
I
But : PB = - v , FP = -f , BP = -u
−𝒗+𝒇 −𝒗
=
−𝒇 −𝒖
−𝒗 𝒇 𝒗
- =
−𝒇 𝒇 𝒖
𝒗 𝒗
-1=
𝒇 𝒖
Divide by v
𝒗 𝟏 𝒗
- =
𝒇𝒗 𝒗 𝒗𝒖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- =
𝒇 𝒗 𝒖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + Mirror Formula
𝒇 𝒗 𝒖
 Linear Magnification
 It is ratio of height of image (hI) to height of object (h)
𝒉𝑰
m=
𝒉

 Figure same as Mirror Formula

 In ΔABP & ΔAIBIP
ΔABP ≈ ΔAIBIP (triangles are similar)
𝑩𝑰 𝑨𝑰 𝑩𝑰 𝑷
=
𝑩𝑨 𝑩𝑷
I
B P = -v BP =- u
−𝒉𝑰 −𝒗
=
𝒉 −𝒖
𝒉𝑰 𝒗
=-
𝒉 𝒖
𝒗
m=−
𝒖

 m = +ve : Image is virtual & erect

 m = -ve : Image is real & inverted
 m > 1 : Enlarged
 m < 1 : Diminished
 m = 1 (Same Size)
Refraction
 Refraction is phenomena in which direction of propagation of light
changes at interference when it passes from one medium to another
 During refraction : Speed & Wavelength changes, Frequency same
 Examples :
 Magnifying Glasses
 Lenses
 Prisms
 Human Eye
 Rarer to Denser : Bends towards normal
 Denser to Rarer : Bends away from normal
Laws of Refraction {Snell’s Law}
1. Incident Ray, Refracted Ray & Normal to interference at point of incidence
all lie in same plane
2. Ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is constant
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒊
= n21
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒓
Optical Density
 Optical Density is ratio of speed of light in 2 media
 Optically Denser :
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒊  Optically Rarer :
= n21 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒊
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒓 = n21
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒓
>1 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒊
< 1
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒓
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒓
sin i > sin r sin i < sin r
i>r i<r
Refracted ray towards normal Refracted ray goes away from normal

Absolute Refractive Index

 Refractive Index of medium with respect to vacuum is called
Absolute Refractive Index
𝒄
 n=
𝒗
 Dimensional Formula : M0 L0 T0
 Value of Refractive Index of medium depends on
1. Type of Medium
2. Temperature of Medium
3. Wavelength of Light

Relative Refractive Index

 Ratio of refractive index of 2 mediums is called Relative
Refractive Index
 Refractive Index of medium 2 with respect to 1
𝒗
n21 = 𝟏
𝒗𝟐
𝒏𝟐
but n21 =
𝒏𝟏
𝒏𝟐 𝒗𝟏
=
𝒏𝟏 𝒗 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝟐
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒓 𝒏𝟏
n1 sin i = n2 sin r
n21 × n12 = 1
 32 medium : n32 = n21 × n12
 Refractive Index
 Air = 1
 Water = 1.33
 Glass = 1.5
 Diamond = 0.42
Lateral Shift
 Perpendicular distance between incident ray & emergent ray is called
lateral shift
 From figure :
 Refraction takes place at 2 interferences i.e air-glass &
glass-air
 Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray : i1 = r2 Angle of
emergence = angle of incidence (i = e)
 Lateral shift depends on
1. Distance between 2 parallel side
2. Angle of Incidence
3. Refractive Index
4. Wavelength of colour of light

Real Depth & Apparent Depth

 Real Depth : h2
 Apparent Depth : h1
𝒉 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
 n= 𝟐= 𝒉𝟏 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
h1 (Apparent Depth) =
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒏
𝒏(𝒓𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒓) 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
=
𝒏(𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓) 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉

Total Internal Reflection

 When light travels from optically denser to rarer medium at interface it is partly
reflected back into same medium & partly reflected to second medium. This
reflection is called Internal Reflection
 Total Internal Reflection :
 If ray of light travelling from denser to rarer medium strikes boundary at angle
greater than critical angle (ic) , then light ray is totally reflected in denser
medium & no part of light ray is refracted is called Total Internal Reflection
 Conditions for Total Internal Reflection
1. Ray must travel from rarer to denser medium
2. Angle of incidence in denser medium must be greater than critical angle
𝝅
 Critical Angle : Angle of incidence for which refraction becomes 𝟐 that
incidence angle is called critical angle
 Apply Snell’s law at point O3
n1 sin ic = n2 sin r
𝒏𝟏
sin iC = sin r
𝒏𝟐
n12 sin iC = sin 900 [r=900]
n12 sin iC = 1
𝟏
sin iC =
𝒏𝟏𝟐
𝒏𝟐
sin iC = 𝒏
𝒏𝟏 iC = sin-1 ( 𝟐 )
𝒏𝟏
Applications of Total Internal Reflection
1. Prism :
 Refractive index = 1.5
 Critical Angle = 420
 Prism are designed to bend light rays by 900 or 1800 making
use of Total Internal Reflection
 In these critical angle ic for material of prism must be less than 450

 Prism is used to invert images without changing their size

2. Optical Fibre:
 Principle : Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
 Manufacture : Composite Glass/Quartz Fibres (diameter : 10-100 µm)
 Construction :
 Each fibre consist of core(inner part) and cladding (outer part)
 Refractive Index of material of core is higher than of cladding
 Working :
 When signal in form of light is directed at one end of
fibre at angle, it undergoes repeated TIR along length of
fibre & comes out at other end
 Such light undergoes TIR at each stage without loss in
intensity of light signals
 Optical fibres are fabricated such that light reflected at one side
of inner surface strikes other angle larger than critical angle
 Uses :
 Transmitting & Receiving Electrical Signals
 Transmission of Optical Signals
 ‘Light Pipe’ for visual examination of internal organs
 Requirement in Fabricating Optical Fibre :
 Little Absorption of light is necessary as it travels for long distance
 It is achieved by purification & special preparation of materials
 In silica glass fibres it possible to transmit more than 95 % of light
over 1 km
Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

MI

 Consider point object O placed at axis of spherical surface

 Rays emerge from medium having refractive index n1
 They refract in medium having refractive index n2
 Ray ON is incident on spherical surface at point N (n1 < n2) so
ray bends towards normal & forms image I at distance N

 n2 > n1
 Incident Rays : OM & ON Incident Medium : n1 (Rarer)
 Refractive Rays : NI & MI Refractive Medium : n2 (Denser)
 OM= object distance = - u
 MC = radius of curvature = R
 NM = image distance = v
 NM= NMI = perpendicular distance = x

 Assume aperture of spherical surface is small compared to

object distance, image distance & radius of curvature so angle
is very small
MI ≈ M
tan α ≈ α tan β ≈ β tanγ ≈ γ

 In ΔNOM  In ΔNCM  In ΔNIM

𝑴𝑵 𝑴𝑵 𝑴𝑵
tan α = tan β = tan γ =
𝑶𝑴 𝑴𝑪 𝑴𝑰
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
α= β= γ =
−𝒖 𝑹 𝒗
 In ΔNOC
i = exterior angle
i=α+γ
𝒙 𝒙
i= + … (1)
−𝒖 𝑹
 In NCI
γ = exterior angle
γ=r+β
r=γ–β
𝒙 𝒙
r= - (2)
𝑹 𝒗

 Using Snell’s Law at point N

n1 sin i = n2 sin r

As ray is paraxial angle is very small

sin i ≈ i
sin r ≈ r

n1 i = n2 r (3)

 Substitute value of i & r in eq (3)

n1 i = n2 r
n1 (𝛂 + 𝛄 ) = n2 (𝛄 – 𝛃)
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
n1 ( + ) = n2 ( − )
−𝒖 𝑹 𝑹 𝒗
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
+ = -
−𝒖 𝑹 𝑹 𝒗
𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏
- = -
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹 𝑹

𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏
- =
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹

 Equation gives relation between object & image distance in

terms of refractive index of medium & radius of curvature of
curved spherical surface
Lens Maker’s Formula : {Refraction by Lens}
 Lens Maker’s Formula is relation between Focal Length of Lens,
Refractive Index of Material & Radius of Curvature of its 2 surfaces

 Consider thin lens of two refractive surface

 Point Object O is placed on principal axis of lens
 u = object distance
 v = image distance
 On other side of lens there is image I
 R1 = radius of curvature of surface 1
 R2 = radius of curvature of surface 2
 f = focal length of lens
Image formation is in 2 ways
1. First refracting surface forms image I1 of object O
2. Image I1 acts as virtual object for second surface
For 1st Refracting Surface :

For Refraction at Interface ABC,

OB = object distance = u
BI1 = image distance = v1
BC1 = radius of curvature = R1
n1 to n2 (rarer to denser)
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏
+ =
𝑶𝑩 𝑩𝑰𝟏 𝑩𝑪𝟏
u=u
v = v1
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 −𝒏
− 𝟏 + 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟏 …. (1)
𝒖 𝒗𝟏 𝑹𝟏
For Surface 2

For Refraction Interface at ADC

 Image at first interface becomes object distance for second
interface
 DI = image distance = v
 DI1 = object distance = v1
 DC2 = radius of curvature = R2
 n2 to n1
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏
- =
𝑫𝑰 𝑫𝑰𝟏 𝑫𝑪𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏
- = … (2)
𝒗 𝒗𝟏 𝑹𝟐

 Add (1) & (2)

𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 −𝒏 𝒏 −𝒏
− 𝟏+ 𝟐 + 𝟏 - 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟏
𝒖 𝒗𝟏 𝒗 𝒗𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− = (n2 −n1) ( − )
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
n1 ( − ) = (n2 −n1) ( − )
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( − )= ( − ) … (3)
𝒗 𝒖 𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

 If u = ∞
v=f
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− = ( − )
𝒇 ∞ 𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ( − )
𝒇 𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟏 ( − )
𝒇 𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (n21 – 1) ( − ) … (4)
𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

 Lens Maker Formula

 Compare (3) & (4)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 …. Lens Formula derivation from Lens
=𝒗− Maker Formula / Equation of Thin Lens
𝒇 𝒖
Magnification of Lens
 Ratio of size of image obtained by lens to object is called Magnification
𝒉𝑰
 m= 𝒉
 In ΔABP & ΔAIBIP
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰 𝑩𝑰 𝑷
=
𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑷
AIBI = -hI AB = h BIP= v BP = -u
−𝒉𝑰 𝒗
=-
𝒉 𝒖
𝒉𝑰 𝒗
=
𝒉 𝒖
𝒗
m=
𝒖

Power of Lens
 Power of Lens is measure of convergence or divergence which lens
introduces in light falling on it
𝟏
 P=
𝒇
 Unit : Dipotre (D)
 1 D = 1 m-1
 Positive : Convex
 Negative : Concave
Combination of Focal Length of Thin Lens in Contact

 2 lenses A & B are arranged so that principal axis is same

 Focal Lengths : f1 & f2
 Both lenses are thin ,optical centre converge on each other
 Let object placed at point O beyond focus of first lens A
 I1 = image produced by first lens
 Image produced by first lens is object of second kens
 I = final image produced by second lens (B)

 Image formed by First Lens A

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- = … (1)
𝒗𝟏 𝒖 𝒇𝟏
 Image formed by Second Lens B
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- = … (2)
𝒗 𝒗𝟏 𝒇𝟐

 Add (1) & (2)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- + - = +
𝒗𝟏 𝒖 𝒗 𝒗𝟏 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- == + ,….. (3)
𝒗 𝒖 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- = (for single lens) … (4)
𝒗 𝒖 𝒇

 Comparing (3) & (4)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐

 When n combination
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + …… +
𝒇 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 𝒇𝒏

Equivalent Power for combination of lens

 Same figure as focal length (above)
 Let power of lens be A & B be P1 & P2
 Power of Lens A
𝟏
P1 =
𝒇𝟏
 Power of Lens B
𝟏
P2 =
𝒇𝟐
 Let equivalent power of combination be P : P = P1 + P2
 Equivalent power of several lens combination : P = P1 + P2 + … +Pn
Magnification of Combination of Lens
 For Lens A  For Lens B
m1 = magnification m2 = magnification
u = object distance v = object distance
vI = image distance uI = image distance
𝒗𝑰 𝒗
m1 = … (1) m2 = 𝑰 … (1)
𝒖 𝒗
 Suppose magnification of
combination of lens = m
𝒗
m =
𝒖
𝒗𝑰 𝒗
m= × 𝑰 (divide by vI)
𝒖 𝒗
m = m1 × m2
 Magnification of combination of lens : m = m1 × m2 × …. Mn
Refraction through Prism:
 Prism is Transparent object having 5 sides :
2 Triangular Surface + 3 Lateral Rectangular Surfaces
Derive δ = i + e – A
i = Angle of Incidence
e = Angle of Emergence
δ = angle of deviation
A = angle of prism
r = angle of refraction

 Path of Light passing through prism : PQRS

 Angle of Deviation (δ) :
Angle between Emergent ray & Incident Ray is called Angle of
Deviation
 Angle of incidence i & angle of reflection r is at first side AB
 Emergent Ray = RS
 Incident Ray = PQ
 In 𐁣 AQNR
∠A + ∠AQN + ∠QNR + ∠ARN = 3600
∠A + 900+ ∠QNR + 900 = 3600 (∠AQN = ∠ARN = 900)
∠A + ∠QNR = 3600 -1800
∠A + ∠QNR = 1800
……….. (1)
 In ΔQNR
∠RQN + ∠QNR + ∠QRN = 1800
But : ∠RQN = r1
∠QRN = r2
r1 + ∠QNR + r2 = 1800
………… (2)

 Compare eq (1) & (2)

∠A + ∠QNR = r1 + ∠QNR + r2
∠A =r1 + r2
….. (3)
  In ΔQMR,
δ is Exterior angle
Exterior Angle is sum of interior angles
∠MQR + ∠MRQ = δ
But ∠MQR = i – r1
∠MRQ = e – r2

δ = i – r1 + e – r2
δ = ( i + e) – (r1 + r2)
δ = ( i + e) – ∠A
δ=i+e–A
: Prism Equation

Graph between Deviation Angle (δ) vs Incidence Angle (i)

 Graph shows that for single value of deviation angle (δ) gives two
values of incidence angle i & e
 Angle of Deviation (δ) remains same if angle of incidence i &
angle of emergent e are interchanged
 For particular value i = e , angle of incidence , single value of
deviation is obtained
 At minimum deviation Dm , refracted ray becomes parallel to
base
Derive Formula of Refractive Index for Prism
 Minimum Deviation (Dm) :
Angle of emergence of ray from second face equals angle of
incidence of ray on first face then deviation produced is
minimum is called minimum deviation of prism
 At minimum Deviation Dm refracted ray becomes parallel to its base
 So when :
δ = Dm
i=e
r 1 = r2
 Using Prism’s Equation :
δ=i+e–A
Dm = i + i – A
Dm = 2i – A
2i = Dm + A
𝑫𝒎 +𝑨
i= ………. (1)
𝟐

 For Prism :
A = r 1 + r2
A = r 1 + r1
A = 2r1
𝑨
r1 = … (2)
𝟐

 Applying Snell’s law at incident point Q

n1 sin i = n2 sin r …. (3)
 Put values (1) & (2) in eqn (3)
𝑫𝒎 +𝑨 𝑨
n1 sin ( ) = n2 sin ( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨+𝑫
𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐 𝒎 )
= 𝑨
𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐)

𝑨+𝑫𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐
n21 = 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐)

Eqn for Refractive Index of prism

where : n21 = Refractive Index of Prism
A = Angle of Deviation
Dm = Minimum Deviation
Derive : Dm = A (n21 -1 ) for Thin Prism (small prism)

 Thin Prism : Prism which has small prism angle is called Thin Prism
𝑨+𝑫𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
 Refractive Index of Prism n21 = 𝑨
𝟐
…. (1)
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐)
For Thin Prism , prism angle A is small
𝑨+𝑫𝒎 𝑨+𝑫𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )≈( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) ≈ ( )
𝟐 𝟐

𝑨+𝑫𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐
)
n21 = 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐)
𝑨+𝑫
( 𝟐 𝒎)
n21 = 𝑨
( 𝟐)
𝑨+ 𝑫𝒎
n21 =
𝑨
n21 . A = A + Dm
Dm = n21 . A – A
Dm = A (n21 – 1 )

 Thin Prism does not deflect light much

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
 Optical Instruments : Instruments designed for utilising
reflecting & refracting properties of mirrors, lens & prism
 Examples :
1. Periscope
2. Kaleidoscope
3. Binoculars
4. Microscope
5. Telescope
 Near Point : Point at which least distant object can be seen
comfortably clearly is called Near Point i.e 25 cm
Simple Microscope
 Simple Microscope is converging lens of small focal length
 It is used for observing magnifial images of objects
 D : least distance of distinct vision (25 cm)

Case 1 : Maximum Magnification : [Image at near point]

 A simple microscope is shown

 Object is placed front of lens in such way that erect, magnified
& virtual image can be viewed at near point
 To obtain maximum magnification it obtained when image is
formed at least distance of vision or near point (25 cm)
 When image is formed at near point (D=25 cm) it causes some
strain on eye

𝒗
 Magnification : m = … (1)
𝒖
 Using Lens Formula
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
- =
𝒗 𝒖 𝒇
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= - … (2)
𝒖 𝒗 𝒇

 Put (2) in eq (1)

𝟏
m=v( )
𝒖
𝟏 𝟏
m = v (𝒗 − 𝒇 )
𝒗
m=1-𝒇
But : v = - D
𝑫
m=1+𝒇

where D = least distant vision = 25 cm

Case 2 : Minimum {Angular} Magnification : [Image is at Infinity]

 Fig (a) When object of height h is placed at near point

ϴ0 = angle subtended at eye by object
𝒉
tan ϴ0 =
𝑫
for very small angle ϴ0 ≈ ϴ0
𝒉
ϴ0 = .. (1)
𝑫

 Fig (B) If object of height h is placed at principal focus image

will be at infinite distance
ϴi = angle subtended at eye by object
𝒉
tan ϴi =
𝒇
for very small angle ϴi ≈ ϴi
𝒉
ϴi = .. (2)
𝒇

 From (1) & (2)

𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒔
Angular Magnification =
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝚹𝒊
m=
𝚹𝟎
𝒉
𝒇
m= 𝒉
𝑫
𝒉 𝑫
m= ×
𝒇 𝒉

𝑫
m= 𝒇

 Eyes are relaxed

𝑫 𝑫
 Range of Microscope : to 1 +
𝒇 𝒇
Compound Microscope

 Compound Microscope is device used for larger magnification

which uses 2 lenses for compounding effect of other
 Construction :
 It consist of Objective Lens & Eyepiece
 Objective Lens : Lens nearest to object
 Eye Piece : Lens nearest to observer
 fO : focal length of objective lens
 fe : focal length of eyepiece
 f0 < fe
 Objective produces real, inverted & magnified image of object
 Image of object serves as object for eyepiece
 Eyepiece produces final image which is enlarged & virtual
 Eyepiece behaves simple microscope
 Angular Magnification
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒚𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
m=
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒚𝒆 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛃
m= …. (A)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∝
 For Objective Lens
𝒉𝑰 𝑨𝑩𝑰
m0 = = … (1)
𝒉 𝑨𝑩
where : m0 = magnification of objective lens
hI = height of image
h = height of object
 For eye-piece
𝑫
me = … (2)
𝒖𝒆

 In ΔAIOe BI
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰
tan β =
𝑶𝒆 𝑩𝑰
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰
tan β =
−𝒖𝒆
β ≈ tan β
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰
β= …. (3)
−𝒖𝒆

 In ΔAII BII Oe
𝑨𝑰𝑰 𝑩𝑰𝑰
tan ∝ =
𝑶𝒆 𝑩𝑰𝑰
AIIBII = AB
OeBII = -D
𝑨𝑩
tan ∝ = …. (4)
−𝑫
α ≈ tan ∝
𝑨𝑩
α=
−𝑫

 Put values in eq (A)

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛃
m=
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∝
𝛃
m=
∝
𝑨𝑰 𝑩𝑰
−𝒖𝒆
m= 𝑨𝑩
−𝑫
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰 𝑫
m= ×
𝑨𝑩 𝒖𝒆

 From eq (1) & (2)

m = mO × me

𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰 𝒗𝟎
 mO = =−
𝑨𝑩 𝒖𝟎
𝑫
 me =
𝒖𝒆
𝒗𝟎 𝑫
m=− ×
𝒖𝟎 𝒖𝒆
Case 1 : When final image is at near point
𝒗𝟎 𝑫
 m=− ×
𝒖𝟎 𝒖𝒆
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= -
𝒇𝒆 𝒗𝒆 𝒖𝒆
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= -
𝒇𝒆 −𝑫 −𝒖𝒆
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ =
𝒇𝒆 𝑫 𝒖𝒆

𝒗𝟎 𝟏
m=− D[ ]
𝒖𝟎 𝒖𝒆
𝒗𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
m=− D [ + ]
𝒖𝟎 𝒇𝒆 𝑫
𝒗𝟎 𝑫 𝑫
m=− [ + ]
𝒖𝟎 𝒇𝒆 𝑫
𝒗𝟎 𝑫
m=− [𝟏 + ]
𝒖𝟎 𝒇𝒆

Tube Length (L) = |v0| + |ue|

 ue is very small
L ≈ |v0|
𝑳 𝑫
 m=− [𝟏 + ]
𝒖𝟎 𝒇𝒆
If u0 is very small
uo ≈ f0
𝑳 𝑫
m=− [𝟏 + ]
𝒇𝟎 𝒇𝒆

Case 2 : Final Image is at Infinity

 When image is at infinity
ue = fe
 Magnification
𝒗𝟎 𝑫
m=− ×
𝒖𝟎 𝒖𝒆

 Tube Length (L)

L = |v0| + |fe|
Telescope
 Telescope is optical instrument used to observe objects which
are far away
Derivation

 In telescope 2 lenses are used

 Objective Lens : Lens facing object
 Eyepiece : Lens near eye
 f0 : focal length of objective lens
 fe : focal length of eyepiece
 f0 >fe
 Diameter & Focal length of objective is greater than eyepiece
 Light from distant object enters objective & real image is formed
in tube at its second focal length
 Image is object for eye-piece
 Eye-piece magnifies image producing final inverted image

 Magnifying Power (Magnification)

𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒚𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
m=
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒚𝒆 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛃
m= …. (1)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∝

 In ΔAIBI Oe
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰
tan β =
𝑶𝒆 𝑩𝑰
OeBI = - ue
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰
tan β = …. (2)
−𝒖𝒆
 In ΔOAIBI
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰
tan ∝ =
𝑶𝑨𝑱
𝑨𝑰 𝑩 𝑰
tan ∝ = … (3)
𝒇𝒐

 From eq (1) , (2) ,(3)

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛃
m=
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∝
𝑨𝑰 𝑩𝑰
−𝒖𝒆
m= 𝑨𝑰 𝑩𝑰
𝒇𝒐
𝒇𝟎
m=-
𝒖𝒆

Case 1 : Final Image is at Near Point

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 = -
𝒇𝒆 𝒗𝒆 𝒖𝒆
ve = -D
u e = - ue
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= -
𝒇𝒆 −𝑫 −𝒖𝒆
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ =
𝒇𝒆 𝑫 𝒖𝒆

𝒇𝟎
 m=-
𝒖𝒆
𝟏
m = -f0 [ ]
𝒖𝒆
𝟏 𝟏
m = -f0[ + ]
𝒇𝒆 𝑫

𝒇𝟎 𝒇𝒆
m=- [1 + ]
𝒇𝒆 𝑫

L (tube length) = |f0| + |ue|

Case 2: When image is formed at infinity

 ue = fe
𝒇𝟎 L = |f0| + |fe|
m=-
𝒇𝒆
Astronomical Telescope
 Light Gathering Power (depends on area of objective)
 Resolution or resolving power (depends on diameter of objective)
 Larger lens objective in use has diameter of 40 inch (1.02 m)
which is at yerks observatory in Wisconsin, USA

Reflecting Telescope
 Concave Mirror used in telescope in place of objective is called
Reflecting Telescope
 EG : Cassegrain Telescope
 Advantages :
1. No chromatic aberration in mirror
2. If parabolic reflecting surface is chosen, spherical aberration is
removed
3. Mirror weighs much less than lens of equivalent optical quality
4. It can be easily supported over its entire back surface
 Disadvantages
1. Objective Mirror focuses inside telescope tube
 Solution
 To detect light being focussed by another mirror
 It is done in large 200 inch (5.08 m) diameters Mt.
Palomar Telescope, California
Cassegrain Telescope
 In Cassegrain Telescope Convex Secondary Mirror to focus on
Incident Light passes through hole in objective primary mirror

 Advantages : Large Focal Length in short telescope

 Largest Telescope in India is in Kavalur, Tamil Nadu which has

2.34 diameter reflecting telescope
 It was ground, polished is used by Indian Institute of Astrophysics,
Bangalore
 Largest Telescope in World : Pair of Keck Telescopes in Hawaii, USA with
reflector of 10 m in diameter