SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (212)

Time: 2½ hrs Maximum Marks: 85
Note:
i. This question paper consists of 43 questions in all.
ii. All questions are compulsory.
iii. Marks are given against each question.
iv. Section A consists of
a. Q.No. 1 to 17 – Multiple Choice type questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each. Select and
write the most appropriate option out of the four options given in each of these questions. An
internal choice has been provided in some of these questions. You have to attempt only one
of the given choices in such questions.
b. Q.No. 18 to 28 – Objective type questions. Q.No. 18 to 27 carry 02 marks each (with 2 sub-
parts of 1 mark each) and Q.No. 28 carries 05 marks (with 5 sub-parts of 1 mark each).
Attempt these questions as per the instructions given for each of the questions 18 – 28.
v. Section B consists of
a. Q.No. 29 to 34 – Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each to be answered in the range
of 30 to 50 words.
b. Q.No. 35 to 41 – Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each to be answered in the
range of 50 to 80 words.
c. Q.No. 42 to 43 – Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each to be answered in the
range of 80 to 120 words.

SECTION – A
Q. No. Questions Marks
Q.No. 1 to 17 are the Multiple Choice Questions questions of 1 mark each:
An internal choice has been provided in some of these questions. You have to attempt only one of
the given choices in such questions.
1. A standard unit must have the following characteristics to be useful 1
a) relevant
b) convenient
c) well defined
d) All of the above
2. Derived SI unit of power is 1
a) kg m2s-3
b) kg m-1s-3
c) kg m-2s-2
d) kg-1 m-2s-3
3. (i) A compound forms between a metal and a non-metal. It is? 1
a) ionic
b) metallic
c) covalent
d) None of this
OR
(ii) The reason of bonding in ionic compounds is.........
a) Sharing of electrons
b) Repulsion force
c) Attraction force
d) None of these

1
4. (i) A substance which has a high melting point, conducts electricity when 1
dissolved in water, and has a crystalline structure probably has what type of
bond?
a) Ionic
b) Metallic
c) Covalent
d) Crystalline
OR
(ii) Which compound has ions held together by electrostatic forces?
a) NO2
b) CaSO4
c) Aluminium
d) P4O10
5. Which of the following element is stable and generally do not form compound? 1
a) Sodium
b) Neon
c) Potassium
d) Chlorine
6. Which of the following is momentum closely related to 1
a) Impulse
b) Power
c) Force
d) Kinetic energy
7. Which of the following is true of the third law of motion? 1
a) Action-Reaction pair always acts on the same body.
b) They act on different bodies in opposite directions
c) Action-Reaction pairs have the same magnitudes and directions
d) Act on either body at normal to each other
8. Which one of the following is not the unit of energy? 1
A. Joule
B. Newton meter
C. kilowatt
D. kilowatt hour
9. The potential energy of the boy is maximum, when he is 1
a) Standing
b) Sleeping on the ground
c) Sitting on the ground
d) None of the above
10. A body is falling from a height h. After it has fallen a height h/2, it will posses 1
a) Only potential energy
b) Only kinetic energy
c) Half kinetic energy and half potential energy
d) More kinetic energy and less potential energy
11. A person can receive blood from a person having any blood group. Her own 1
blood group is
a) O
b) A
c) B

2
 d) AB
OR
Genetic disease may now be cured by
a) Radio therapy
b) Chemotherapy
c) Hormone therapy
d) Gene Replacement Therapy
12. A child will be male because of 1
a) The X chromosome in the zygote
b) The Y chromosome in the zygote
c) The cytoplasm of germ cell which determines the sex
d) Chance only
OR
In which one of the following types of asexual reproduction does the parent give
rise to new individuals and lose its own identity?
a) Binary fission
b) Budding
c) Spore formation
d) Vegetative propagation
13. Which of the following method of contraception gives protection from acquiring 1
STDs?
(a) Surgery
(b) Condoms
(c) Copper-T
(d) Oral-pills
14. (i) The electronic configuration of an element is found to be 2, 4. How many 1
bonds can one carbon atom form in a compound?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 6
OR
(ii) The chemical reaction shows the addition of chlorine to methane in the
presence of sunlight.
CH4 + Cl4 → X
What is likely to be the product of the reaction represented by “X”?
a) CH4+ H2SO4
b) CH3Cl + HCl
c) CHCl3 + HCl
d) CH3Cl + H2SO4

3
15. (i) The image represents the structure of a carbon compound known as ethane. 1

Which option explains the naming of ethane?

a) the presence of functional group connected with a single bond
b) as it contains two carbon atoms and a single bond connects the carbon
atoms
c) carbon compound with a total number of eight atoms are named as ethane
d) as it contains six hydrogen atoms and a single bond connects the carbon and
hydrogen atom
OR
(ii) The image represents the structure of a few hydrocarbon compounds.

Which of these compounds can be classified as alkynes?

a) only (A)
b) only (B)
c) both (A) and (D)
d) both (B) and (C)
16. (i) Which of the following leads to depletion of ozone layer 1
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Carbon Monoxide
c) Nitrogen
d) CFC
OR
(ii) What is the lowest intensity of sound that human ear can hear?
a) 20 db
b) 15db
c) 10 db
d) 5db
17. Though, not completely under human control, prevention of loss of lives from 1
natural disasters may be possible by
A. Early warning systems
B. Having plans to leave at the right time
C. Building shelters near homes
D. A&B

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 OR
Herman observed that the ponds of his village were full of green scum and fish
were dying. He looked for fields in the neighbourhood where fertilizers were
being used and reported to the authorities to prevent any runoff from there.
Which phenomenon was causing this?
a. Bio-magnification b. Bioaccumulation
c. Biological Accumulation d. Eutrophication
Q.No. 18 to 27 are the objective questions of 2 marks each:
Some of these questions have 4 sub-parts. You have to do any 2 sub-parts out of
4 sub-parts in such questions.
18. Match column –I statement with the right option of column - II 1X2
Column –I Column - II
–6
P. 10 g
–5
(i) 10 μg Q. 10 g
3
(ii) 1 Gm R. 10 Mm
S. 10-3 Mm
19. Complete the following sentence by given options below: 1X2
(Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv))
(Nitrogen, 3, 4, 5 Hydrogen, covalent bonds, ionic bonds).

(i) The mass number of an which has 7 protons and 8 neutrons is ______
(ii) The number of electrons in the L – shell of atom of oxygen (Z=8) are ______
(iii) Number of covalent bonds in the molecule of N2 is/are ______
(iv) Two _____________ bonds are present in molecule of H2O
20. Write TRUE (T) for correct statement and FALSE (F) for incorrect 1 X 2
statements:
(Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv))
(i) Ionic compounds have low melting point than a covalent compound. _______
(ii) Solid sodium chloride is a good conductor of electricity. _______
(iii) In a solution if [H+] > [OH-], then the solution is acidic. _______
(iv) In modern periodic table, atomic size decreases down the group. _______
21. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. (i to ii) 1X2
Alimentary canal is a long continuous tube constituted made by mouth, pharynx,
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The glandular

5
 organs, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
and the alimentary canal form the
digestive system. The process of digestion
requires enzymes present in the digestive
juices secreted by the organs of digestive
system. They convert complex substances
into simpler ones. Enzymes are chemicals
which speed up chemical reactions taking
place in cells.

(i) The oesophagus or the food pipe by the contraction of muscles in its wall pushes
the food into the stomach. This Muscle movement is termed as ______________
(ii) An incomplete equation for the digestion of starch by saliva is shown as:
Saliva + Starch →
What will be the likely outcome of this?
(a) Saliva will convert starch into complex fat molecules.
(b) Saliva will convert starch into complex sugar molecules.
(c) Saliva will breakdown starch into simple sugar molecules.
(d) Saliva will breakdown starch into simple protein molecules.
22. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. (i to ii) 1X2
The reproductive organ of flowering
plants is the flower. Stamens
(Androecium) which produce pollen
are the male part. Pollen grains
contains male sex cells. There may be
several stamens in each flower

(i) In the diagram shown above, which part of the flower becomes fruit post post-
fertilisation?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(ii) In the diagram shown above
above, which part of the flower bears pollen grains?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
Alternative Question for Visually impaired candidates:
Fill in the blanks:
(i) Agents like wind, water or _____________ help to transfer pollen from one
flower to another.
(ii) Formation of ________ will not occur after pollination if all the ovules had
been removed from flower.

6
23. Write TRUE for correct statement and FALSE for incorrect statements: 1X2
(Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv))
(i) Calcium carbide is an inorganic compound.
(ii) IUPAC name of C2H6 is Ethene.
(iii) Non – Metals conduct electricity due to the presence of free electrons.
(iv) An element with atomic number 9 is likely to be a metal.
24. Match column –I statement with the right option of column - II 1X2

Column –I Column - II
P. acidic oxides
(i) CO2 Q. Basic oxides
(ii) CaO R. Amphoteric oxides
S. Neutral oxides
25. Fill in the blanks: (Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv)) 1X2
(i) Accumulation of non- Biodegradable chemicals in the food chain in increasing
amount at each higher trophic level is known as _____________
(ii) The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the ____________ scale.

(iii) Water lily and Hydrilla are the examples of _________ plants.

(iv) Blubber of whale, a thick layer of fat or oil stored between the skin and muscles
of the body, provides _________________
26. Write TRUE for correct statement and FALSE for incorrect statements: 1X2
(Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv))
(i) The energy flow in a food chain is unidirectional.
(ii) Tsunami occurs due to cloudburst.
(iii) Cutting down of forest leads to desertification.
(iv) DDT get concentrated in the body of birds due to its biodegradable nature
27. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. (i to iv) 1X2
Mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in the body. Mass of an
object is constant and does not change from place to place. It remains the same
whether the object is on earth, on moon or anywhere in outer space.
The weight of an object is the gravitational force which is acting on it.
The relation between force and acceleration is given by
Force = Mass × Acceleration
Therefore, F = mg
If weight of an object is denoted by W, then
W = mg
As the value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ changes from place to place,
therefore weight of a body is not constant. For example, on moon the value of
‘g’ is approximately th of its value on earth.

7
 (Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv))
(i) Vikram lander with Pragyan rover were sent by ISRO near the south pole of
moon in the Chandrayan – 3 mission. Their combined mass as measured on
earth is found approximately 1800 kg on earth. What will be their combined
mass on moon?
(a) 300 kg
(b) 600 kg
(c) 1800 kg
(d) 10800 kg
(ii) What is the combined weight of Vikram lander and Pragyan rover on earth?
(Take g = 10 m/s2 on earth)
(a) 3000 N
(b) 6000 N
(c) 18000 N
(d) 108000 N
(iii) What is the combined weight of Vikram lander and Pragyan rover on moon?
(Take g = 10 m/s2 on earth)
(a) 3000 N
(b) 6000 N
(c) 18000 N
(d) 108000 N
(iv) The correct relation for acceleration due to gravity is given by:
(a) 𝑔 =
(b) 𝑔 =

(c) 𝑔 =
(d) 𝑔 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅
28. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. (i to vii) 1X5
If force and displacement are in the same direction one can easily find work
done by finding their product. But if force and displacement are in different
directions the work done is obtained by finding the product of force and the
projection of displacement in the direction of the force. The SI Unit of work is
joule (J).
(Attempt any five parts from following questions (i to vii))
(i) Work done will be positive when the angle between the force and displacement
is:
a) 00 and 450
b) 900 and 1800
c) 900 and 450
d) 1800 and 450
(ii) In case of negative work the angle between the force and displacement is
a) 00
b) 450

8
 c) 900
d) 1800
(iii) Work done will be zero when the angle between the force and displacement is:
a) 00
b) 450
c) 900
d) 1800
(iv) A person is carrying a heavy load on his head and moving on a level road. What
will be the work done by him against gravity?
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Zero
(d) Either Positive or Negative
(v) 1 joule is equal to
(a) 1 N
(b) 1 N/m
(c) 1 Nm
(d) 1 N/m2
(vi) 1 J of work is done when a force of 0.01 N moves a body through a distance of :
(a) 0.01 m
(b) 0.1 m
(c) 1 m
(d) 100 m
(vii) In which of the following situations work is done?
(a) A person is climbing up a stair case.
(b) A satellite revolving around the earth in closed circular orbit
(c) Two teams play a tug of war and both pull with equal force
(d) All the above
SECTION – B

29. Write one example of each of: 2

(i) A metal which is so soft that, it can be cut with knife and a non-metal which
is the hardest substance.
(ii) A metal and a non-metal which exist as liquid at room temperature.
OR
What is galvanization? Why it is done?
30. Mention the names of the metals for the following: 2
(i) Two metals which are alloyed with iron to make stainless steel.
(ii) Two metals which are used to make jewellery.
31. State the Modern Periodic Law for classification of elements. How many 2
(a) Groups and
(b) Periods are there in the Modern Periodic Table?
OR
How does the tendency to lose electrons change in a group and why?
32. Why the colour of dry blue litmus paper does remains unchanged even when it 2
is brought in contact with dry HCl gas?

9
33. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth electrical 2
appliances?
OR
On what factors does the resistance of conductor depends? Give its
mathematical expression. Give the SI unit of resistivity.
34. Write two functions each of the following components of transport system. 2
(i) Blood
(ii) Lymph
35. (i) Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the following with chemical 3
equation:
(a) Magnesium ribbon
(b) Sodium hydroxide
(c) Crushed egg shells
OR
(ii) A white coloured powder is used by doctors for supporting fractured bones.
(a) Write chemical name and formula of the powder.
(b) When this white powder is mixed with water a hard solid mass is obtained.
Write balanced chemical equation for the change.
36. (i) Give the constituents of baking powder. 3
(ii) Why cake or bread swells on adding baking powder? Write chemical
equation.
37. Suppose that the radius of the earth becomes twice of its original radius without 3
any change in its mass. Then what will happen to your weight?
OR
The mass of the Sun is 2 x 10 kg and that of the Earth is 6 x 1024 kg. If the
30

average distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1.5 x 1011 m, calculate the
force exerted by the Sun on the Earth and also by Earth on the Sun.
38. How does chemical coordination take place in animals? Mention one function 3
for each of the following glands?
1. Pituitary gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Pancreas gland
OR
Write the functions of :
(a) Fore brain
(b) Mid brain
(c) Hind brain
39. Draw diagram of Human Respiratory system and label the following parts: 3
1. Diaphram
2. Bronchiole
3. Wind pipe
40. What is meant by food chain? Briefly describe a detritus food chain. 3
41. With the help of labelled diagram the various steps involved in the carbon cycle. 3
Mention two ways by which human activities have been interfering with nature

10
42. Draw the ray diagram in each case to show the position and nature of the image 5
formed when the object is placed:
(i) at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror
(ii) between the pole P and focus F of a concave mirror
(iii) in front of a convex mirror
(iv) at 2F of a convex lens
(v) in front of a concave lens

OR
With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the working of an A.C. generator.
43. (i) How are the following related? 5
(a) Number of valence electrons of different elements in the same
group.
(b) Number of shells of elements in the same period.
(ii) How do the following change?
(a) Number of shells of elements as we go down a group.
(b) Number of valence electrons of elements on moving from, left to
right in a period.
(c) Atomic radius in moving from left to right along a period.
OR
(iii) An element ‘X’ belongs to third period and second group of the Modern
Periodic Table.

(a) Write its electronic configuration.

(b) Is it a metal or non-metal? Why?
(c) Write the formula of the compound formed when ‘X’ reacts with an element
(i) Y of electronic configuration 2, 6 and
(ii) Z of electronic configuration 2, 8, 7.

11
 Sample question paper
Marking Scheme
Science & Technology
Q. No. SECTION – A Marks
1. d) All of the above 1
2. (a) kg m2s-3 1
3. (i) (a) ionic 1
OR
(ii) (c) Attraction force
4. (i) (a) ionic 1
OR
(ii) (b) CaSO4
5. (b) Neon 1
6. (a) Impulse 1
7. b) They act on different bodies in opposite directions 1
8. c. kilowatt 1
9. (a) standing 1
10. c) Half kinetic energy and half potential energy 1
11. (i) a) AB 1
OR
(ii) d) Gene Replacement Therapy
12. b) The Y chromosome in the zygote 1
OR
a) Binary fission
13. (b) Condoms 1
14. (i) (c)4 1
OR
(ii) (b) CH3Cl + HCl
15. (i) b) as it contains two carbon atoms and a single bond connects the carbon atoms. 1
OR
(ii) c) both (A) and (D)
16. (i) d) CFC 1
OR
(ii) a) 20 db
17. D. A & B 1
OR
d. Eutrophication
18. (i) – Q, (ii) - R 2
19. (i) Nitrogen 2
(ii) 6
(iii) 3
(iv) Covalent bonds.
20. (i) F 2
(ii) F
(iii) T
(iv) F

21. (i) peristaltic movement 2

12
 (ii) (c) Saliva will breakdown starch into simple sugar molecules.
22. (i) (a) A 2
(ii) (b) B
Alternative Question for Visually impaired candidates:
(i)insects
(ii) Fruit
23. (i) T 2
(ii) F
(iii) F
(iv) F
24 (i)-(P) 2
(ii)-(Q)
25. (i) Bio – magnification 2
(ii) Richter Scale
(iii) aquatic
(iv) insulation
26. (i) T 2
(ii) F
(iii) T
(iv) F
27. (i) (c) 1800 kg 2
(ii) (c) 18000 N
(iii) (a) 3000 N
(iv) (a) 𝑔 =
0 0
28. (i) (a) 0 and 45 5
0
(ii) (d) 180
0
(iii) (c) 90
(iv) (c) Zero
(v) (c) 1Nm
(vi) (d) 100 m
(vii) (a) A person is climbing up a stair case.
SECTION – B
29. (i) Sodium, carbon (diamond). 2
(ii)Mercury is liquid metal, bromine is liquid non-metal.
OR
Galvanisation is a process of depositing a thin layer of zinc metal on iron objects.
This is done to prevent rusting of iron by protecting it to come in contact with air
and moisture. Zinc metal, being more reactive, reacts with air to form hard layer
of zinc oxide, which prevents air from passing through it.
30. (i) Nickel and chromium. 2
(ii) Gold and platinum.
31. ‘Properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic number.’ 2
(a) There are 18 groups and
(b) 7 periods in the Modern Periodic Table.
OR
Tendency of an element to lose electrons increases when we go down the group.
This is because atomic size increases when we go down the group and therefore
the force of attraction of nucleus for the valence electrons decreases down the

13
 group
32. The colour of litmus paper changes only in the presence of ions like hydrogen 2
(H+) ions. HCl can produce these ions only in the form of aqueous solution i.e.
when dissolved in water. Therefore, dry HCl gas does not change the colour of
dry litmus paper.
33. The metallic part of an electric appliance is connected to the earth by means of earth wire
so that any leakage of electric current is transferred to the ground. This prevents any
electric shock to the person using the electrical appliance. Therefore, earearthing
thing of the
electrical appliances is necessary.
OR
Factors on which the resistance of conductor depends:
(i) length of conductor
(ii) Area of cross section
𝜌𝑙
𝑅=
𝐴
SI unit of Resistivity is: m
34. Any two function of each
(i) Blood: (a) Blood carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and waste
material to the relevant parts of the body.
(b) Fights infections through its WBCs
(c) Prevents its own loss through Blood clotting with the help of Blood platelets.
(ii) Lymph:
a) return interstitial fluid to blood.
b) transport O2 to the brain.
c) transport CO2 to lungs.
d) return RBCs and WBCs to lymph vessels.
35. (i) (a) 3

(b)

(c)

OR
(ii) (a) The chemical name and formula of the white coloured powder which is
used by doctors for supporting fractured bones is:
Chemical name - Calcium sulphate hemihydrate

Formula -
(b) When this white powder is mixed with water a hard-solid
hard solid mass is obtained.
The balanced chemical equation for the change is

14
36 (i) Baking powder containing sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid. 3
(ii)It is due to the formation of carbon dioxide sodium bicarbonate in baking
powder.

37. We know that F = GMm/r2 as weight of a body is the force with which a body is
attracted towards the earth,
∴ W = GMm/r2
If the radius of the earth becomes twice of its original radius, then
W = GMm/(2r)2
= GMm/4r2=W/4
i.e., weight will be reduced to one-fourth
one of the original.
OR
Mass of the Sun, M = 2 x 1030 kg
Mass of the Earth, m = 6 x 1024 kg
Distance betweenn the Sun and the Earth,
r = 1.5 x 1011 m
Gravitational force between two masses is given by,
F = GMm/r2
∴ F = 3.6 x 1022N
38. Chemical coordination takes place in animals with the help of hormones.
Hormones are the chemical fluids that are secreted by the glands of the endocrine
system. Hormones regulate the overall growth and development of animals.
Gland---------Name
Name of the Hormone
Pituitary secretes Growth hormone.
Thyroid secretes Thyroid Hormone/ Thyroxin.
Pancreas secretes Insulin.
OR
Functions of
(a)) Fore brain: Thinking part of the brain and Control the voluntary actions.
(b)) Mid brain: It connects the forebrain with the hindbrain.
(c) Hind brain: Maintains posture and balance of the body. Control the voluntary
actions.
39.

15
 Remarks: The parts mentioned in the question are to be labelled properly.
40. Food Chain is defined as Succession of organisms in an ecological community
that constitute a passing on of food energy from one organism to another as each
consumes a lower member and in turn is preyed upon by a higher member of the
food chain.
Detritus food chain is a kind of food chain that starts with dead organic matter.
broken down
 consumed by
Dead organic matter by micro-organisms simpler nutrients  small
eaten

carnivores up Carnivorous
41.

Factories, vehicles, burning wood.

42. Fig. 1:
Nature of image: Real, inverted and same size image is formed at the centre of curvature.

Fig.2:
Nature of image: Virtual, enlarged and erect image is formed behind the mirror.

Fig3:
Nature of image virtual erect and diminished image is formed behind the mirror

Fig.4:
Nature of image real inverted and size to size image formed at 2F on the other side of
lens
Fig5:
Nature of image: Virtual, erect and diminished image is formed between O and F on the

16
same side of object
OR
“A. C. generator” means “Alternating Current generator”. That is, an A. C. generator
produces alternating current, which alternates (changes) in polarity continuously.
Construction of an A. C. Generator
A simple A. C. generator consists of a rectangular coil ABCD that can be rotated rapidly
between the poles N and S of a strong horseshoe type magnet M. The coil is made of a
large number of turns of insulated copper wire. The ends A and D of the rectangular coil
are connected to two circular pieces of copper metal called slip rings R and R . As the
1 2

slip rings R and R rotate with the coil, the two pieces of carbon called brushes, B and
1 2 1

B , keep contact with them. So, the current produced in the rotating coil can be tapped
2

out through slip rings into the carbon brushes. From the carbon brushes B and B we take
1 2

the current into various electrical appliances like radio, T. V., electric iron, bulbs, etc.
But in this figure, we have shown only a galvanometer G connected the two carbon
brushes.

Working of an A. C. Generator
Suppose that the generator coil ABCD is initially in the horizontal position. Again
suppose that he coil ABCD is being rotated in the anticlockwise direction between the
poles N and S of a horseshoe type magnet.
. As the coil rotates in the anticlockwise direction, the side AB of the coil moves
down cutting the magnetic lines of force near the N-pole of the magnet, and side CD
moves up, cutting the lines of force near the S-pole of the magnet. Due to this, induced
current is produced in the sides AB and DC of the coil. On applying Fleming’s right
hand rule to the side AB and DC of the coil, we find that the currents are in the
direction B to A and D to C respectively. Thus, the induced currents in the two sides of
the coil are in the same direction, and we get an effective induced current in the
direction BADC.
i. After half revolution, the sides AB and DC of the coil will interchange their
positions. The side AB will come on the right hand side and DC will come on the left
side. So, after half a revolution, side AB starts moving up and side DC starts coming
down. As a result of this, the direction of induced current in each side of the coil is
reversed after half a revolution. Since the direction of induced current in the coil is
reversed after half revolution so the polarity (positive and negative) of the two ends of
the coil also changes after half revolution. The end of coil which was positive in the
first half of rotation becomes negative in the second in the second half. And the end
which was negative in the first half revolution becomes positive in the second half of
revolution. Thus, in 1 revolution of the coil, the current changes its direction 2 times.
After every half revolution, each side of the generator coil starts moving in the opposite
direction in the magnetic field. The side of the coil which was initially moving
downwards in a magnetic field, after half revolution, it starts moving in opposite
direction – upwards. Similarly the side of coil which was initially moving upwards,
after half revolution, it starts moving downwards. Due to the change in the direction of

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 motion of the two sides of the coil in the magnetic field afte
afterr every half revolution, the
direction of current produced in them also changes after every half revolution.
43. (i) 5
(a) Different elements in same group have same number of valence
electrons.
(b) Numbers of shells of elements in same period are equal.
(ii)
(a) Number of shells of elements goes on increasing down the group.
(b) Number of valence electrons of elements goes on increasing on
moving from left to right in a period, e.g. lithium has 1, beryllium
has 2, boron has 3, carbon has 4, nitrogen has 5, oxygen has 6,
fluorine has 7 and neon has 8 valence electrons.
(c) Atomic radius goes on decreasing in moving from left to right along
a period.
OR
(iii) Third period indicates that it has three shells while group 2 indicates that it
has two valence electrons in its outermost shell.
Thus, X must be magnesium (Mg).
(a) Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2
(b) As X has two valence electrons in its outermost shell which can be easily lost
to form a noble gas configuration, so it is a metal.
(c) (i) Electronic configuration of Y = 2, 6 Hence, valency of Y = 8 – 6 = 2
Formula of compound formed when X reacts with Y is

(ii) Electronic configuration of Z = 2, 8, 7

Hence, valency of Z = 8 – 7 = l
Formula of compound formed when X reacts with Z is

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